Fiftypsychologicalandpsychiatr

　　标题：Fiftypsychologicalandpsychiatrictermstoavoid：alistofinaccurate，misleading，misused，ambiguous，andlogicallyconfusedwordsandphrases
　　source：journal。frontiersin。ScottO。Lilienfeld，KatherynC。Sauvign，StevenJayLynn，RobinL。Cautin，RobertD。LatzmanandIrwinD。Waldman
　　欲翻译的小伙伴，可评论领稿，并把已完成的译文贴在评论处或发在自己的心理圈内。请领稿的小伙伴，尽量在一个星期内完成翻译，谢谢！！
　　Thegoalofthisarticleistopromoteclearthinkingandclearwritingamongstudentsandteachersofpsychologicalsciencebycurbingterminologicalmisinformationandconfusion。Tothisend，wepresentaprovisionallistof50commonlyusedtermsinpsychology，psychiatry，andalliedfieldsthatshouldbeavoided，oratmostusedsparinglyandwithexplicitcaveats。Weprovidecorrectiveinformationforstudents，instructors，andresearchersregardingtheseterms，whichweorganizeforexpositorypurposesintofivecategories：inaccurateormisleadingterms，frequentlymisusedterms，ambiguousterms，oxymorons，andpleonasms。Foreachterm，we（a）explainwhyitisproblematic，（b）delineateoneormoreexamplesofitsmisuse，and（c）whenpertinent，offerrecommendationsforpreferableterms。Bybeingmorejudiciousintheiruseofterminology，psychologistsandpsychiatristscanfosterclearerthinkingintheirstudentsandthefieldatlargeregardingmentalphenomena。
　　“Ifnamesbenotcorrect，languageisnotinaccordancewiththetruthofthings。”（Confucius，TheAnalects）
　　Scientificthinkingnecessitatesclarity，includingclarityinwriting（Pinker，2014）。Inturn，clarityhingesonaccuracyintheuseofspecializedterminology。Clarityisespeciallycriticalinsuchdisciplinesaspsychologyandpsychiatry，wheremostphenomena，suchasemotions，personalitytraits，andmentaldisorders，are“openconcepts。”Openconceptsarecharacterizedbyfuzzyboundaries，anindefinitelyextendableindicatorlist，andanunclearinneressence（Pap，1958；Meehl，1986）。
　　Manywriters，includingstudents，maytaketheinherentmurkinessofmanypsychologicalandpsychiatricconstructsasanimplicitlicenseforloosenessinlanguage。Afterall，ifthecoreconceptswithinafieldarethemselvesambiguous，thereasoninggoes，precisioninlanguagemaynotbeessential。Infact，theinherentopennessofmanypsychologicalconceptsrendersitallthemoreimperativethatweinsistonrigorinourwritingandthinkingtoavoidmisunderstandings（Guze，1970）。Researchers，teachers，andstudentsinpsychologyandalliedfieldsshouldthereforebeasexplicitaspossibleaboutwhataretheyaresayingandarenotsaying，astermsinthesedisciplinesreadilylendthemselvestoconfusionandmisinterpretation。
　　Foratleasttworeasons，issuesofterminologybearcrucialimplicationsfortheeducationofforthcominggenerationsofstudentsinpsychology，psychiatry，andrelateddomains。First，manyinstructorsmayinadvertentlydisseminatemisinformationorfosterunclearthinkingbyusingspecializedtermsininaccurate，vague，oridiosyncraticways。Sixdecadesago，twoprominentpsychiatristsbemoanedthetendencyofwriterstouse“jargontoblurimplausibleconceptsandtoconveytheimpressionthatsomethingrealisbeingdisclosed”（CleckleyandThigpen，1955，p。335）。Wehopethatourarticleoffersafriendly，albeitgreatlybelated，correctiveinthisregard。Second，ifstudentsareallowed，orworse，encouraged，tobeimpreciseintheirlanguageconcerningpsychologicalconcepts，theirthinkingabouttheseconceptsislikelytofollowsuit。Aninsistenceonclarityinlanguageforcesstudentstothinkmoredeeplyandcarefullyaboutpsychologicalphenomena，andservesasapotentantidoteagainstintellectuallaziness，whichcansubstituteforthemeticulousanalysisofconcepts。Theaccurateuseofterminologyisthereforeaprerequisitetoclearthinkingwithinpsychologyandrelateddisciplines。
　　Psychologyhaslongstruggledwithproblemsofterminology（Stanovich，2012）。Forexample，numerousscholarshavewarnedofthejingleandjanglefallacies，theformerbeingtheerrorofreferringtodifferentconstructsbythesamenameandthelattertheerrorofreferringtothesameconstructbydifferentnames（Kelley，1927；Block，1995；Markon，2009）。Asanexampleofthejinglefallacy，manyauthorsusetheterm“anxiety”toreferinterchangeablytotraitanxietyandtraitfear。Nevertheless，researchconsistentlyshowsthatfearandanxietyareetiologicallyseparabledispositionsandthatmeasuresoftheseconstructsareonlymodestlycorrelated（Sylversetal。，2011）。Asanexampleofthejanglefallacy，dozensofstudiesinthe1960sfocusedonthecorrelatesoftheostensiblydistinctpersonalitydimensionofrepressionsensitization（e。g。，Byrne，1964）。Nevertheless，researcheventuallydemonstratedthatthisdimensionwasessentiallyidenticaltotraitanxiety（WatsonandClark，1984）。Inthefieldofsocialpsychology，Hagger（2014）similarlyreferredtothe“dejavariable”problem，theahistoricaltendencyofresearcherstoconcoctnewlabelsforphenomenathathavelongbeendescribedusingotherterminology（e。g。，theuseof15seeMillerandPedersen，1999）。
　　Inthisarticle，wepresentaprovisionallistof50commonlyusedtermsinpsychology，psychiatry，andalliedfieldsthatshouldbeavoided，oratmostusedsparinglyandwithexplicitcaveats。Foreachterm，we（a）explainwhyitisproblematic，（b）delineateoneormoreexamplesofitsmisuse，and（c）whenpertinent，offerrecommendationsforpreferableterms。Thesetermsspannumeroustopicalareaswithinpsychologyandpsychiatry，includingneuroscience，genetics，statistics，andclinical，social，cognitive，andforensicpsychology。Still，inproposingthese50terms，wemakenopretenseatcomprehensiveness。Wearecertainthatmanyreaderswillhavecandidatesfortheirown“leastfavorite”psychologicalandpsychiatricterms，andweencouragethemtocontactuswiththeirnominees。Inaddition，wedonotincludecommonlyconfusedterms（e。g。，“asocial”with“antisocial，”“externalvalidity”with“ecologicalvalidity，”“negativereinforcement”with“punishment，”“massmurderer”with‘serialkiller’），asweintendtopresentalistofthesetermpairsinaforthcomingpublication。Wealsodonotaddressproblematictermsthatarerestrictedprimarilytopopular（“pop”）psychology，suchas“codependency，”“dysfunctional，”“toxic，”“innerchild，”and“boundaries，”asourprincipalfocusisonquestionableterminologyintheacademicliterature。Nevertheless，wetouchonahandfulofpoppsychologyterms（e。g。，closure，splitting）thathavemigratedintoatleastsomeacademicdomains。
　　Our“eyeballclusteranalysis”ofthese50termshasledustogroupthemintofiveoverarchingandpartlyoverlappingcategoriesforexpositorypurposes：inaccurateormisleadingterms，frequentlymisusedterms，ambiguousterms，oxymorons，andpleonasms。Termsinallfivecategories，wecontend，havefrequentlysowntheseedsofconfusioninpsychology，psychiatry，andrelatedfields，andinsodoinghavepotentiallyimpeded（a）theirscientificprogressand（b）clearthinkingamongstudents。