HowDoYouTurnAMonkeyIntoATherap

　　标题：HowDoYouTurnAMonkeyIntoATherapist？3
　　source：io9丨EstherInglisArkell
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　　HarryHarlow’smostfamousexperimentsinvolvedisolatinganinfantrhesusmonkeyuntilitwassociallyandemotionallydevastated。Lesswellknownistheexperimentinwhichherevivedthemusing“therapistmonkeys。”
　　Inthe1960s，HarryHarlowmadeheadlineswhenherevealedtheexperimentshedoneonrhesusmonkeyinfants。He’draisedinfantsinisolation，withone“mother”whichwasmadeofwirebutdispensedmilkandonefoodlessbutcuddlefriendlymothermadeofterrycloth。Theinfantmonkeysclungtothecomfortingmothers，eventhoughtheywenthungry。Healsoraisedmonkeysina“pitofdespair。”Thissteelboxgavethemnosocialcontactandnostimulus。Eventuallythemonkeyssimplyhuddledinonthemselves，unabletodoanythingbutrockbackandforth。
　　FewpeopleknowaboutHarlow’sfurtherexperiments，inwhichhetriedtoseewhatwouldbringthemonkeysbackfromthiskindofextremedepression。Heexposedtheseisolatedmonkeystodifferentsocialgroupsandsawhowtheydeveloped。Sixmontholdisolatedmonkeysexposedtonormalsixmontholdmonkeysdidimprovebutneverreallycaughtup。Whentheisolateswerethrowntogetheringroups，theymanagedtoworkupabasicsetofinteractions，butalsoshowedlittleimprovement。Exposingisolatedfemalestoinfantsoccasionallyelicitedmaternalbehavior，butitwasn’tverygoodmaternalbehavioranditdidn’tcomewithanyothersocialskills。
　　Onegroupofisolates，however，showedtotalorneartotalrecovery。Thesesixmontholdmonkeyswereexposedto“therapistmonkeys。”Ratherthanbeingolderorthesameageastheisolates，thetherapistswerethreemontholdswhohadbeenraisedbynursesandhadhadregularcontactwithothermonkeystheirownage。
　　Duringthefirstencounterswiththetherapists，theisolatessimplycurledinonthemselves。Thetherapists（whowerestillinfantsandusedtoclingingmotherfigures），clungtotheisolates。Afterafewsessions，theisolatesclungback。Oncetheisolateswereusedtoonetherapistmonkey，theywereallowedintothetherapists’groupplaysituations。Gradually，Harlowincreasedtheisolates’socialcontactandgrouptime。Attheendofsixmonths，theisolateswereprettymuchatthelevelofthetherapists。Neithergroupengagedinhuddlingorrockingbehaviorsanymore。Themonkeysthatwerein“despair，”hadbecomenormalmonkeys。
　　Thesemonkeyswereisolatedonlyforacertainlengthoftime。Exactlyhowmuchisolationittakesbeforerecoverybecomesimpossiblehasn’tbeenaddressed。Whatisencouragingisthatrecoveryispossibleforabeingthathasbeencompletelydeprived。Allthat’sneededisacarefullychosencompanionortwo，andachanceto“catchup。”