Fiftypsychologicalandpsychiatr

　　标题：Fiftypsychologicalandpsychiatrictermstoavoid：alistofinaccurate，misleading，misused，ambiguous，andlogicallyconfusedwordsandphrases
　　source：journal。frontiersin。ScottO。Lilienfeld，KatherynC。Sauvign，StevenJayLynn，RobinL。Cautin，RobertD。LatzmanandIrwinD。Waldman
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　　Oxymorons
　　（39）Hierarchicalstepwiseregression。Hierarchicalandstepwisemultipleregressionareentirelyseparateandincompatibleprocedures。Still，theyarereadilyconfused，becauseinhierarchicalregression，variablesareenteredinsequentialsteps。Specifically，inhierarchicalmultipleregressiontheinvestigatorspecifiesanaprioriorderofentryofthevariables，ideallyontheoreticalgrounds。Incontrast，instepwisemultipleregression，theinvestigatorsallowsthecomputertoselecttheorderofentryofthevariables（andthefinalvariablesintheequation）onempiricalgrounds，namely，bychoosingeachsuccessivepredictorbasedonthehighestincrementalcontributiontovariabilityintheoutcomevariable（WampoldandFreund，1987；Petrocelli，2003）。Manyauthorshavewiselywarnedagainsttheroutineuseofstepwiseregressionproceduresonthegroundsthattheytypicallycapitalizeheavilyonchancefluctuationsindatasetsandrarelyyieldreplicableresults（Thompson，1989）。
　　（40）Mindbodytherapies。Theterm“mindbodytherapy”（e。g。，Naliboffetal。，2008）referstoapanoplyoftreatments，suchasrelaxation，meditation，Reiki，yoga，andbiofeedback，thatpurportedlyharnessmentalfunctioningtoenhancephysicalhealth（Wolskoetal。，2004）。Thistermimplieserroneouslythatthe“mind”ismateriallyseparatefromthe“body”andtherebyendorsesasimplisticversionofmindbodydualism。Ratherthanconceptualizingsuchinterventionsasmakinguseofthemindtoinfluencethebody，weshouldconceptualizethemasmakinguseofonepartofthebodytoinfluenceanother。
　　（41）Observablesymptom。Thisterm，whichappearsinnearly700manuscriptsaccordingtoGoogleScholar，conflatessignswithsymptoms。Ssymptomsareunobservablefeaturesofadisorderthatcanonlybereportedbypatients（Lilienfeldetal。，2013；KraftandKeeley，2015）。Symptomsarebydefinitionunobservable。
　　（42）Personalitytype。AlthoughtypologieshavealengthyhistoryinpersonalitypsychologyharkeningbacktothewritingsoftheRomanphysicianGalenandlater，SwisspsychiatristCarlJung，theassertionthatpersonalitytraitsfallintodistinctcategories（e。g。，introvertvs。extravert）hasreceivedminimalscientificsupport。Taxometricstudiesconsistentlysuggestthatnormalrangepersonalitytraits，suchasextraversionandimpulsivity，areunderpinnedbydimensionsratherthantaxa，thatis，categoriesinnature（Haslametal。，2012）。Withthepossibleexceptionofschizotypalpersonalitydisorder（butseeAhmedetal。，2013），thesameconclusionholdsforpersonalitydisorders（Haslametal。，2012）。Hence，ifauthorselecttousethephrase“personalitytype，”theyshouldqualifyitbynotingthattheevidenceforagenuinetypology（i。e。，aqualitativedifferencefromnormality）isinalmostallcasesnegligiblewithinthepersonalitydomain。
　　（43）PrevalenceoftraitX。Authorsinthepsychologicalandpsychiatricliteraturesfrequentlyreferto“theprevalence”or“baserate”ofattributesthataredimensionallydistributedinthepopulation，suchaspersonalitytraitsandintelligence。Forexample，oneauthorteamreferredtothe“greaterprevalenceofextraversioninAmericanstudents”（p。1153）comparedwithKoreanstudents（SongandKwon，2012）。Nevertheless，suchtermsas“prevalence，”“incidence，”“baserate，”“falsepositive，”and“falsenegative”arepremisedonataxonicmodel：theypresumethatthephenomenainquestionareinherentlycategorical，thatis，eitherpresentorabsentinnature。Forpsychologicalfeaturesthatarecontinuouslydistributed，suchtermsshouldbeavoided。Intheaforementionedphrase，referringto“higherlevelsofextraversioninAmericanstudents”wouldhavebeenmoreaccurate。
　　（44）Principalcomponentsfactoranalysis。AccordingtoGoogleScholar，thisphraseappearsinthousandsofarticles，includingonecoauthoredbythefirstauthorofthismanuscript（Reynoldsetal。，1988）。Nevertheless，thisphraseisincoherent，becauseprincipalcomponentsanalysis（whichiscommonlymisspelledas“principlecomponentsanalysis”）andfactoranalysisareincompatibleapproachestodataanalysis。Pitsprincipalgoalistocreateasmallersetofweightedvariables（variates）thatapproximatethevarianceoftheoriginalvariables（Weiss，1970）。Incontrast，factoranalysisreliesonlyonthesharedvarianceofthevariablesinadataset，anditisdesignedtoidentifyunderlyingdimensionsthatbestexplainthecovariationamongthesevariables（BryantandYarnold，1995）。Incontrasttoprincipalcomponentsanalysis，whoseprimaryaimistosimplifyadatasetbyyieldingfewerobservedvariables，theprimaryaimofexploratoryfactoranalysisistoidentifydimensionsthatostensiblyaccountforthecovariationamongtheobservedvariables。
　　（45）Scientificproof。Theconceptsof“proof”and“confirmation”areincompatiblewithscience，whichbyitsverynatureisprovisionalandselfcorrecting（McComas，1996）。Hence，itisunderstandablewhyPopper（1959）preferredtheterm“corroboration”to“confirmation，”asalltheoriescaninprinciplebeoverturnedbynewevidence。Ntheoriesvirtuallyalwaysvaryintheirdegreeofcorroboration。Asaconsequence，notheoryinscience，includingpsychologicalscience，shouldberegardedasstrictlyproven。Proofsshouldbeconfinedtothepagesofmathematicstextbooksandjournals（Kanazawa，2008）。