2020届高考英语二轮ampnbsp非谓语动词教案

　　XX届高考英语二轮非谓语动词精讲及训练
　　动词不定式、分词（现在分词，过去分词）和动名词统称为非谓语动词。动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语，所以叫做非谓语动词。
　　现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v + ing形式。这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用，因而没有语法主语。但可以有逻辑主语。由于没有语法主语，也就不受人称和数的限定，因为不是谓语，也就没有时态和语态，但这些词仍能表示动作和状态，所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系，因此也有表示主、被动的形式，同时也有自己的宾语和状语，一起构成非谓语动词的短语（动词不定式短语，分词短语，动名词短语）。非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非谓语动词形式多样，应用广泛，且在句中起着很活跃的作用，也是语法项目中的重点和难点，学好非谓语动词，才能正确进行口语和书面的交流。
　　（一）动词不定式：
　　动词不定式由＂to+ 动词原形＂构成，如：to study, to play，动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用，但仍留着动词的特征，它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语，如：to study hard, to play table tennis。
　　1. 动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。
　　语态式一般式完成式进行式完成进行式
　　主 动to buildto have builtto be buildingto have been building
　　被 动to be buildto have been build
　　2. 动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如：
　　（1）作主语：to help each other is good.（动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：it is good to help each other.
　　（2）作表语：my job is to drive them to the power station every day. 动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语，与表示将来时的be + 动词不定式结构有所区别，如：our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的谓语动词为is，动词不定式to set up… 为表语，主语为plan，但plan并不是动词不定式的逻辑主语，即动词不定式 to set up所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。）we are to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children.我们将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的are to set up整个结构为句中谓语，主语为we，同时也是动词不定式to set up所表示的动作的逻辑主语，即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作是由we产生的）。
　　（3）作宾语：① 作及物动词的宾语，如：she wishes to be a musician.；② 作某些形容词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等，如：i am determined to give up smoking.；③ 动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：can you give us some advice on what to do next?
　　（4）作宾语补足语，如：tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：i saw a little girl run across the street.
　　（5）动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，须先用it作形式宾语，而将该动词不定式后置，如：i don’t think it right to do it that way.
　　（6）作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：is this the best way to help him? 和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：he is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way，不定式后面的介词，习惯上可以省去，如：the old man is looking for a quiet place to live.
　　（7）作状语：动词不定式可以作下列的状语：① 目的状语： every morning he gets up very early to read english. 为了强调不定式表示目的的作用，可在不定式前加in order to或so as to（以便或为了），但应注意in order to位于句首或句中均可，而so as to不能位于句首，如：she reads china daily every day in order to （so as to） improve her english. 将表示目的的不定式置于句首，也可强调目的的作用，如：to master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. ② 结果状语：they lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。③ too + 形容词或副词 + 动词不定式，表示＂足能…＂的结果，如：you are old enough to take care of yourself now.
　　3. 复合结构不定式：由for + 名词（或代词宾格）+ 动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语，这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语，如：it is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等，如：it is very kind of you to help him every day.
　　4. 疑问词 + 动词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：how to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.
　　5. 动词不定式的否定式：动词不定式的否定式是由not + 动词不定式构成，如：it’s wrong of you not to attend the meeting.
　　6. 动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：（1）一般式：动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，但在多数情况下，是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，如：we decided to plant more trees this spring.（其后），they often watch us play table tennis.（同时）；（2）完成式：动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，如：i am sorryto have kept you waiting.（3）进行式：动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中，而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，如：she happened to be writing a letter in the room when i came in.
　　7. 动词不定式的被动语态用法：如果动词不定式的逻辑主语为这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般就用被动语态形式，如：what is to be done next hasn’t been decided yet.
　　（二）动词-ing形式：动词的-ing形式也是一种非谓语动词。-ing形式仍保留有动词的特征，可以带有其所需要的宾语或状语而构成-ing短语。
　　1. -ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的-ing则没有被动语态。现在以及物动词make 和不及物动词go为例，将其-ing各种形式列表如下：
　　动词 语态
　　形式及物动词make不及物动词go
　　主动语态被动语态主动语态
　　一般式makingbeing madegoing
　　完成式having madehaving been madehaving gone
　　2. -ing形式的基本用法。
　　（1）作主语：seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。talking is easier than doing. –ing作主语时，如果其结构较长，可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的-ing后置。如：it isn’t much good writing to them again. it’s no use waiting here.
　　（2）作表语：her job is washing and cooking. my hobby is collecting stamps.
　　（3）作宾语：① 作及物动词的宾语。she likes drawing very much；② 作某些短语动词的宾语。 mary is thinking of going back to new york；③ do+限定词（my, some, any, the等）+ -ing，表示＂做…事＂之意，如：we often do our cleaning on saturday afternoon. will you do any shopping on saturday this afternoon? ④ 作介词的宾语：her sister is good at learning physics；⑤ 作形容词worth, busy等的宾语：this book is well worth reading. –ing作宾语带有宾语补足语时，要用it作为形式宾语，而将作宾语的-ing后置，如：we found it no good talking like that. do you think it necessary trying again?
　　（4）作定语：the sleeping child is only five years old. do you know the man standing at the gate? 注：-ing形式作定语用时，如果-ing只是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是-ing短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后，-ing作定语时，被-ing所修饰的名词就是该-ing的逻辑主语。另外，-ing作定语用时，其动作和句子谓语动词所表示的动作是同时进行的，如果不是同时进行的，就不能用-ing作定语，要使用定语从句，如：the girl who wrote a letter there yesterday can speak english very well.
　　（5）作宾语补足语：we can see steam rising from the wet clothes. 注：当-ing在复合宾语中作宾语补足语用时，句中宾语就是这个-ing的逻辑主语，可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。
　　（6）作状语：① 时间状语：seeing tom, i couldn’t help thinking of his brother. 分词在句中作时间状语时，其前一般可加when或while，如：when crossing street, you must be careful. ② 原因状语：being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday. ③ 方式或伴随状语：mary stood at the school gate waiting for betty.
　　3. 主动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。主动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用。句中的主语是它的逻辑主语，并且是它所表示的动作的执行者，如：having answered the letter, she went on to read an english novel.
　　4. 被动语态-ing一般式的基本用法。被动语态-ing一般式所表示的动作是一个正在进行中的被动动作，而且这个被动动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时发生的。它一般在句中作定语或状语用。如：the truck being repaired there is ours.
　　5. 被动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。被动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，在句中一般作状语用。如：having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.
　　6. -ing形式的复合结构。在-ing前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成-ing的复合结构。其中的物主代词或名词所有格为-ing的逻辑主语。这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语或表语，如：your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health. 但在口语中，这种结构如作宾语用，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格，名词的所有格常用名词的普通格代替，如：she insisted on peter’s （or peter）going there first.
　　7. -ing形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、表语、宾语时的区别。一般说来，表示一个比较抽象或泛指的动作时多用-ing形式。表示一个具体某一次的动作时，多用动词不定式，如：our job is making steel. she likes playing the piano, but she doesn’t want to play it today.
　　8. -ing形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。-ing形式作定语用时，其动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生，而动词不定式作定语时，其动作一般发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之后。如：the girl writing a letter there can speak english very well./i have three letters to write.
　　9. -ing形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。（1）不定式作宾补时，其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，如：i have told them to come again tomorrow.（2）在see, watch, hear, feel等之后，如果用-ing形式作宾补，表示其动作正在进行中，而用不带to的不定式作宾补时，不定式所表示的动作是一个动作的过程，如：i hear her singing in the room.我听见她正在屋里唱歌。 i hear her sing in the room.我听见她在屋里唱过歌。
　　10. -ing形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。-ing形式在句作状语表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况，而动词不定式一般式在句中作状语时，一般是作目的或结果状语，如：not receiving his letter, i wrote to him again./ i looked into the window to see what was going on inside.
　　（三）过去分词：
　　1. 过去分词的基本用法：过去分词只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时，其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者，如：
　　（1）作定语：过去分词作定语时，如果这个分词是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是分词短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后。被过去分词所修饰的名词，就是该分词的逻辑主语，如：the stolen car was found by the police last week.
　　（2）作表语：过去分词作表语时，表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语，如：the glass is broken.这个玻璃杯是破的。 注：过去分词作表语时，和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同，如：the glass was broken by my little brother.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。
　　（3）作宾语补足语：过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语，如：when i opened the door, i found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 注：动词have后的复合宾语中，宾语补足语如为过去分词，常表示该分词所表示的动作是由别人来执行的而不是句中主语自己来执行的，如：i had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我（找别人）把我的自行车给修了。
　　（4）作状语：过去分词作状语时，相当于一个状语从句，该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语，是过去分词所表示意义的逻辑宾语。为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确，常在分词前加when, if, while, though, as等连词，如：seen from the hill/ when seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.; given more time/ if given more time, we could have done it better.（we是该结构的逻辑主语，是give的逻辑宾语。）
　　独立主格：上述-ing和过去分词的用法中，-ing和过去分词在句中均有逻辑主语，但有时它们也能有自己的独立的主语，这种独立的主语，一般为名词或代词，位于其前之前，和-ing或过去分词构成独立主格。独立主格在句中一般只作状语用，而-ing和过去分词作用的形式，则要根据它们所表示的动作和句中谓语动词所表示的时间关系而定。至于独立主格中是使用-ing或是过去分词，则要根据它们的主语和其所表示的动作的主动被动关系而定，如：the bell ringing, we all stopped talking. 注：the work having been finished, she sat down to have a rest. ① 独立结构中的being或having been常可省去，如：the meeting （being） over, all left the room. ② 作伴随状语的独立结构常可用with短语来代替，如：she read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks./ she read the letter with tears rolling down her cheeks.
　　2. -ing形式与过去分词的区别：
　　（1）语态不同：-ing形式表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演说；the inspired audience受鼓舞的听众。
　　（2）时间关系不同：现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往是已经完成的动作，如：the changing world正在发生的世界；the changed world已经起了变化的世界。
　　重难点剖析：
　　1. everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could _______ a good college.
　　a. enter b. to enter c. entering d. entered
　　陷阱：容易误选a。有的同学一看到空格前的情态动词 could 就断定此处应填动词原形 enter。
　　分析：其实正确答案应是b。此句为省略句，即在 could 后省略了动词 do，若把句子补完整应为everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could do to enter a good college。即句中的不定式短语（to enter a good college）是用作目的状语的，而不是与情态动词（could）一起构成谓语。请再看类似例句：
　　（1） they did what they could to comfort her. 他们尽量安慰她。
　　（2） they did everything they could to save her life. 他们尽一切力量拯救她的性命。
　　（3） he studies as hard as he could to catch up with his classmates. 他拼命学习以便赶上他的同学。
　　值得指出的是，这也并不是说今后只要遇到类似结构的题就一定选带to不定式。请看以下试题：
　　（4） he ran as fast as he could _____ to catch the early bus.
　　a. to hope b. hope c. hoping d. hoped
　　此题的答案是 c不是a，其中的现在分词短语 hoping to catch the early bus 用作伴随状语。
　　（5） he spent every minute he could _____ spoken english.
　　a. practise b. to practice c. practising d. practised
　　此题答案选 c，这与前面动词 spent 的搭配有关，即 spend … （in） doing sth。若将此句补充完整，即为 he spent every minute he could spend in practising spoken english.
　　（6） before going abroad he devoted all he could ____d____ his oral english.
　　a. improve b. to improve c. improving d. to improving
　　此题答案选d，注意两点：一是 devote … to … 是固定搭配，意为＂把……贡献给……＂；二是其中的 to 是介词，不是不定式符号，后接动词时要用动名词。
　　2. he knows nothing about it, so he can’t help _______ any of your work.
　　a. doing b. to do c. being doing d. to be done
　　陷阱：容易误选b，根据 can’t help doing sth 这一结构推出。
　　分析：其实答案应选a。比较以下结构：
　　can’t help to do sth = 不能帮助做某事
　　can’t help doing sth = 禁不住做某事，情不自禁地做某事
　　又如下面一题，答案也是 b：
　　she can’t help ____ the house because she’s busy making a cake.
　　a cleaning b. to clean c. cleaned d. being cleaned
　　再请看以下试题：
　　while shopping, people sometimes can’t help _____ into buying something they don’t really need.
　　a. to persuade b. persuading c. being persuaded d. be persuaded
　　此题应选c，句中的 can’t help 意为＂禁不住＂（注意根据句意用被动形式）。
　　3. all her time _______ experiments, she has no time for films.
　　a. devoted to do b. devoted to doing c. devoting to doing d. is devoted to doing
　　陷阱：几个干扰项均有可能误选。
　　分析：此题最佳答案为b。现分析如下：
　　（1） devote 意为＂致力于，献身于＂，主要用 devote…to…或be devoted to，其中的to 是介词，不是不定式符号，故后接动词时要用动名词，不用不定式。
　　（2） 选a错误：若将 do 改为 doing 则可以。
　　（3） 选b正确：all her time devoted to doing experiments为独立主格结构，用作状语。
　　（4） 选c错误：因为all her time 与 devote 为被动关系，故应将devoting改为devoted。
　　（5） 选d错误：若单独看 all her time is devoted to doing experiments，此句并没有错，但问题是逗号前后两个简单句没有必要的连接方式，所以从整体上看仍不对，假若在后一句的句首加上and或so，则可选d，或将d将中的is 改为 being也可选它。
　　请做以下类似题（答案均选a）：
　　（1） all the preparations for the project ______, we’re ready to start.
　　a. completed b. have been completed c. had been completed d. been completed
　　（2） such _______ the case, i couldn’t help but______ him.
　　a. being, support b. was, support c. has been, supporting d. is, to support
　　比较以下各题，答案选b，因为句中使用了并列连词and：
　　（1） all the preparations for the project ______, and we’re ready to start.
　　a. completed b. have been completed c. had been completed d. been completed
　　（2） such _______ the case, i couldn’t help but______ him.
　　a. being, support b. was, support c. has been, supporting d. is, to support
　　4. the purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ______ it more difficult.
　　a. not make b. not to make c. not making d. do not make
　　陷阱：容易误选c，受题干中的逗号的影响，认为是现在分词表结果的用法。
　　分析：其实答案应选b，句中的逗号相当于连词 and 或 but，not to make it more difficult 是对逗号前的不定式 to make life easier 的补充说明。此句的意思是＂新技术的目的是为了使生活变得更容易，而不是使生活变得更困难＂。两个不定式同时用以说明句子主语 purpose 的内容。请做以下类似试题（答案选b）：
　　the purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but _____ work for young people.
　　a. provide b. to provide c. providing d. provided
　　5. the murderer was brought in, with his hands ______ behind his back.
　　a. to be tied b. being tied c. tied d. having tied
　　陷阱：容易误选b。
　　分析：最佳答案为c。从意义上看，hands 与 tie 的关系应属被动关系，故排除d。在a、b、c三个选项中，选项a比较容易排除，因为不定式表示将来意义，在此与语境不符。现将b和c作一比较：b为现在分词的被动式，它表示两层意义，一是表被动，二是表进行，也就是说 his hands being tied 的实际意思是＂他的手正在被捆住＂，这显然与语境不符。而c为过去分词，它也表示两层意义，一是表被动，二是表示动词的完成或完成后的状态，此句中的 with his hands tied behind his back 可视为手被捆在背后的一种状态。由此可知最佳答案为c。请看下面一题：
　　anyone ______ trying to take knives on heard flights would be caught by the police.
　　a. finds b. found c. being found d. will find
　　答案选b而不选c，其中的过去分词表示被动和完成。
　　比较下面两题，最佳答案是d不是a，现在分词的被动式表示被动和进行：
　　（1） the court hears about 120 cases a year; visitors are welcome to see a case ______.
　　a. argued b. to be argued c. to be arguing d. being argued
　　（2）the silence of the library was sometimes broken by an occasional cough or by the sound of pages _______.
　　a. turned b. having turned c. to be turned d. being turned
　　6. remind me _______ the medicine tomorrow.
　　a. of taking b. taking c. to take d. take
　　陷阱：容易误选a。受 remind sb of （doing） sth 这一常用结构的影响。
　　分析：最佳答案为c。比较以下三个结构：
　　remind sb of [about] sth = 使某人想起某事
　　remind sb of doing sth = 提醒某人做过某事（暗示动作已发生）
　　remind sb to do sth = 提醒某人去做某事（暗示动作尚未发生）
　　请看两个例句：
　　i reminded him of his promise. 我提醒他做过的诺言。
　　my wife reminded me of seeing that film. 我妻子提醒我曾经看过那部电影。
　　can you remind me to phone her tomorrow? 你明天能否提醒我给她打电话?
　　7. once your business becomes international, _____ constantly will be part of your life.
　　a. you fly b. your flight c. flight d. flying
　　陷阱：几个干扰项均有可能误选。
　　分析： 最佳答案为d。由于空格后出现了constantly这一副词，这就说明不能选b或c，因为b、c均为名词，不能受副词 constantly 的修饰。a和d均是可能的，因为其中有动词 fly。但若选a，you fly 是一个主谓结构，与其后的谓语 will be 相冲突，所以只能选d，即动名词flying在此用作主语。
　　8. not only should you get used ______ under difficult conditions but you also you pay more attention ______ your work well.
　　a. to work, to do b. to working, to doing c. to work, to doing d. to working, to do
　　陷阱：容易误选a，认为两个空白处均应填不定式。
　　分析： 正确答案为b，因为 get used to与pay attention to 这两个结构中的to均为介词，不是不定式符号，故后接动词时要用动名词，不能动词原形。类似地，以下各结构中的 to 也是介词，不是不定式符号，后接动词时也应用动名词，而不是动词原形：
　　look forward to doing sth 盼望做某事
　　be opposed to doing sth 反对做某事
　　object to doing sth反对做某事
　　stick to doing sth 坚持做某事
　　get down to doing sth 开始做某事
　　take to doing sth 喜欢上做某事
　　admit to doing 承认做了某事
　　pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事
　　devote one’s time to doing sth 把某人的时间用于（奉献于）做某事
　　be equal to doing sth 等于做某事，能胜任做某事
　　what do you say to doing sth 你认为做某事怎么样
　　9. both of my parents insisted _______ a computer for me, but i don’t think it is necessary.
　　a. to buy b. buying c. on buying d. in buying
　　陷阱：容易误选b，误认为insist后不能接不定式，但可以接动名词。
　　分析：答案应选c。其实，动词 insist 后既不能接不定式也不能接动名词，因为insist 通常用作不及物动词；若语义上需接宾语，要借助介词 on或upon，即用于 insist on [upon] （doing） sth；但它有时的确也可用作及物动词，不过其宾语通常只能是 that 从句，而不能是普通的名词、代词或动名词。如：
　　he insisted on seeing her home. 他坚持送她回家。
　　i insisted that he （should） stay. 我坚持要他留下。
　　10. ＂do you have anything more ______, sir?＂ ＂no. you can have a rest or do something else.＂
　　a. typing b. to be typed c. typed d. to type
　　陷阱：容易误选d，根据 have sth to do 这一常用结构推出。
　　分析：最佳答案是b。确实，在＂have+宾语+不定式＂结构中，用作定语的不定式通常用主动式表示被动含义，如 i have some clothes to wash等，即尽管其中的 some clothes 与其后的不定式 to wash 具有被动关系，但却习惯上用主动式表示被动意义。但值得指出的是，这类句型的主语与其后的不定式具有主动关系，如 i have some clothes to wash 中的 to wash 就是由该句主语 i 来完成的。而上面一题的情形有所不同，即其中的 to type 这一动作不是由句子主语 you来完成的，而是由说话者＂我＂来完成的。比较：
　　are you going to shanghai? do you have anything to take to your son? 你要去上海吗？你有什么东西要带给你儿子吗？
　　i’m going to shanghai next week. i have a lot of things to take with me. 下个星期我要去上海，我随身要带很多东西去。
　　11. she took her son, ran out of the house, _____ him in the car and drove quickly to the nearest doctor’s office.
　　a. put b. to put c. putting d. having put
　　陷阱：容易误选b或c，误认为这考查非谓语动词的用法。
　　分析：正确答案选a。句中的took, ran, put, drove 为四并列的谓语动词，其时态应一致。类似地如（答案选a）：
　　i got out of the taxi, _____ the fare and dashed into the station.
　　a. paid b. paying c. to pay d. having paid
　　但是，下面一题稍有不同：
　　hearing the news, he rushed out, ______ the book ______ on the table and disappeared into the distance.
　　a. left; lain open b. leaving; lying open c. leaving; lie opened d. left; lay opened
　　此题答案选b，leaving 在此表结果，lying open 与其前的动词leave有关，leave 后接现在分词作宾语补足语，表示使某人或某物处于做某事的状态中。
　　12. the boss insisted that every minute ______ made full use of ______ the work well.
　　a. be, to do b. was, doing c. be, doing d. was, to do
　　陷阱：容易误选b。
　　分析：其实正确答案是a。分析如下：
　　（1） 第一空填 be，是因为insisted 后接that从句，从句谓语要用＂should+动词原形＂这样的虚拟语气，其中的should也可省略。
　　（2） 第二空要填to do，是因为此句谓语为被动语态，假若将此句转换成主动语态，则是 …should make full use of every minute to do the work well, 句中涉及 make use of … to do sth （利用……做某事）这一结构。另外，还有 make the most of （尽量利用），make the best of （尽量利用）等短语也可能用于此类试题。请看以下类似例子：
　　（1） the old professor told us every part of the materials should be made use of ______ the power station.
　　a. to build b. building c. build d. built
　　此题答案选 a，不是 b。为便于理解，可先考虑以下结构：
　　…make use of every part of the materials to build the power station
　　由此可见，make use of 的宾语是 every part of the materials，其后的不定式 to build the power station 为目的状语。
　　（2） does the way you thought of _______ the water clean make any sense?
　　a. making b. to make c. how to make d. having made
　　13. the managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ______ the next year.
　　a. carried out b. carrying out c. carry out d. to carry out
　　陷阱：几个干扰项均有可能误选。
　　分析：答案选a。此句结构较复杂，现分析如下：
　　（1） that they would like to see _____ the next year 是修饰名词 the plan 的定语从句。
　　（2） 由于 the plan 与空格处的 carry out 有被动关系，故填过去分词 carried out。
　　请做以下类似试题：
　　（1） who do you think you’d like _____ with you, a boy or a girl?
　　a. to have go b. to have to go c. to have gone d. having to go
　　在确定答案之前，我们先来看看下面这个句子：
　　i think i’d like to have a boy go with me.
　　句中的 go 要用原形，这是因为其前有表示使役的动词have。在此句中，假若对名词a boy 提问，便可得出：
　　who do you think you’d like to have go with you?
　　对照上面一题，答案很显然是a。
　　（2） who did the boss _____ his car this time?
　　a. make wash b. make to wash c. make washing d. making to wash
　　在做此题之前，也请先看看下面这个句子：
　　the boss made jack wash his car this time.
　　假若对句中的名词jack 提问，便可得出：
　　who did the boss make wash his car this time?
　　由此可知上面题答案为a。
　　（3） you can never imagine what great difficulty i had ______ your house all by myself.
　　a. found b. finding c. to find d. for finding
　　此题答案选b。考查的基本结构是 have great difficulty （in） doing sth。
　　14. how happy we are! the holiday we have been looking forward _______ at last.
　　a. to has come b. to have come c. to having come d. has come
　　陷阱：几个干扰项均有可能误选。
　　分析：其实正确答案是a。大家知道，短语 look forward to意为＂盼望＂，其中的 to 是介词，而不是不定式符号，所以后接动词要用动名词，许多同学据此便选择了c。但问题是，句中介词 to 的宾语不是have come，而是the holiday。正解的句子分析是：the holiday为句子主语，we have been looking forward to 是修饰主语的定语从句（介词 to 的宾语是引导该定语从句的关系代词 that，被省略），has come 是句子谓语。请做以下类似试题：
　　（1） the man you referred to _____ just now.
　　a. comes b. come c. coming d. came
　　答案选d，句子主语为 the man，you referred to 为修饰 the man 的定语从句，空白处填 came，为句子谓语。
　　（2） the theory he sticks to ______ to be of no use in our studies.
　　a. proves b. prove c. proving d. be proved
　　答案选a，he sticks to 是修饰主语 the theory 的定语从句，句子的基本结构为 the theory proves to be of no use in our studies.
　　（3） the work he devoted his time to _____ worth praising.
　　a. was b. be c. being d. been
　　答案选a，he devoted his time to 是修饰主语 the work 的定语从句。句子的基本结构为 the work was worth praising.
　　（4） i think this is the very work that we must finish ____ her.
　　a. to help b. help c. helping d. helped
　　答案是 a。句中空格处填的动词help 并不是 finish 的宾语，正确的句子分析是：that i must finish 是修饰名词 the very work 的定语从句，finish 的宾语是引导该定语从句的关系代词 that，其后的不定式 to help her 是目的状语。
　　（5） which do you enjoy ____ your weekend, swimming or fishing?
　　a. spending b. being spent c. spend d. to spend
　　答案选 d。enjoy 的宾语是句首的疑问词 which，不是其后的动词 spending。此题中的 to spend… 用作目的状语。
　　（5） what the boy enjoys _____ to have a room of his own.
　　a. being b. to be c. is d. are
　　答案选c，而不选a。what the boy enjoys 是主语从句，空格处填的 is 为谓语动词。
　　（6） nothing that he suggested _____ to be of any use.
　　a. prove b. proved c. proving d. to prove
　　答案选b，而不选c。句子主语是 nothing，that he suggested 是修饰主语的定语从句，suggested 的宾语是引导该定语从句的关系代词 that，而不是其后的动词；句子谓语是 proved。全句意为＂他建议的情况没有一条是有用的。＂
　　（7） the old house we paid a visit _____ at the top of the hill.
　　a. standing b. to stand c. to standing d. to stands
　　答案选d。we paid a visit to 是修饰the old house 的定语从句，句中的stands 为主句谓语。
　　（8） the life he is now used _____ quite different from ours.
　　a. is b. to be c. to being d. to is
　　答案选d。句中he is now used to 是修饰 the life 的定语从句，to 后的动词 is 是句子的谓语，句意为＂他现在习惯的这种生活与我们的生活很不相同＂。
　　（9） the work he paid special attention _____ to nothing.
　　a. came b. to come c. to coming d. to came
　　答案选d。句中的he paid special attention to 是修饰 the work 的定语从句，to 后的动词 came 是句子的谓语，句意为＂他特别关注的那项工作泡汤了＂。
　　（10） the result what he said would lead _____ his regret in the future.
　　a. is b. to be c. to being d. to was
　　答案选d。句中what he said would lead to 是修饰 the result 的定语从句，to 后的动词 was 是句子的谓语，句意为＂他所说的话将导致的结果是他今后的后悔＂。
　　15. _______ the road round to the right and you’ll find his house.
　　a. follow b. following c. to follow d. followed
　　陷阱：容易误选b或c，误认为这是非谓语动词作状语。
　　分析：正确答案选a。根据句中的连词and 可推知它是一个并列句。假若将此题改为下面这样，则答案为b：
　　_______ the road round to the right, you’ll find his house.
　　a. follow b. following c. to follow d. followed
　　但是，若改成下面一题这样，则答案为c（不定式短语表目的）：
　　_______ the road round to the right, the blind man asked a boy to guide him.
　　a. follow b. following c. to follow d. followed
　　请做以下试题，答案均选a，都是因为句中的并列连词 and（填空句为祈使句）：
　　（1） _______ to the top of the hill, and you can see the whole of the town.
　　a. get b. to get c. getting d. having got
　　（2） ______ the milk and set a good example to the other children.
　　a. drink b. to drink c. drinking d. having drinking
　　（3） ______ me, and then try to copy what i do.
　　a. watch b. watching c. to watch d. have watching
　　（4） _____ through this book and tell me what you think of it.
　　a. look b. looking c. to look d. having looked
　　（5） _____ it with me and i’ll see what i can do.
　　a. leave b. leaving c. if you leave d. when left
　　有时不用连词连接句子，而用破折号，情况也是一样（答案均选a）。如：
　　（6） _____ down the radio — the baby’s asleep in the next room.
　　a. turn b. turning c. to turn d. to have turned
　　（7） _____ some of this juice — perhaps you will like it.
　　a. try b. trying c. to try d. to have tried
　　以下各题也应选a，是因为句中的从属连词 when, before, until 等（填空句为祈使句）：
　　（8） ______ him enough time to get home before you telephone.
　　a. give b. to give c. giving d. given
　　（9） ______ left when you get to the end of the street.
　　a. keep b. keeping c. to keep d. kept
　　（10） ______ your hand over your mouth when you cough.
　　a. put b. putting c. to put d. to be putting
　　（11）______ until the lights have turned to green.
　　a. wait b. to wait c. waiting d. having waited
　　（12） ______ the pieces of cloth with a loose stitch before finally sewing them together.
　　a. join b. to join c. joining d. joined
　　以下各题也应选a，因为填空句为祈使句：
　　（13） i don’t want to listen a long story — just _____ me the result.
　　a. tell b. telling c. to tell d. to be telling
　　（14） why stand there watching — _____ and help us!
　　a. come b. coming c. to come d. to be coming
　　（15） don’t waste your money on silly things — ______ it.
　　a. save b. to save c. saving d. having saved
　　（16） first ______ the rice by washing it, then ______ it in boiling water.
　　a. prepare, cook b. preparing, cooking c. preparing, cook d. prepare, cooking
　　（17） to test eggs, _____ them in a bowl of water: if they float they’re bad, if they sink they’re good.
　　a. put b. putting c. to put d. to be putting
　　但是请注意，类似下面这样的题目情形有所不同，所填部分为目的状语（用不定式，即答案选b）：
　　（18） ______ french well, she went to france to live with his cousins.
　　a. study b. to study c. studying d. having studied
　　（19） _____ late in the morning, mr. smith turned off the alarm.
　　a. sleep b. to sleep c. sleeping d. having slept
　　（20） ______ the flies out, we had to shut all the doors and windows.
　　a. keep b. to keep c. keeping d. having kept
　　（21） ______ their service, the workers of the hotel are active in learning english.
　　a. improving b. to improve c. improve d. having improved
　　【典题】
　　1. he looked around and caught a man ______ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
　　a. put b. to be putting c. to put d. putting
　　2. when you’re learning to drive, _______ a good teacher makes a big difference.
　　a. have b. having c. and have d. and having
　　3. i felt it a great honour ______ to speak to you.
　　a. to ask b. asking c. to be asked d. having asked
　　4. i would love _______ to the party last night but i had to work extra hours to finish a report.
　　a. to go b. to have gone c. going d. having gone
　　5. before you decide to leave your job, _______ the effect it will have on your family.
　　a. consider b. considering c. to consider d. considered
　　6. robert is said _______ abroad, but i don’t know what country he studied in.
　　a. to have studied b. to study c. to be studying d. to have been studying
　　7. it is said that in australia there is more land than the government knows _______.
　　a. it what to do with b. what to do it with c. what to do with it d. to do what with it
　　8. anyone _______ bags, boxes, or whatever, was stopped by the police.
　　a. seen carry b. seen carrying c. saw to carry d. saw carrying
　　9. mr reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _______ some schools for poor children.
　　a. set up b. setting up c. have set up d. having set up
　　10. the discovery of new evidence led to _______.
　　a. the thief having caught b. catch the thief c. the thief being caught d. the thief to be caught
　　11. she looks forward every spring to _______ the flower-lined garden.
　　a. visit b. paying a visit c. walk in d. walking in
　　12. to test eggs, _______ them in a bowl of water: if they float they’re bad, if they sink they’re good.
　　a. put b. putting c. to put d. to be putting
　　13. ＂where is david?＂ ＂he is upstairs ______ ready to go out.＂
　　a. to get b. getting c. to be getting d. having got
　　14. ＂mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day?＂ ＂________ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up.＂
　　a. get b. getting c. to get d. to be getting
　　15. he was reading his book, completely _______ to the world.
　　a. lost b. losing c. to lose d. to have lost
　　16. we looked everywhere for the keys, but they are nowhere _______.
　　a. to find b. to have found c. to be found d. being found
　　17. the boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _______.
　　a. not to b. not to do c. not do it d. do not do
　　18. a cook will be immediately fired if he is found _______ in the kitchen.
　　a. smoke b. smoking c. to smoke d. smoked
　　19. finding her car stolen, _______.
　　a. a policeman was asked to help b. the area was searching thoroughly
　　c. it was looked for everywhere d. she hurried to a policeman for help
　　20. ＂how do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?＂ ＂the key ______ the problem is to meet the demand ______ by the customers.＂
　　a. to solving, making b. to solving, made c. to solve, making d. to solve, made
　　21. ＂what do you think made mary so upset?＂ ＂_______ her new bike.＂
　　a. as she lost b. lost c. losing d. because of losing
　　22. the research is so designed that once _______ nothing can be done to change it.
　　a. begins b. having begun c. beginning d. begun
　　23. though ________ money, his parents managed to send him to university.
　　a. lacked b. lacking of c. lacking d. lacked in
　　24. tony was very unhappy for _______ to the party.
　　a. having not been invited b. not having invited c. having not invited d. not having been invited
　　25. though i have often heard this song _______. i have never heard you _______ it.
　　a. being sung, sang b. sang, singing c. sung, sing d. to be sung, to sing
　　26. he is a man of few words, and seldom speaks until _______ to.
　　a. spoken b. speaking c. speak d. be spoken
　　27. when i handed the report to john, he said that george was the person _______.
　　a. to send b. for sending it c. to send it to d. for sending it to
　　28. _______ on time, this medicine will be quite effective.
　　a. taking b. being taken c. taken d. having taken
　　29. the film star walked to his car, ______ a crowd of journalists.
　　a. followed by b. following by c. to follow d. to be followed by
　　30. after describing the planned improvements, she went on _______ how much they would cost.
　　a. to explain b. explaining c. to be explaining d. having explained
　　31. please excuse me _______ your letter by mistake.
　　a. to open b. to have opened c. for opening d. in opening
　　32. please remember _______ the plants while i’m away.
　　a. watering b. to be watering c. to water d. being watering
　　33. certainly i posted your letter — i remember ______ it.
　　a. posting b. to post c. to be posting d. have posted
　　34. stop _______ me to hurry up. i can only go so fast.
　　a. to tell b. telling c. to have told d. having told
　　35. remember _______ off the light when _______ to bed.
　　a. turning, going b. to turn, to go c. turning, to go d. to turn, going
　　36. _______ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.
　　a. having given b. to give c. giving d. given
　　37. _______ in 1636, harvard is one of the most famous universities in the united states.
　　a. being founded b. it was founded founded d. founding
　　38. the lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the ________.
　　a. 20 dollars remained b. 20 dollars to remain c. remained 20 dollars d. remaining 20 dollars
　　39. the picture _______ on the wall is painted by my nephew.
　　a. having hung b. hanging c. hangs d. being hung
　　40. with a lot of difficult problems ________, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
　　a. settled b. setting c. to settle d. being settled
　　41. having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _______ whether they will enjoy it.
　　a. to see b. to be seen c. seeing d. seen
　　42. tony was very unhappy for _______ to the party.
　　a. having not been invited b. not having invited c. having not invited d. not having been invited
　　43. ＂good morning. can i help you?＂ ＂i’d like to have this package _______.＂
　　a. be weighed b. to be weighed c. to weigh d. weighed
　　44. what have we said _______ her so happy?
　　a. makes b. to make c. made d. has made
　　45. what worried the child most was ______ to visit his mother in the hospital.
　　a. his not allowing b. his not being allowed c his being not allowed d. having not being allowed
　　46. ＂which sweater is yours?＂ ＂the one _______ no. 9.＂
　　a. that marked b. was marked with c. which marked d. marked with
　　47. if the car won’t start, _____ it.
　　a. try push b. try pushing c. to try pushing d. to try to push
　　48. they stayed up until midnight _____ the old year out and the new year in.
　　a. and saw b. to see c. seeing d. for seeing
　　答案与解析：
　　1. 选d。catch sb doing sth 意为＂碰上某人在做某事＂或＂逮住某人做某事＂。
　　2. 选b。这是一个含when 引导时间状语从句的主从复合句，having a good teacher 在主句中用作主语。
　　3. 选c。句中的 it 为形式主语，不定式 to be asked to speak to you 为真正主语，因＂我＂与ask为被动关系，故用被动式。
　　4. 选 b。like 和 love后接不定式或动名词均可，但 would love / like 后只能接不定式，据此可排除选项 c、d。表示过去未曾实现的愿望，其后要接不定式完成式，即选 b。
　　5. 选a，before 引导的是时间状语从句，填空句为主句，而此主句为一祈使句，故动词用原形。其中 it will have … 为修饰名词 the effect 的宾语从句。
　　6. 选 a。根据句中的 studied 可知，他曾到国外留过学，也就是说＂留学＂这个动作已结束并发生在谓语动作（is said）之前，故用完成式，即选 a。
　　7. 选 c。do with 与 what 连用可以表示＂处置＂、＂放置＂、＂利用＂等。如：
　　what shall i do with it? 怎样处置它好呢?
　　what have you done with my umbrella? 你把我的雨伞放到哪里去了?
　　i don’t know what to do with this strange object. 我不知道这怪东西有什么用。
　　8. 选b。anyone seen carrying bags…为 anyone who was seen carrying bags 之略，其中过去分词短语 seen carrying bags … 用作定语修饰代词 anyone。另外，句中的 who was seen carrying bags 为 see sb doing sth 这一结构的被动式。
　　9. 选 b。devote…to… 的意思是＂把……贡献给……＂或＂致力于……＂，其中 to 是介词，不是不定式符号，若后接动词要用动名词。句中的 he had 为定语从句，用以修饰 all，注意不将 had to 视为同一个语义结构。
　　10. 选 c。lead to 意为＂导致＂，其中的 to 是介词，不是不定式符号，若后接动词要用
　　动名词。由于逻辑主语 the thief 与catch 为被动关系，故答案选 c。
　　11. 选 d。look forward to 意为＂期盼＂，其中 to 是介词，后接动词要用动名词。注意不能选 b，因为 pay a visit 不能带 the flower-lined garden 作宾语，假若在 paying a visit 后加上介词 to，则可选 b。
　　12. 选a。句首的 to test eggs 为目的状语，填空句为祈使句谓语，故要用动词原形。
　　13. 选b。现在分词短语表伴随。
　　14. 选c。to get enough protein and nutrition 表目的。
　　15. 选a。（be） lost to sth 为习语，意为＂不再受某事物的影响＂、＂将某事物置之度外＂。
　　16. 选c。因keys 与 find 是被动关系。
　　17. 选 a。不定式的否定式总是将否定词 not 置于不定式符号 to 之前，而不能置于其后，同时结合 tell sb （not） to do sth 这一结构可排除选项 c、d。当不定式的动词是前面已出现过的相同的动词时，为避免重复，通常省略该不定式而只保留不定式符号 to。
　　18. 选 b。find 后可接现在分词（表示动作在进行）或过去分词（表被动关系）作宾语补足语，但是不接不定式。另外，由于he 与 smoke 是主动关系，故选 b。
　　19. 选 d。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语就是句子主语。比较四个选项，finding her car stolen 的逻辑主语显然是 she，而不是 a policeman, the area, it 等，故选 d。
　　20. 选 b。the key to… 意为＂……的关键＂，其中的 to 是介词，不是不定式符号，若后接动词要用动名词。另一方面，名词 demand 与 make 是被动关系（make demands 提出要求），同时根据句中的 by the customers，可确定答案选 b。
　　21. 选 c。答句是针对疑问词 what 的回答，而问句中的疑问词 what 在句中用作主语，所以答句也应是一个能用作主语的东西，比较四个选项，只有c合适。其完整回答形式为 losing her new bike made mary so upset. 比较，下面一题要填不定式，因为四个选项中只有 to choose a new chairman 能回答疑问词 why：
　　＂why was a special meeting called?＂ ＂______ a new chairman.＂
　　a. choose b. choosing
　　c. to choose d. chosen
　　22. 选 d。由于 the research 与 begin 是被动关系，故用过去分词 begun。once begun 可视为 once it is begun 之省略。
　　23. 选 c。由于 his parents 与 lack money（缺钱）是主动关系，故用现在分词，又因为lack 是及物动词，故后接宾语无需用介词，故选 c。
　　24. 选 d。非谓语动词的否定式要将否定词 not 放在整个非谓语动词之前，据此可排除 a、c。另外，由于 tony 与 invite 是被动关系，故选 d。
　　25. c。第一空填 sung，因为 song 与 sing 是被动关系；第二空填 sing，因为 you 与 sing 是主动关系。
　　26. 选 a。until spoken to 可视为 until he is spoken to 之略。
　　27. 选c，不定式短语to send it to 用作状语，修饰其前的名词 the person。注意句尾的介词 to 不能省略，因为被修饰的名词 the person 为介词 to 的逻辑宾语。
　　28. 选 c。this medicine 与动词take 为被动关系，故用过去分词。
　　29. 选a。从句意上看，人群跟在明星后面，反过来，明星便是被人群跟着。
　　30. 选a。go on doing sth = 继续做同一事情，go on to do sth = 做完某事后续继做某事。
　　31. 选c。excuse sb for doing sth 意为＂原谅某人做了某事＂。
　　32. 选c。remember doing sth = 记住曾经做过的事，remember to do sth = 记住要做的事。
　　33. 选a。remember doing sth = 记住曾经做过的事，remember to do sth = 记住要做的事。
　　34. 选b。根据下文的 i can only go so fast 知前文应是叫对方不要老催自己快走。比较：stop doing sth = 停止做某事，stop to do sth = 停下正在做的事去干另一事。
　　35. 选d。一是分清以下两个结构：remember to do sth=记住做某事，remember doing sth=记住曾做过某事；二是注意 when going to bed 相当于 when you go to bed。
　　36. 选 d。由于动词 give 与其逻辑主语 he 是动宾关系，故用过去分词，即选 d。其中 given time 可视为 if he is given time 之略。
　　37. c。由于 harvard（哈佛大学）与 found（建立）是被动关系，且因句中有 in 1636，故选 c。注意不能选 b，否则前后两句之间缺少必要的连词。
　　38. 选d，由于 remain 为不及物动词，所以包含过去分词 remained的a和c不宜选（因为两者均含有被动意味）；选项b也不宜选，不定式to remain 用作修饰 20 dollars 的后置定语，由于彼此之间有逻辑上的动宾关系，故不妥（因为 remain 不及物）。现在分词remaining 的意思是＂剩下的＂。
　　39. 选 b。动词 hang 表示＂悬挂＂时，可用作及物或不及物动词，此处填 hanging 或 hung 均可，但不能填 being hung，因为它表示动作正在进行，而此处表示的是一种悬挂的状态。
　　40 选 c。＂with+名词+不定式＂的意思是＂有……要……＂。又如：
　　i can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。
　　with such good cardres to carry out the party’s policy we feel safe. 有这样的好干部执行党的政策，我们感到放心。
　　41. 选 b。remain 作＂尚需＂解，是连系动词，其后要接不定式作表语。由于 see 与 it（形式主语，指whether they will enjoy it）是动宾关系，因此用不定式的被动式。
　　42. 选 d。否定词 not 应放在动名词之前，故排除a、c；又因为 tony 与 invite 是被动关系，故选 d。
　　43. 选 d。＂have+名词或代词+过去分词＂结构在此表示＂请某人做某事＂。
　　44. 选 b。to make her so happy 是结果状语。注意词序what have we…，不是 what we have…。比较下面一题（答案选d）：
　　what we have said ________ her so happy.
　　a. makes b. to make
　　c. made d. has made
　　45. 选 b。否定词 not 应放在-ing 形式之前，逻辑主语 his 之后，由此可排除 c 和 d；又因为 the child 与 allow 是被动关系，故选 b。
　　46. 选d。marked with 可视为 which is marked with no. 9 之略。
　　47. 选b。注意句首为if 引导的条件状语从句，填空句为祈使句，故第一个动词应是try，不应是 to try；另外，try doing sth 的意思是＂做某事试试看有何效果＂。
　　48. 选 b。不定式表目的。
　　【模拟一】
　　1. — can you ride a horse? — no, i never had the chance ____.
　　a. for learning it b. for learning how c. how to learn it d. to learn how
　　2. paul said, ＂give me a chair _____.＂
　　a. to sit b. sit c. sit on d. to sit on
　　3. i ran too fast ______ where i was going.
　　a. to notice b. for me to notice c. to notice for me d. and notice
　　4. — have you enjoyed your visit here? — yes, i’ll be very sorry______ .
　　a. for leaving b. of leaving c. to leave d. with leaving
　　5. — i’ll help you whenever you need me. — good. i’d like _____me tomorrow.
　　a. you helping b. that you will help c. you to help d. that you help
　　6. — i didn’t hear you come in last night. — that’s good. we tried_____ noisy.
　　a. not be b. not to be c. to be not d. to not be
　　7. because of air pollution being greatly reduced, this city is still ______.
　　a. a good place which to be lived in b. lived as a good place
　　c. a good place to live in d. living in as a good place
　　8. — why was the official meeting called? — ______ new officers.
　　a. select b. selecting c. to select d. for selecting
　　9. — where did he go? — he went to another store ______.
　　a. to buy pencils b. for buying pencils c. buy pencils d. buying pencils
　　10. — my baby has a heart trouble. — did the doctor find it difficult ______ ?
　　a. in treating b. treating c. for treating d. to treat
　　11. — did the judge ask you many questions? — yes, and ______.
　　a. they were difficult to be answered b. to answer them was to be difficult
　　c. they were difficult to answer d. they had difficulty in answering
　　12. that beggar seems _____ anything yesterday.
　　a. not to have eaten b. not to eat c. didn’t eat d. to not have eaten
　　13. the lost child desired nothing but _____ home.
　　a. go b. to go c. going d. went
　　14.that box is____.
　　a. too heavy for me to carry b. too heavy for me to carry it
　　c. so heavy for me to carry d. very heavy for me to carry
　　15. would you be ______ to do me a favour, please?
　　a. so kind as b. too kind c. as kind as d. enough kind
　　16. to learn to speak english well,_____.
　　a. much practice is needed b. one needs much practice
　　c. much practice is needed by one d. one is needed much practice
　　17. tom kept quiet about the accident ______ lose his job.
　　a. so not as to b. so as not to c. so as to not d. not so as to
　　18. last summer i took a course on ______ .
　　a. how to make dresses b. how dresses be made c. how to be made dresses d. how dresses to be made
　　19. the house is not large enough ____ .
　　a. to live in b. to be lived in c. to live d. for living
　　20. nobody likes ______.
　　a. to speak ill of b. to be spoken ill of c. speaking ill of d. spoken ill of
　　21. i know him ______ a good football player while in college.
　　a. to have been b. to be c. was d. had been
　　22. i was surprised______.
　　a. watching him to eat so quickly b. watch him eat so quickly
　　c. watching him eat so quickly d. to watch him eat so quickly
　　23. mr. white was seen ______ the palace museum.
　　a. enter b. to enter c. entered d. to entering
　　24. i saw mary ____ the house.
　　a. open the door and go into b. to open the door and to go into
　　c. open the door and to go into d. open the door and went into
　　25. paul does nothing but _____ all day long.
　　a. play b. to play c. playing d. played
　　26. now we could not do anything but ______ for him here.
　　a. waited b. waiting c. to wait d. wait
　　27. i don’t know her and i don’t ______ .
　　a. want b. want to c. want it d. to want
　　28. — go to the theatre with me, will you? — i should like ______, but i don’t have time.
　　a. to b. too c. to do d. to go to
　　29. to play fair is as important as ______.
　　a. to play well b. play well c. we play well d. playing well
　　30. it is the greatest happiness on earth ______.
　　a. loving and to be loved b. to love and being loved
　　c. to love and to be loved d. love and be loved
　　31. _____ is better to love than _____ .
　　a. that, to be loved b. that, be loved c. it, be loved d. it, to be loved
　　32. it’s very foolish _____ it?
　　a. for you to say b. of you to say c. with you saying d. in your saying
　　33. it ______ me two hours to find your new house.
　　a. cost b. took c. spent d. used
　　34. we did not expect our offer _____ so quickly.
　　a. rejected b. to reject c. to be rejected d. rejecting
　　35. he told her ______ there at once.
　　a. get b. gets c. should get d. to get
　　36. we all think it most foolish ______ this mistake.
　　a. for you making b. of you to make c. you to make d. for you to make
　　37. i really don’t know ____ .
　　a. to swim b. how to swim c. to swim how d. how swim
　　38. — what do you think about english? — it’s a difficult language _____
　　a. speaking b. to be spoken c. to speak d. spoken
　　【试题答案】
　　1~5 ddacc 6~10 bccad 11~15 cabaa 16~20 bbaab
　　21~25 adbaa 26~30 dbaac 31~35 dbbcd 36~38 bbc
　　【模拟二】
　　1. alien said that his trip was _______.
　　a. interested b. interest c. interesting d. of interest
　　2. we can’t understand ______ a decision until it is too late.
　　a. him to postpone to make b. his postponing to make
　　c. him to postpone making d. his postponing making
　　3. i couldn’t understand ______ at the poor child.
　　a. you to laugh b. you laugh c. why laugh d. you laughing
　　4. it’s no use______ with him. you might as well ______ with a stone wall.
　　a. arguing, argue b. to argue, arguing c. arguing, arguing d. to argue, argue
　　5. it is no good ______ today’s work for tomorrow.
　　a. to leave b. leaving c. that you leave d. leave
　　6. the old man’s ______ pity on the snake led to his own death.
　　a. take b. taking c. being taken d. have
　　7. it’s very kind ______ you ______ say so.
　　a. of, to b. for, to c. to, to d. of, /
　　8. some people’s greatest pleasure is ______ .
　　a. fishing b. to fish c. to be fish d. being fishing
　　9. remember ______ the book, when you have finished it.
　　a. putting back b. having put back c. to put back d. will put back
　　10. you didn’t hear us come back last night. that’s good. we tried ______ noisy.
　　a. to not be b. not to be c. being not d. not being
　　11. though he failed, he tried _______ it again and again.
　　a. to do b. doing c. do d. done.
　　12. you’ll regret ______ those words. you may hurt her feelings.
　　a. say b. to say c. having said d. to have said
　　13. you can keep the book until you ______ .
　　a. have finished reading b. finish to read
　　c. will finish reading d. have finished to read
　　14. we are looking forward to ______ another chance ______ it again.
　　a. be given, to try b. give, to try c. giving, trying d. having, to try
　　15. most of the students enjoy_____ stamps.
　　a. collect b. to collect c. collecting d. collected
　　16. excuse me for _____ in without ______.
　　a. coming, asking b. coming, being asked
　　c. to come, asking d. to come, being asked
　　17. people couldn’t help ______ the foolish girl.
　　a. laugh at b. to laugh at c. laughing at d. laughing
　　18. ＂what do you think of the book?＂ ＂oh. excellent, it’s worth _______ a second time.＂
　　a. to read b. to be read c. reading d. being read
　　19. ＂i usually go there by train.＂ ＂why not ______ by boat for a change?＂
　　a. to try going b. trying to go c. to try and go d. try going
　　20. i was too excited ______ .
　　a. speak b. to speak c. not to speak d. speaking
　　21. charles babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer.
　　a. to invent b. inventing c. to have invented d. having invented
　　22. it is no use _____to come now. he is busy.
　　a. ask him b. to ask him c. that you ask him d. asking him
　　23. the murder was brought in, with his hands _______ behind his back.
　　a. being tied b. having tied c. to be tied d. tied
　　24. mrs smith warned her daughter ____ after drinking.
　　a. never to drive b. to never drive c. never drivi d. never drive.
　　25. the computer centre, ______ last year is very popular among the students in this school.
　　a. open b. opening c. having opened d. opened.
　　26. do you know the boy _______ under the big tree?
　　a. lay b. lain c. laying d. lying
　　27. most of the artists ______ to the party ‘were from south africa.
　　a. invited b. to invite c. being invited d. had been invited
　　28. english is a language ______ in many countries.
　　a. spoken b. speaking c. be spoken d. to speak
　　29. ＂can you read?＂ mary said to the notice.
　　a. angrily, pointing b. and point angrily
　　c. angrily, pointed d. and angrily pointing
　　30. there was a terrible noise _______ the sudden burst of tight.
　　a. followed b. following c. to be followed d. being followed
　　31. ____ more attention, the trees could have grown better.
　　a. given b. to give c. giving d. having given
　　32. _____their students, the famous teacher came into the hall.
　　a. followed b. followed by
　　c. being followed d. having been followed
　　33. your flat needs _____ . would you like me it for you?
　　a. to clean, to do b. cleaning, doing
　　c. cleaning, to do d. to be cleaned, doing
　　34. does your new secretary ____ short hand?
　　a. know to take b. know how to take c. know how take d. know how taking
　　35. tommy had his big brother _____ his shoes for him.
　　a. to tie b. tie c. tied d. tying
　　36. would you please ______ write on the textbooks?
　　a. don’t b. not to c. not d. to not
　　37. i’d ______ the operation unless it is absolutely necessary.
　　a. rather not have b. rather not to have c. not rather had d. rather not having
　　38. your mother and i are looking forward________ you.
　　a. of seeing b. for seeing c. to see d. to seeing
　　39. the girl couldn’t_____ how red his face was.
　　a. help to notice b. be helping to notice c. be helping noticing d. help noticing
　　40. excuse me, but it is time to have your temperature ______.
　　a. taking b. to take c. take d. taken
　　答案
　　1~5 cddab 6~10 baacb 11~15 bcadc 16~20 bccdb 21~25 cddad 26~30 daaab 31~35 abcbb 36~40 caddd
　　【模拟三】
　　1. there is no question of _____ able to finish it himself.
　　a. tom was b. tom’s being c. tom’s be d. tom is
　　2. the new shopping center _____ now will be put into use by the end of this year.
　　a. built b. be built c. being built d. to be built
　　3. ＂have you had supper?＂ ＂not yet. the meal_____.＂
　　a. are being cooked b. is being cooked c. is cooked d. are cooked
　　4. ＂i’m glad ______ you here in the hotel.＂ ＂it’s my great pleasure to have you ______ us.＂
　　a. meeting, to b. to have met, with c. having met, among d. to meet, of
　　5. i’m afraid i can’t make myself _____ in english.
　　a. understanding b. understand c. to be understood d. understood
　　6. although in a hurry, wilson ______.
　　a. couldn’t stop walking b. couldn’t help the stranger
　　c. stopped to help the stranger d. didn’t answer the stranger
　　7. janet is easy _____.
　　a. for getting along with b. by getting along with c. to get along with d. got along with
　　8. don’t forget ______ the light when you leave.
　　a. turn off b. to turn off c. turning off d. turned off
　　9. the mother is very glad; her baby is beginning ______.
　　a. understanding what she means b. to understand that she meant
　　c. to understand what she means d. noticing what she means ,
　　10. i think this story is _____ .
　　a. worth being read b. worth reading c. worth to read d. worth of reading
　　11. this scientist is a man ______ praise.
　　a. worth to b. worthy to be c. worthy of d. worth
　　12. i don’t want ______ any more trouble, you see?
　　a. there being b. it to be c. it being d. there to be
　　13. when she returned home, she found the window open and something ______.
　　a. stealing b. missed c. stolen d. to steal
　　14. strictly _____, it isn’t worth the price you are asking.
　　a. to speak b. speaking c. speak d. spoken
　　15. time ______, they’ll come here to watch us ______ football.
　　a. permitted, playing b. permitted, to play c. permitting, play d. permitting, to play
　　16. the man was seen _____ into the courtyard.
　　a. stealing b. stolen c. be stealing d. had stolen
　　17. bob should love _____ to the party tomorrow evening.
　　a. taking b. to be taken c. to take d. being taken
　　18. tom had no choice but ____ the classroom with his classmates.
　　a. to clean b. clean c. cleaning d. cleans
　　19. mr. brown said that his car needed
　　a. to be repaired b. being repaired c. be repairing d. to repair
　　20. the old man didn’t know whether to sell the car or____ .
　　a. being kept for later use b. kept for later use
　　c. to keep it for later use d. to be kept it for later use
　　21. the noise of the desks _____ could be heard in the next classroom.
　　a. being opened and closed b. opened and closed
　　c. having been opened and closed d. to be opened and closed
　　22. i remember _____ someone ____ the umbrella away.
　　a. to see, take b. having seen, to take c. to see, to take d. having seen, take
　　23. she was noticed ______ the shop.
　　a. to enter b. enter c. having entered d. entered
　　24. i couldn’t help _____ when i heard the joke.
　　a. being laughed b. laughing c. to be laughing d. to laugh
　　25._____, she burst into tears.
　　a. deeply moved b. deeply moving
　　c. as she deeply moved d. as she was deeply moving
　　26. the problem requires ______.
　　a. studying with great care b. to study carefully
　　c. to be studied without carelessness d. taking great care of studying it
　　27. _____ carelessly, the boy made mistakes here and there. .
　　a. being written b. wrote c. write d. writing
　　28. he would rather ______ his parents with their housework than _____ out to play games.
　　a. to help, to go b. help, go c. help, to go d. to help, go
　　29. the boy had his leg _____ while ____ football.
　　a. broken, playing b. break, play c. broken, played d. broke, was playing
　　30. having finished the work,_____.
　　a. it was almost six o’clock b. a postman came and delivered the evening paper and some letters
　　c. supper had been already prepared d. we had a rest and then had supper
　　31. he is ill. he has kept_____.
　　a. coughing all along b. to cough at night c. cough since yesterday d. being coughed day and night
　　32. it is no use ____ without _____.
　　a. to talk, doing b. taking, being done c. talking, doing d. being talked, being to do
　　33. ＂i usually go there by boat.＂ ＂why not _____ by train for a change?＂
　　a. try going b. to try going c. trying to go d. to try and go
　　34. _____, she felt quite shy at the party.
　　a. as she a stranger b. being a stranger c. according to a stranger d. she like a stranger
　　35. every morning he gets up early and practises ______ and then _____ to school.
　　a. to read english, go b. reading english, going
　　c. reading english, goes d. of reading english, goes
　　36. while _____ football on tin playground, i found ‘my keys ______.
　　a. playing, lost b. play, losing c. played, being lost d. having played, lost
　　37. ____ the same mistakes again made his parents very angry.
　　a. his having made b. he has made c. he had making d. him making
　　38. dick made it ______ to all his friends.
　　a. to know b. known c. know d. knowing
　　39. anna spends one hour a day _____ spoken english.
　　a. practise b. to practise c. on practising d. in practising
　　40. no one was surprised at _____ the examination.
　　a. he passing b. his pass c. him pass d. his passing
　　41. although swimming is his favourite sport, yet he doesn’t like _____ today.
　　a. to swim b. swimming c. swim d. to have swim
　　42. she sat at the desk and set about _____ a letter to her friend.
　　a. to write b. writing c. write d. written
　　43. this soup is cold; it needs _____.
　　a. to heat b. to be heated c. being hot d. heated
　　44. i went ______a balloon but i didn’t see anyone _____ balloons.
　　a. to buy, to sell b. to buy, selling c. buying, selling d. buying, to sell
　　45. anna is often heard _____songs in her room
　　a. sung b. singing c. sing d. to sing
　　46. the more you practise ______ english, the better your _____ english will be.
　　a. to speak, speaking b. speaking, spoken c. spoken, spoken d. spoken, speaking
　　答案
　　1~5 bcbbd 6~10 ccbcb 11~15 cdcbc 16~20 abaac 21~25 adaba 26~30 adbad
　　31~35 acabc 36~40 aabdd 41~46 abbbdb