Fiftypsychologicalandpsychiatr

　　标题：Fiftypsychologicalandpsychiatrictermstoavoid：alistofinaccurate，misleading，misused，ambiguous，andlogicallyconfusedwordsandphrases
　　source：journal。frontiersin。ScottO。Lilienfeld，KatherynC。Sauvign，StevenJayLynn，RobinL。Cautin，RobertD。LatzmanandIrwinD。Waldman
　　欲翻译的小伙伴，可评论领稿，并把已完成的译文贴在评论处或发在自己的心理圈内。请领稿的小伙伴，尽量在一个星期内完成翻译，谢谢！！
　　Pleonasms
　　（46）Biologicalandenvironmentalinfluences。Thisphraseimpliesthatbiologicalinfluencesarenecessarilygenetic，andcannotbeenvironmental。Nevertheless，“environmentalinfluences”encompasseverythingexternaltotheorganismthataffectsitsbehaviorfollowingitsfertilizationasazygote。Asaconsequence，theenvironmentcomprisesnotonlypsychosocialinfluences，butalsonongeneticbiologicalinfluences，suchasnutrition，viruses，andexposuretoleadandothertoxins（e。g。，Nisbettetal。，2012）。Thephrase“biologicalandenvironmentalinfluences”isthereforeapartialpleonasm。
　　（47）Empiricaldata。“Empirical”meansbasedonobservationorexperience。Asaconsequence，withthepossibleexceptionofinformationderivedfromarchivalsources，allpsychologicaldataareempirical（whatwould“nonempirical”psychologicaldatalooklike？）。Someoftheconfusionprobablystemsfromtheerroneousequationof“empirical”with“experimental”or“quantitative。”Dataderivedfrominformalobservations，suchasnonquantifiedimpressionscollectedduringapsychotherapysession，arealsoempirical。Ifwriterswishtodistinguishnumericaldatafromothersourcesofdata，theyshouldsimplycallthem“quantifieddata。”
　　（48）Latentconstruct。A“construct”inpsychologyisahypothesizedattributeofindividualsthatcannotbedirectlyobserved，suchasgeneralintelligence，extraversion，orschizophrenia（CronbachandMeehl，1955；Messick，1987）。Therefore，allconstructsarelatent。Thesameterminologicalconsiderationappliestothephrase“hypotheticalconstruct。”Authorswouldbebetteradvisedtoinsteaduse“construct”or“latentvariable。”
　　（49）Mentaltelepathy。Telepathy，oneofthethreeostensibletypesofextrasensoryperception（alongwithclairvoyanceandprecognition），isthepurportedabilitytoreadother’smindsbymeansofpsychicpowers（Hyman，1995）。Hence，alltelepathyisnecessarilymental。Theterm“mentaltelepathy，”whichappearstobeincommoncurrencyintheacademicliterature（e。g。，Lthi，2013；SagiSchwartzetal。，2014），implieserroneouslythatthereare“nonmental”formsoftelepathy。
　　（50）Neurocognition。Manyauthorshaveinvokedtheterm“neurocognition”torefertocognition，especiallywhenconceptualizedwithinabiologicalframework（e。g。，MesholamGatelyetal。，2009）。Nevertheless，becauseallcognitionisnecessarilyneuralatsomelevelofanalysis，thesimplerterm“cognition”willdo。Infairness，“neurocognition”ismerelyoneamongdozensoftermsprecededbytheprefix“neuro”thathaverecentlybecomepopular，includingneuroeducation，neuroaesthetics，neuropolitics，neuropsychoanalysis，andneurosexology（SatelandLilienfeld，2013）。Inthewordsofonepsychologist，“Unabletopersuadeothersaboutyourviewpoint？TakeaNeuroPrefixinfluencegrowsoryourmoneyback”（Laws，2012）。
　　ConcludingThoughts
　　Wemodestlyhopethatouradmittedlyselectivelistof50termstoavoidwillbecomerecommended，ifnotrequired，readingforstudents，instructors，andresearchersinpsychology，psychiatry，andsimilardisciplines。Althoughjargonhasacrucialplaceinthesefields，itmustbeusedwithcare，astheimpreciseuseofterminologycanengenderconceptualconfusion。Attheveryleast，wehopethatourarticleencouragesfurtherdiscussionregardingthevitalimportanceofclearwritingandclearthinkinginscience，andunderscoresthepointthatclarityinwritingandthinkingareintimatelylinked。Clearwritingfostersclearthinking，andconfusedwritingfostersconfusedthinking。InthewordsofauthorMcCullough（2002），“Writingisthinking。Towritewellistothinkclearly。That’swhyit’ssohard。”
　　ConflictofInterestStatement
　　Theauthorsdeclarethattheresearchwasconductedintheabsenceofanycommercialorfinancialrelationshipsthatcouldbeconstruedasapotentialconflictofinterest。