source：SHANALEBOWITZANDDRAKEBAER 欲翻译的小伙伴，可评论领稿，并把已完成的译文贴在评论处或发在自己的心理圈内。请领稿的小伙伴，尽量在一个星期内完成翻译，谢谢！！ Placeboeffect Whensimplybelievingthatsomethingwillhaveacertainimpactonyoucausesittohavethateffect。 Thisisabasicprincipleofstockmarketcycles，aswellasasupportingfeatureofmedicaltreatmentingeneral。Ppillsoftenexperiencethesamephysiologicaleffectsaspeoplegiventherealthing。 Proinnovationbias Whenaproponentofaninnovationtendstoovervalueitsusefulnessandundervalueitslimitations。Soundfamiliar，SiliconValley？ Recency Thetendencytoweighthelatestinformationmoreheavilythanolderdata。 AsfinancialplannerCarlRichardswritesinTheNewYorkTimes，investorsoftenthinkthemarketwillalwayslookthewayitlookstodayandthereforemakeunwisedecisions：Whenthemarketisdown，webecomeconvincedthatitwillneverclimboutsowecashoutourportfoliosandstickthemoneyinamattress。 Salience Ourtendencytofocusonthemosteasilyrecognizablefeaturesofapersonorconcept。 Whenyouthinkaboutdying，forexample，youmightworryaboutbeingmauledbyalion，eventhoughdyinginacaraccidentisstatisticallymorelikely，veheardaboutaremoredramaticandstandoutinyourmind。 Selectiveperception Allowingourexpectationstoinfluencehowweperceivetheworld。 Inaclassicexperimentonselectiveperception，researchersshowedavideoclipofafootballgamebetweenPrincetonandDartmouthUniversitiestostudentsfrombothschools。ResultsshowedthatPrincetonstudentssawDartmouthplayerscommitmoreinfractionsthanDartmouthstudentssaw。Theresearcherswrote：Texistsforapersonandisexperiencedbyhimonlyinsofarascertainhappeningshavesignificancesintermsofhispurpose。 Stereotyping Expectingagrouporpersontohavecertainqualitieswithouthavingrealinformationabouttheindividual。 Theremaybesomevaluetostereotypingbecauseitallowsustoquicklyidentifystrangersasfriendsorenemies。Butpeopletendtooveruseitforexample，tascompetentashigherincomepeople。 Survivorshipbias Anerrorthatcomesfromfocusingonlyonsurvivingexamples，causingustomisjudgeasituation。 Forinstance，theardofalloftheentrepreneurswhohavefailed。 Zeroriskbias Sscounterproductive。 Thusthezeroriskbias。 Zeroriskbiasoccursbecauseindividualsworryaboutrisk，andeliminatingitentirelymeansthatthereisnochanceofharmbeingcaused，saysdecisionsciencebloggerSteveSpaulding。Whatiseconomicallyefficientandpossiblymorerelevant，however，isnotbringingriskfrom1to0，butfrom50to5。
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