英语高一ampnbspUnitampnbsp14ampnbspFestival知识例析

　　英语：高一 unit 14 festival知识例析
　　知识点例析i
　　1._______ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.
　　a．when compared b．compare c．while comparing d．comparing
　　析 前后句子没有连词连接，后一句是个完整的句子，说明前一句是非谓语动词短语作状语，compare没带自己的逻辑主语，所以和主句的主语是同一主语，它们之间是被动关系，因此用被动形式，选a。
　　2. he sees very badly; he _______ wear glasses all the time.
　　a．may b．must c．can d．has to
　　析 由第一句话所设语境，说明戴眼镜是他不得已的，无可奈何与他的主观意志无关，是客观的情况——＂眼睛不好使＂让他不得不戴上眼镜，只有d项强调客观需要，答案为d。分清have to与must的用法区别，结合语境解题。
　　3. to do well on the test, _______.
　　a．the four choices should be looked at carefully before you make a choice
　　b．don’t answer anything before a careful look at the four choices
　　c．before you choose an answer, carefully look at the four choices
　　d．look at the four choices carefully before choosing an answer
　　析 写一个句子时应十分注意整句的逻辑关系，不仅介词，动名词，不定式的逻辑主语要与主句保持一致，而且复合句中的逻辑关系也不能颠倒。这例中句子的起始为一祈使句。正确答案为d。
　　4 —you seemed to be deeply struck by his skill.
　　—no exactly so. it was his courage _______ his skill that really struck me most.
　　a．rather than b．as well as c．but also d．not as
　　析 句意为＂——你看起来被他的技术打动了。——不完全这样，除了他的技术，还有他的能力，那才是最打动我的。＂从整个句意中可知，说话者强调的是his courage。答案为b。as well as除了……还有……，as well as也可表示为＂……和……身体一样好＂或＂……和……一样好＂。
　　5. michael _______ be a policeman, for he is much too short.
　　a．needn’t b．can’t c．should d．may
　　析 此题意为＂michael太矮小了，不可能成为警察。＂can用在否定句中，表否定的推测，因此选项b为正确答案。
　　6.don’t you _______ this country’s future?
　　a．care for b．care about c．worry d．take care
　　析 a项中care for喜欢、照顾；c项worry担心；worry about担心……，d项中take care小心、当心，只有b项＂关心，担忧＂符合题意。答案为b。注意care for与care about的用法区别。
　　7.mary’s score on the test is the highest in her class. she _______ have studied very hard.
　　a．may b．should c．must d．ought to
　　析 ＂must+不定式完成式＂表示对过去发生事情的推测。题意为：玛丽的考试成绩全班第一，她学习一定很刻苦。答案为c。
　　8. john shut everyone out of the kitchen _______ he could prepare his grand surprise for the party. （XX年全国高考试题）
　　a．which b．when c．so that d．as if
　　析 选项前的意思是＂约翰把每个人关在厨房之外＂，选项后的意思是＂使（他们）大吃一惊于他准备的聚会＂，选项后的内容是选项前的内容的行为动作的目的，a、b、c、d选项中，只有c项so that可以引导目的状语从句，答案为c。选连接词时，关键看所连接的两个句子的关系，然后确定相应的连接词。
　　9. the women in the village were not _______ alone in the country in the 1910s.
　　a．allowing going out b．allowed going out
　　c．allowed to go out d．allowing to go out
　　析 allow sb. to do sth.意为＂允许某人干某事＂，题中的the women是allow的宾语，因此，该句应用allow的被动语态，即为sb. be allowed to do sth.。答案为c。allow sb. to go out还可以说成allow sb. out。而allow sb. in意为允许某人进来。解此题时同时要分清句子成份。
　　10. since the street was wet, _______ last night.
　　a．it must be raining b．there must have rain
　　c．it must have rained d．there might have been rain
　　析 must have+过去分词是对过去事件的推测，如对现在的推测则要用must+动词原形。如：he must be in his office.而否定的推测用can’t。答案为c。
　　知识点例析ii
　　1. ＂is john going away?＂ ＂i think so, he _______ for a better job, but he didn’t get it.＂
　　a．had hoped b．was hoped c．hoping d．had hoping
　　析 用过去完成时的先决条件是找到过去的时间点或某一动作，而后用过去完成时的这一动作应在该点或该动作之前结束。本句中有but he didn’t get it，所以had hoped是在此之前发生并已结束。选a。
　　2. when i passed the entrance examination, my family _______ me _______ my successes.
　　a．celebrated; on b．congratulated; on
　　c．celebrated; to d．congratulated; to
　　析 该题考查celebrate与congratulate的区别，由题目中第一空后接的是＂me＂，可知应填congratulated，congratulate sb. on sth.，庆祝某人某事，如果用celebrate，则应该是celebrate my success。答案为b。注意分清celebrate与congratulate。另外be celebrated for相当be famous for（因为……而出名）。
　　3. your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard—_______ you failed.
　　a．in the end b．after all c．on other words d．at the same time
　　析 从题干所设语境看，选项之后是对前面所说内容的解释，而in the end表示＂最终＂；after all用来引导或提示刚才说话的原因或理由，意为＂毕竟，终究＂，at the same time引出相关的评论或附加的加强性信息，意为＂然而，同时＂。答案为c。本题考查介词短语作为连接性附加状语的用法，解题时，要仔细分析前后句意之间的关系再决定选项。
　　4.you won’t _______ that easily.
　　a．take me in b．take me on c．take me to d．take me up
　　析 take sb. in意为＂接纳某人，愚弄某人＂。take on意为＂呈现，穿上＂，take to适应，沉湎于；take up举行、参加、占据，据题意：＂你别以为你那么容易让我上当＂。答案为a。take与不同介词搭配的意义不同，注意归纳记忆。
　　5. _______ many people, he prefers classical music to pop.
　　a．on common b．in common c．in common with d．in ordinary with
　　析 句意为＂和许多人一样，比起流行音乐来，他更喜欢古典音乐＂，＂和……一样＂应用in common with。答案为c。识记英语中的惯用法。
　　6.the boy is only ten years old, but he succeeded _______.
　　a．in working hard b．by working hard c．to work hard d．of working hard
　　析 句意为＂这个男孩只有十岁，但他通过努力学习成功了＂，a项succeed in doing成功地干了某事，使句意不通；by表示＂通过＂，表示手段方式，by working hard＂通过努力学习＂在句中作状语修饰succeed。答案为b。
　　7.we all _______ jane when she said she believed in ghost.
　　a．laughed at b．play a trick to c．made a joke on d．laughed on
　　析 laugh at意为＂嘲笑＂，b、c、d项中结构搭配不对。play a trick on sb.；play a joke on.答案为a。
　　语法重点难点分析
　　must, have to和have got to的用法
　　（1）must是情态动词。它只能用于现在时和将来时（过去时用had to代替）。must与动词原形连用，可以表示义务和语气较强的劝告。
　　否定式：must not /mustn’t
　　疑问式：must i?等
　　否定疑问式：must i not? /mustn’t i?等
　　you must get up earlier in the morning. 你早晨必须起早一点。
　　you must take more exercise. join a squash club. 你应该多锻炼。参加一个壁球俱乐部吧。
　　（2）have to表示＂必须＂，＂不得不＂。可以用于各种时态。如：
　　i have to go to work every day except sunday. but i don’t have to work a full day on saturday. 除了星期天外我必须每天去上班，但星期六我不必干一整天。
　　（3）must表示说话人的主观看法；而have to则表示客观需要。如：
　　mother: you must wipe your feet when you come in. 母亲：你进屋前必须先蹭掉鞋上的土。
　　little boy: i have to wipe my feet every time i come in. 小男孩：我每次进屋前都得先蹭掉鞋上的土。
　　（4）在口语中，可以用have got to代替have to。如：
　　it’s getting late. i’m afraid i’ve got to go. 天晚了，恐怕我得走了。
　　单元疑难解析
　　1. kwanzaa is a 7—day festival celebrating the culture and history of african americans. 宽札节是一个纪念非裔美国人文化和历史的为期七天的节日。
　　（1）a 7—day festival意为＂一个为期七天的节日＂，7—day作形容词。＂基数词+连字符+表时间的名词＂结构构成形容词作定语时，其名词一般用单数形式。如：
　　a five—minute break一次五分钟的中间休息
　　a three—hour exam一次三小时的考试
　　如不用连字符，名词则常用复数。如：
　　a ten minutes drive一段十分钟的汽车路程
　　a four weeks training四周的训练
　　也可用名词所有格。如：
　　two hours’ delay两小时的延误
　　a nine days’ wonder九天的奇迹
　　（2）celebrating the culture and history of african americans是现在分词作定语，相当于一个定语从句：that celebrates the culture and history of african americans.
　　现在分词作定语可用于下列各种情况：
　　①从句中的主要动词是进行时态时：
　　people waiting for the bus often sheltered in my doorway. 相当于：people who were waiting for the bus often sheltered… 等公共汽车的人们常常在我家门口躲风避雨。
　　②从句中动词表示一个习惯性或连续性的动作时：
　　passengers traveling in this bus bought their tickets in books.相当于passengers who traveled… 乘这路公共汽车的乘客买订成小本的车票。
　　boys attending this school have to wear uniform. 相当于：boys who attend… 在这个学校就学的男生必须穿校服。
　　③从句中的主要动词表示一种愿望，即句中的动词是wish, desire, want, hope等（但不是like）时：
　　people wishing to go on the tour =people who wish to go on the tour希望参加这次旅游的人
　　fans hoping for a glimpse of the star =fans who hoped for a glimpse of the star希望看一眼这位明星的影迷
　　2.since kwanzaa is a time for learning as well as joy, people celebrate kwanzaa by lighting a candle each day and discussing one of the seven principles of kwanzaa. 因为宽札节是欢乐的时光也是学习的时光，所以人们每晚都会点一支蜡烛，讨论宽札节七条原则中的一条，以此庆祝这一节日。
　　（1）这是一个由since引导的原因状语从句。
　　比较because, since, as和for：
　　①because语气最强，用来说明别人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题，当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知时，就用as或since。如：
　　i didn’t go, because i was afraid. 我不去是因为我怕。
　　since /as the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 天气那么糟，旅行推迟了。
　　②由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。如：
　　he is absent today, because /for he is ill. 他今天缺席，因为他病了。
　　he must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了，因为他今天缺席。
　　（2）as well as：也，还，而且
　　he is kind as well as sensible. 他很厚道而且明白事理。
　　比较as well：又，也；倒不如
　　i’m going to london, and my sister is coming as well. 我要到伦敦去，我的妹妹也要去。
　　the weather was so bad we might as well have stayed at home. 天气太糟了，早知道如此，我们倒不如呆在家里的好。
　　3.we must do as much as we can to make our community better and more beautiful. 我们应该为使我们的社区更加美好而尽可能地多做些工作。
　　（1）as much as可用来表示：
　　①＂同……一样多＂，as much用于指代或修饰不可数名词，其前可加倍数、分数等修饰语。
　　we don’t visit tom as much as we used to. 我们拜访汤姆不像过去那样多。
　　he asked for three times as much money as i offer. 他所要的钱是我所提出的三倍。
　　②as much as表示＂多达……时＂，常用在雨量、重量、钱数等方面，表示总量和单位量的大小。如：
　　some of the stones weighed as much as 15 tons. 有些石头达15吨重。
　　the rain is plentiful, often as much as seventy inches every years. 这儿雨水充足，年降水量多达70英寸。
　　（2）to make our community better and more beautiful是不定式作目的状语。as we can后的从句省去了谓语动词do。
　　4.creating a new festival may seem like an unusual way to celebrate history and culture, but we are in fact all creating new festivals every year—festivals and holidays are always changing and as we celebrate them we make new history and develop our culture. 创立一个新的节日也许看起来像是纪念历史和文化的一种不寻常的方式，但事实上，我们每年都在创造新的节日——节假日总在变化，而且当我们庆祝它们的时候我们也创造了新的历史，并发展了我们的文化。
　　（1）creating a new festival在这里是动名词做主语，谓语动词用单数。如：
　　reading books makes us wise. 读书使我们聪明。
　　walking is good for health. 散步对健康有益。
　　it is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。（本句中it是形式主语，动名词crying是真正的主语）
　　（2）seem like：看起来像
　　动词seem的用法：
　　①seem（to be）+形容词
　　the strong wind makes the temperature seem lower than it really is. 强风使气温好像低于实际温度。
　　you must do whatever seems right to you. 你应该做你认为对的事情。
　　②seem+动词不定式
　　i seem to have lost my key. 我觉得好像丢了钥匙。
　　③it seems +that从句
　　it seems that there is no way out of our difficulty. 我们似乎无法摆脱困境。
　　it seems that women are more interested in music. 妇女似乎对音乐更有兴趣。
　　5.this way, people who celebrate kwanzaa can enjoy the spirit of the holidays without all the commercial activities of christmas. 这样，庆祝宽札文化节的人们可以避开圣诞节的商业活动而享受节日的精神。
　　（1）this way：＂用这种办法、这样＂，way前用this（that）限定时，省去介词in。
　　please do not talk（in）that way. 请不要用这种方式谈话。
　　you should do it（in）this /that way. 你应当用这种（那种）方法做。
　　联想发散 way有关习语提示
　　all the way 全程， 一直地
　　in a（one）way 在某种程度上
　　in no way 怎样也不
　　in the way 妨碍，挡道
　　under way 在进行by the way 顺便说说
　　in many ways 在很多方面
　　on the way 在……路上
　　out of one’s way 不妨碍某人
　　way of life 生活方式
　　（2）without: ＂not having＂, ＂not with＂，表示＂没有、无＂，后接名词或动名词，在句子中作状语或定语。
　　have you ever travelled without a ticket? 你曾经无票旅行过吗？
　　she went out without（wearing）a coat. 她没穿大衣就出去了。
　　people without tickets are not permitted to enter. 无票的人不得进入。
　　6. …there seemed to be no other choice. 似乎没有别的选择。
　　这是一句表＂存在＂的句型。表＂存在＂的句型可与许多动词连用：
　　there seems to be something the matter with her. 她看来像是出了什么事似的。
　　there used to be a lot of trees around the place. 这一带过去树很多。
　　there is sure to be a place somewhere. 某处肯定有这个地方。
　　联想发散 there引起的表＂存在＂结构小结
　　there happen（s）to be 碰巧有
　　there appear（s）to be 好像有
　　there used to be 曾经有there’s /are likely to be 可能有
　　there’s /are certain /sure to be 肯定有
　　there ought to be应当有
　　7. earth day is celebrated on march 21, the day of the vernal equinox, or, in other words, the first day of spring. 地球日在3月21日，这是春分或者说春天的第一天。
　　（1）本句中，the day of the vernal equinox, the first day of spring与march 21是同位关系，起补充说明的作用
　　（2）in other words：换句话说。
　　he has become, in other words, a great hero. 换句话说，他已经变成了一个大英雄。
　　your performance in the exam did not reach the required standard, in other words, you failed. 你的考试成绩没有达到所要求的标准，换句话说，你没及格。
　　比较类似的词组：in a /one word简言之，in words用语言。如：
　　in a word, no. 一句话，不行。
　　i can’t describe it in words. 我无法用语言来形容它。
　　8.it is not a sad day, but rather a time to celebrate the cycle of life. 这并不是悲伤的一天，而是庆祝生命轮回的日子。
　　（1）not…but：连词词组，意为＂不是……而是……＂，用来连接两个并列的成分，表示意思上的转折。如：
　　she is not crying, but smiling. 她不是在哭，而是在笑。
　　she is not the pop star but her sister. 她不是那个流行歌星；而是她的妹妹。
　　not you but i am right. 不是你而是我是正确的。
　　not they but he has seen the movie. 不是他们而是他看过了这部电影。
　　（2）rather的基本用法：
　　①在一定程度上，相当
　　it’s rather cold today. 今天天气很冷。
　　i’m feeling rather better. 我感觉好多了。
　　②宁愿，宁可，还是……好些
　　i’d rather play tennis than swim. 我不想游泳，我宁愿打网球。
　　have a drink? no thanks, i’d rather not. 来点儿酒吧？不，谢谢，我还是免了吧。
　　③更确切地说
　　he came home very late last night, or rather very early this morning. 他昨晚很晚才回家，说得更准确点，是今天凌晨才回家的。
　　halloween
　　october 31
　　on october 31st, dozens of children dressed in costumes（节日服装）knock on their neighbors doors and yell ＂trick or treat＂ when the door opens. pirates and princesses, ghosts and popular heroes of the day all hold bags open to catch the candy or other goodies that the neighbors drop in. as they give each child a treat the neighbors exclaim over the costumes and try to guess who is under the masks.
　　since the 800s november 1st is a religious holiday known as all saints day（万圣节）. the mass that was said on this day was called all hallowmas. the evening before became known as all hakkiw een, or halloween. like some other american celebrations, its origins lie in both pre-christian and christian customs.
　　october 31 st was the eve of the celtic（凯尔特人的）new year. the celts were the ancestors of the present-day irish, welsh and scottish people. on this day ghosts walked and mingled with the living, or so the celts thought. the townspeople baked food all that day and when night fell they dressed up and tried to resemble the souls of the dead. hoping that the ghosts would leave peacefully before midnight of the new year.
　　much later, when christianity spread throughout ireland and october 31 was no longer the last day of the year, halloween became a celebration mostly for children. ＂ghosts＂ went from door to door asking for treats, or else a trick would be played on the owners of the house. when millions of irish people immigrated to the united states in the 1840s the tradition came with them.
　　today school dances and neighborhood parties called ＂block parties＂ are popular among young and old alike. more and more adults celebrate halloween. they dress up like historical or political figures and go to masquerade parties（化妆舞会）. in larger cities, costumed children and their parents gather at shopping malls early in the evening. stores and businesses give parties with games and treats for the children. teenagers enjoy costume dances at their schools and the more outrageous the costume the better!
　　certain pranks（恶作剧）such as soaping car windows and tipping over garbage cans are expected. but partying and pranks are not the only things that halloweeners enjoy doing. some collect money to buy food and medicine for needy children around the world.
　　symbols of halloween
　　halloween originated as a celebration connected with evil spirits. witches flying on broomsticks with black cats, ghosts, goblins（小精灵）and skeletons have all evolved as symbols of halloween. they are popular trick-or-treat costumes and decorations for greeting cards and windows. black is one of the traditional halloween colors, probably because halloween festivals and traditions took place at night. in the weeks before october 31, americans decorate windows of houses and schools with silhouettes（轮廓）of witches and black cats.
　　pumpkins are also a symbol of halloween. the pumpkin is an orange-colored squash, and orange has become the other traditional halloween color. carving pumpkins into jack- olanterns is a halloween custom also dating back to ireland. a legend grew up about a man named jack who was so stingy（吝啬的）that he was not allowed into heaven when he died, because he was a miser（吝啬鬼）. he couldnt enter hell either because he had played jokes on the devil. as a result, jack had to walk the earth with his lantern until judgement day（审判日）. the irish people carved scary faces out of turnips（芜菁根）, beets（甜菜根）or potatoes representing ＂jack of the lantern,＂ or jack-olantern. when the irish brought their customs to the united states, they carved faces on pumpkins because in the autumn they were more plentiful than turnips. today jack-o-lanterns in the windows of a house on halloween night let costumed children know that there are goodies（糖果）waiting if they knock and say ＂trick or treat!＂
　　halloween treats
　　dried pumpkin seeds
　　after carving your pumpkin, separate the pulp from the seeds. rinse（冲洗）the seeds and spread them out to dry. the next day, add enough melted butter or margarine（人造黄油）to coat each seed. spread the seeds onto a cookie sheet（甜酥饼干）and bake for 20 minutes in a 300 degree oven for 20 minutes or until they are slightly brown.
　　caramel apples
　　take the paper wrapping off about 100 caramels（饴糖）and put them in a saucepan（炖锅）. put the saucepan over a pan of boiling water. boil the water until the caramels melt. put a wooden stick into the top of each apple, dip the apple into the caramel. let them cool on wax paper and enjoy!
　　scary stories
　　no halloween party is complete without at least one scary story. usually one person talks in a low
　　voice while everyone else crowds together on the floor or around a fire. the following is a retelling of a tale told in britain and in north carolina and virginia.
　　＂what do you come for?＂
　　there was an old woman who lived all by herself, and she was very lonely. sitting in the kitchen one night, she said, ＂oh, i wish i had some company.＂
　　no sooner had she spoken than down the chimney tumbled two feet from which the flesh had rotted. the old womans eyes bulged with terror.
　　then two legs dropped to the hearth and attached themselves to the feet.
　　then a body tumbled down, then two arms, and a mans head.
　　as the old woman watched, the parts came together into a great, tall man. the man danced around and around the room. faster and faster he went. then he stopped, and he looked into her eyes.
　　＂what do you come for? she asked in a small voice that shivered and shook.
　　＂what do i come for?＂ he said. ＂i come for you!＂
　　the narrator shouts and jumps at the person near him!
　　ramadan斋月
　　ramadan or ramadan is the ninth month in the islamic year. siyam or saum is the fourth of the five pillars of islam and involves fasting during ramadan.
　　timing
　　the islamic calendar is a lunar calendar, and months begin when the first crescent of a new moon is sighted. while many muslim sects insist on the physical sighting of the moon, there is no such requirement in the quran, and some muslims allow that the start of the month can be determined by astronomical calculations. because the islamic calendar has no correction for the fact that the lunar year is 11 to 12 days shorter than the solar year, ramadan migrates throughout the seasons.
　　observance
　　siyam or saum is the name for the fourth pillar of islam and places a number of restrictions on the activities of muslims during ramadan.
　　who observes ramadan?
　　there are a number of groups of people who do not need to observe ramadan, though they may if they wish:
　　children before the onset of puberty
　　soldiers on the battlefield
　　travellers in the desert
　　weak or elderly people
　　pregnant women, if they feel it might endanger their child
　　menstruating women
　　non-muslims, in particular people of the book such as jews and christians
　　sick people, travellers, and menstruating women are expected to make up any days they miss during another period of the same year.
　　what is prohibited?
　　the prohibitions only extend during daylight hours. traditionally this begins in the morning from the moment a white thread can be distinguished from a black thread. the night consequently is a time of pleasure and indulgence.
　　the following things are forbidden during daylight hours:
　　eating and drinking. there is a dispute as to whether the swallowing of saliva is forbidden.
　　sexual intercourse and some schools say touching your spouse is forbidden, however, maliks muwatta contains hadith that allow for kissing during fasting. even this though is balanced by further hadith of the companions that suggest restraint is preferred.
　　playing games of chance
　　smoking
　　what is encouraged?
　　the usual practice is to have a pre-fast meal (suhoor) before dawn and a post-fast meal (iftar) after sunset.
　　during the month, muslims try to read as much of the quran as they can. some spend part of their day listening to the recitation of the quran in a mosque or meeting for quranic studies or for congregational prayers. believers are admonished not to swear or utter vulgarities during the month of ramadhan.
　　the last ten days of ramadan are a time of even greater devotion; some muslims spend the entire time in a mosque. the night on which the quran was revealed to the prophet, known as the night of power (lailat ul-qadr), is generally taken to be the 27th night of the month. many muslims spend that entire night in prayer.
　　the celebration of eid ul-fitr, the feast at the end of the month to break the fast, is a traditional practice rather than a religious one.
　　what is the purpose?
　　the siyam is intended to teach the believers patience and self-control, and to remind them of the less fortunate in the world. the fast is also seen as a debt owed by the believer to god. faithful observance of the siyam is believed to atone for personal faults and misdeeds, at least in part, and to help earn a place in paradise. it is also believed to be beneficial for personal conduct, that is, to help control passions and temper. the fast is also meant to provide time for meditation and to strengthen ones faith.
　　military operations
　　non-muslims are sometimes sensitive about not giving offence during ramadan -- for example, by conducting military operations. numerous examples indicate that this sensitivity is unnecessary: muhammad himself fought during ramadan in 624. in 1973, egypt and syria attacked israel during ramadan, which happened that year to coincide with the jewish yom kippur. in 1982, iran launched an attack on iraq that they explicitly called ＂operation ramadan.＂ muslims have rarely shown any reluctance to wage war during ramadan.
　　参考
　　伊斯兰教斋月
　　斋月就是日出后到日落前不得进食，而禁食（fasting）则是穆斯林的五功之一。穆斯林的禁食源于早期的基督教和犹太教信徒的一种仪式。当年仍居住在麦加的先知穆罕默德，为了强化早期的追随者对阿拉的信心，将禁食转为伊斯兰教的仪式，随后演变为[斋月]。「斋月」为穆斯林必需遵行的行仪之一，为期一个月，除病、老、年幼及工作在外者之外，一律要遵行「斋月」禁食。
　　公元六二四年，穆罕默德所领导的一小支武力，在巴卡击败麦加的反对者以后，「斋月」便成为一固定的教规，除了宗教的意涵外，也含有感謝上天协助穆罕默德的胜利。很多学者相信，「斋月」对穆斯林而言是天意。
　　「斋月」始于伊斯兰历的第九个月新月开始时的第一天。穆斯林在每天日出后、日落前不得进食及饮水。日落后，可以食用唯一的一餐；信徒除了表示对阿拉的信仰外，并借此洗涤心灵，忏悔前非，至次月的新月出现时，才结束长达一个月的「圣月」。随着而来的是「开斋节」（eid al fitr），为伊斯兰教的二大节日之一。
　　每年的斋月对某些人来说，好像是在过节庆似的，封斋前就已采购所需；白日禁食，日末后饮食。如饮食过度，夜裏不睡，白天则无精打采，忽略了「斋月」是体验及体恤穷苦大众衣食不继的艰辛。
　　事实上，[斋月]期间禁食也应合乎卫生条件，如此才能真正体验宗教意义以及维护身体健康。换句话说，斋节期间的饮食习惯不要与正常时候相去太多，只要保持简单就可以，当然对于体重过量的人来说，[斋月]倒是一个很理想强制瘦身的好时机。
　　由于日出后，日落前不能进食，如何选择食物以保持腹内不致长期空无一物的状态是很重要的；含纤维较多，消化较慢的食品自然比较理想。
　　celebration of tomb sweeping day清明节
　　(qing ming jie)
　　celebrated two weeks after the vernal equinox, tomb sweeping day is one of the few traditional chinese holidays that follows the solar calendar-- typically falling on april 4, 5, or 6. its chinese name ＂qing ming＂ literally means ＂clear brightness,＂ hinting at its importance as a celebration of spring. similar to the spring festivals of other cultures, tomb sweeping day celebrates the rebirth of nature, while marking the beginning of the planting season and other outdoor activities.
　　qing ming jie in ancient times
　　in ancient times, people celebrated qing ming jie with dancing, singing, picnics, and kite flying. colored boiled eggs would be broken to symbolize the opening of life. in the capital, the emperor would plant trees on the palace grounds to celebrate the renewing nature of spring. in the villages, young men and women would court each other.
　　the tomb sweeping day as celebrated today
　　with the passing of time, this celebration of life became a day to the honor past ancestors. following folk religion, the chinese believed that the spirits of deceased ancestors looked after the family. sacrifices of food and spirit money could keep them happy, and the family would prosper through good harvests and more children.
　　today, chinese visit their family graves to tend to any underbrush that has grown. weeds are pulled, and dirt swept away, and the family will set out offerings of food and spirit money. unlike the sacrifices at a familys home altar, the offerings at the tomb usually consist of dry, bland food. one theory is that since any number of ghosts rome around a grave area, the less appealing food will be consumed by the ancestors, and not be plundered by strangers.
　　honoring ancestors
　　honoring ancestors begins with proper positioning of a gravesite and coffin. experts in feng shui, or geomancy, determine the quality of land by the surrounding aspects of streams, rivers, trees, hills, and so forth. an area that faces south, with groves of pine trees creates the best flow of cosmic energy required to keep ancestors happy. unfortunately, nowadays, with chinas burgeoning population, public cemetaries have quickly surplanted private gravesites. family elders will visit the gravesite at least once a year to tend to the tombs.
　　while bland food is placed by the tombs on qing ming jie, the chinese regularly provide scrumptious offerings to their ancestors at altar tables in their homes. the food usually consists of chicken, eggs, or other dishes a deceased ancestor was fond of. accompanied by rice, the dishes and eating utensils are carefully arranged so as to bring good luck. sometimes, a family will put burning incense with the offering so as to expedite the transfer of nutritious elements to the ancestors. in some parts of china, the food is then eaten by the entire family.
　　kites
　　besides the traditions of honoring the dead, people also often fly kits on tomb sweeping day. kites can come in all kinds of shapes, sizes, and colors. designs could include frogs, dragonflies, butterflies, crabs, bats, and storks.