教学内容Factampnbspandampnbspfantasy

　　教学内容：fact and fantasy
　　ⅰ．课前准备导读
　　一、学习目标
　　本单元以谈论＂科学与幻想＂为话题，使学生了解科学与幻想的区别，认识到学习科学的重要性；同时通过对法国科学幻想和冒险小学家儒勒•凡尔纳（jules verne）及其作品的介绍，激发学生探索宇宙奥秘的兴趣。学习英语构词法。在练习写幻想短文＂创造一个类似人类的生物＂的实践中，培养书面表达能力，同时拓展学生创造性思维。
　　二、语言点讲解
　　1. the french writer jules verne wrote famous books, such as 20, 000 leagues under the sea and around the world in 80 days.法国作家儒勒•凡尔纳写了很多著名书籍，比如《海底两万里》和《八十天环游地球》。
　　（1）jules verne 儒勒•凡尔纳。法国科学幻想家和冒险小说家。
　　（2）such as
　　①like; for example 像；诸如；例如 eg:
　　wild flowers such as orchids and primroses are becoming rare.
　　兰花和报春花之类的野花越来越少了。
　　②everything that凡是 eg:
　　such as remains after tax will be yours when i die.
　　我死后全部财产除了交税以外全部给你。
　　（3）league [li g] n.
　　① former measure of distance (about 3 miles or 4.8 km) 里格（旧时长度单位，约3英里或4.8公里）。 eg:
　　the horse can run 50 leagues a day. 这匹马一天能跑240公里。
　　②group of people or countries combined for a particular purpose 联盟；同盟 eg:
　　the league of nations is an international organization.
　　国际联盟是一个国际组织。
　　2. try the small science quiz below to see if you know any better. 试试下面的科学小测验，看看你是否了解得多些。
　　any better 更好
　　any [′ani] adv. (used with faster, slower, better, etc. , in questions and after if/whether 用于疑问句中，与faster, slower, better等连用；用于if/whether之后)to any degree; at all在任何程度上；丝毫 eg:
　　i can’t run any faster. 我无法跑得更快了。
　　is your father any better? 你父亲有所好转了吗？
　　3. what is the distance from the earth to the moon? 地球到月球的距离是多少？
　　(1) distance [′dist ns] n. [c, u]
　　① (amount of) space between two points or places 距离；间距
　　a good cyclist can cover a distance of over a hundred miles a day.
　　自行车骑得好的人一天可以行驶一百多英里。
　　②distant place or point 远处；远方 eg:
　　at a distance of six miles you can’t see much.
　　距离六英里以外的东西很难看清。
　　(2) at a distance （稍）远处，表示一定的距离，近距离或用以说明具体的距离，其不定冠词a有时可以略去或改用some。 eg:
　　this picture looks better at a distance. 这幅画远看就好些。
　　(3) in the distance (far away) 在（较）远处，强调距离之远。 eg:
　　they were expecting to see in the distance some signs of the enemy.
　　他们期望着发现远处敌人的迹象。
　　(4) keep sb. at a distance 与某人保持一定距离；不愿与某人亲近 eg:
　　he always keeps anyone at a distance. 他总是不愿与任何人亲近：
　　4. how fast does a balloon travel? how about an airplane? how about a space shuttle?
　　一只气球能走多快？一架飞机呢？还有一架航天飞机呢？
　　(1)ballon [b ′lu n] ①n. brightly-coloured rubber bag that is filled with air, used as a child’s toy or a decoration（用作玩具或装饰品的）气球 eg:
　　they bought their son a lot of balloons yesterday.
　　昨天他们给他们的儿子买了很多气球。
　　②v. swell out like a balloon 如气球一般膨胀 eg:
　　her skirt ballooned in the wind. 她的裙子让风吹得鼓起来了。
　　③go ballooning 乘气球 eg:
　　they like to go ballooning at weekends. 他们周末喜欢乘气球玩。
　　(2)how/what about …？……怎么样？常常用来打听消息或提出建议，征求对方意见，后接名词，代词或动名词。 eg:
　　how about your mother? does she feel better today?
　　你妈妈怎么样听？她今天觉得好点儿了吗？
　　(3)space shuttle—spacecraft designed for repeated use, eg between earth and a space station or the moon 航天飞机；太空穿梭机 eg:
　　i have never seen a space shuttle. 我从未看见过航天飞机。
　　三、课前准备针对性练习（18分，15分钟）
　　（一）汉译英（每小题2分，共10分）
　　1.她能讲很多种语言，例如英语，法语，汉语和日语。
　　______________________________________________________
　　2.他比你跑得还慢吗？（any）
　　______________________________________________________
　　3.我们看到了远处的灯光。
　　______________________________________________________
　　4.咱们到法国去度假好吗？
　　______________________________________________________
　　5.我喜欢乘气球胜过做其他的事。
　　______________________________________________________
　　（二）阅读理解（每小题2分，共8分）
　　in 1901, h.g. wells, an english writer, wrote a book describing a trip to the moon. when the explorers (探险者) landed on the moon, they discovered that the moon was full of underground cities. they expressed their surprise to the ＂moon people＂they met. in turn, the ＂moon people＂expressed their surprise. ＂why,＂they asked, ＂are you traveling to outer space when you don’t even use your inner space?＂
　　h.g. wells could only imagine traveling to the moon. in 1969, human beings really did land on the moon. people today know that there are no underground cities on the moon. however, the question that the＂moon people＂ asked is still an interesting one. a growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.
　　underground systems are already in place. many cities have underground car parks. in some cities, such as tokyo, seoul and montreal, there are large underground shopping areas. the ＂chunnel＂, a tunnel（隧道） connecting england and france, is now completed.
　　but what about underground cities? japan’s taisei corporation is designing a network of underground systems, called ＂alice cities＂. the designers imagine using surface space for public parks and using underground space for flats, offices, shopping and so on. a solar dome（太阳能穹顶） would cover the whole city.
　　supporters of underground development say that building down rather that building up is good way to use the earth’s space. the surface, they say, can be used for farms, parks, gardens, and wilderness. h.g. wells’ ＂moon people＂ would agree. would you?
　　1. the explorers in h.g. wells’ story were surprised to find that the＂moon people＂______.
　　a. knew so much about the earth b. understood their language
　　c. lived in so many underground cities d. were ahead of them in space technology
　　2. what does the underlined word ＂it＂ (paragraph 2) refer to?
　　a. discovering the moon’s inner again. b. using the earth’s inner space.
　　c. meeting the ＂moon people＂ again. d. travelling to outer space.
　　3. what sort of underground systems are already here with us?
　　a. offices, shopping areas, power stations.
　　b. tunnels, car parks, shopping areas.
　　c. gardens, car parks, power stations.
　　d. tunnels, gardens, offices.
　　4. what would be the best title for the text?
　　a. alice cities—cities of the future. b. space travel with h.g. wells.
　　c. enjoy living underground. d. building down, not up.
　　ⅱ．听力导读
　　一、语言点讲解
　　1. fill in the chart on the next page and make a sketch of the animal as they saw.
　　填写下一页的图表并按他们看到的动物的样子给那种动物作一个速写。
　　sketch [sket ] n.
　　①rough quickly-made drawing, without many details素描；速写；草图
　　②make a sketch of … 作一个……的速写 eg:
　　he was good at making a sketch of face. 他擅长作面部素描。
　　③short account or description, giving only basic details 简短的陈述或素描
　　④give a sketch of …概述…… eg:
　　please give a sketch of your plans. 请概述一下你的计划。
　　2. description [di′skrip n] n. describing; picture in words 描述；描绘
　　（1）give sb. a brief description of …向某人简要地描述…… eg:
　　can you give me a brief description of what has happened?
　　你能向我简要描述一下所发生的事吗？
　　（2）beyond description 难以描述 eg:
　　her beauty is beyond description. 她的美貌难以用语言来描述。
　　（3）give/make a description of …对……加以描述 eg:
　　he made a description of the thief.他描述了小偷的模样。
　　（4）describe[di′skraib] v. say what sb./sth. is like; depict sth. in words 描述某人/某事物。常构成describe sb./sth. (to/for sb.) eg:
　　words cannot describe the beauty of the scene.那景色之美难以言传。
　　3. why does sam need to know the time? 为什么萨姆需要知道时间？
　　need的用法小结：
　　（1）need作情态动词，通常用于疑问句、否定句、条件句、whether/if名词从句或含否定意义的句子中。 eg:
　　i do not see why we need discuss it further.
　　我看我们没有必要讨论下去了。
　　that’s all settled. it needn’t be talked about.
　　那已全部解决了，没有必要再讨论了。
　　（2）need又是实义动词，各种变化和用法与普通实义动词相同。 eg:
　　①they need a rest after a long walk.
　　长距离行走后他们需要休息一下。
　　②i need you to work for me, young man! 小伙子，我需要你为我工作！
　　③i need to consult a dictionary. 我需要品学网。
　　（3）need接动名词主动形式，表示被动含义，这时动名词和主语之间有动宾关系，need doing可转换为need to be done结构，意思相同。
　　my hair needs washing badly.(=my hair needs to be washed badly.)
　　我的头发非常需要洗一洗。
　　the garden needs watering.(= the garden needs to be watered.)
　　花园需要洗水。
　　二、如何听的建议
　　如何确定听力材料所要求听懂的人物、时间、地点等问题是听力训练中我们常遇到的难题，可以从下面几方面入手：
　　1.积极进行预测
　　要利用已知的信息进行分析、加工、归纳、预测，以达到快速、准确理解所接收信息的目的。一定要利用一切可以利用的时间阅读问题和选项，根据题目中的选项进行积极预测。
　　2.注意抓关键词
　　捕捉信息重点是听力测试中的重要一环。这种能力要在训练时多加注意，因为说话的人常常通过句子的重音和语调来强调关键词。
　　3.善于跳越难点，充分利用重复信息
　　听的时候，注意力要紧跟说话人的思路。不要因为个别单词没听清就不再往下听了。应该毫不迟疑地跳过去，并接着往下听。善于利用上下文和重复信息猜测生词的大意。
　　4.学会记笔记
　　听力材料不像阅读材料可以重复。所以在做听力尤其在听短文或较长的对话时，做些笔记尤为重要。但是，听力测试中的记应是速记，不是听写。速记要使用自己认识的、最简便、最迅速的办法（如字母|缩写、等号，甚至中文）。
　　ⅲ．口语导读
　　一、语言点讲解
　　1. fiction [′fik n] n.
　　(1)[c] sth. invented or imagined 虚构之事；捏造的故事 eg:
　　the film was very good although it was a fiction.
　　这部电影虽属虚构，但很好。
　　(2)[u] (branch of literature concerned with) stories, novels and romances （作为文学之一分支的）小说 eg:
　　truth is often stranger than fiction.事实往往比小说还离奇。
　　(3)science fiction 科幻小说
　　2. in the future, in future与in the far future.
　　(1)in the future意思是＂将来，今后的时期＂，但不一定就是从今立即开始，而是将来的时间。 eg:
　　no one can know what will happen in the future.
　　没有人会知道将来会发生什么事。
　　(2)in future意思是＂从今以后＂（=from now on）。 eg:
　　in future, be careful with your pronunciation. 今后要注意你的发音。
　　(3)in the far future 在遥远的未来 eg:
　　it is possible for doctors to find a way to keep us young forever in the far future.在遥远的未来，医生有可能找到一种使我们永远年轻的办法。
　　3. incomplete [ ink m′pli t] adj. not complete不完全的 eg:
　　the passage below is incomplete. please fill in the blanks using correct prepositions.下面的文章是不完整的，请用正确的介词填空。
　　注：incomplete是在complete前加含否定含义的前缀＂in-＂构成的，表达与complete相反的含义。
　　4. work with sb.与work with sth.
　　(1)work with sb.意为＂和某人一道工作＂ eg:
　　i like to work with him. 我喜欢和他一块儿工作。
　　(2)work with sth. 意为＂从事……方面的研究工作＂，＂用……工作＂ eg:
　　professor wang had worked with bees for many years.
　　王教授多年从事蜜蜂的研究工作。
　　i would rather work with the bigger brush.
　　我宁愿用那把大一点儿的刷子干活。
　　5. (1) beat, defeat, win与gain
　　①beat和defeat属一组同义词，它们的宾语必须是人或一个集体，如a team, a class, an school, an army。defeat尤指在战场上打败敌人；beat是游戏、比赛的专门用词。二者常可换。 eg:
　　we beat their team by 10 points. 我们赢了他们队十分。
　　in the end their army was defeat/beaten. 最后他们的部队被击（打）败。
　　②win和gain属一组同义词。gain表示获得需要之物，它常跟的宾语有one’s living, experience, strength, time, knowledge, attention, respect, admiration 等；win表示在较强的竞争中取得胜利，它常跟的宾语有game, war, prize, fame, battle等。 eg:
　　we shall gain experience through practice.我们将通过实践获得经验。
　　they won the battle but lost many men.
　　他们取得了这次战斗的胜利，但牺牲了很多人。
　　(2)beat, hit, strike与tap
　　beat着重＂连续性地击打＂，如殴打或体罚，也指在游戏、竞赛或战争中击败对方。此外，beat还可用来指心脏的跳动。strike通常表示打一下，打若干下等意思，不一定都是有意的，还可指罢工，（钟）敲响之意。hit指＂打中＂或＂对准……来打＂，着重敲打或打击对方的某一点。tap一般是轰轰拍打的意思。 eg:
　　the wheat was beaten down by the rain. 麦子被雨水打得伏倒了。
　　the stone hit him on the head.石头击中了他的头部。
　　it strikes a bug’s back with is forelegs and feelers.
　　它（蚂蚁）用前腿和触角敲打臭虫的背部。
　　it taps on the other’s head with its feelers, using a kind of telegraph code. 它（蚂蚁）像使用一种电码的方式一样，用触角轻敲对方的头部。
　　6. doctors may find a way to keep us young forever.医生可能会找到一种使我们永远保持年轻的办法。
　　（1）＂way＂意为＂方式，方法＂，在其后要用to do或of doing的形式作后置定语。 eg:
　　cao chong thought out a way to weigth/of weighing the elephant.
　　曹冲想出了一个称象的办法。
　　（2）此外，如果way之后跟定语从句，那么这个定语从句用in which或that引导，也可省略。 eg:
　　this was the way that/in which they solved the problem.
　　这就是他们解决那个问题的办法。
　　7. believe sb. 与believe in sb.
　　believe sb.相信某人（所说的话是真的）
　　believe in sb.信任某人 eg:
　　i believe him, but i can’t believe in him.
　　我相信他的话是真的，但我不能信任他。
　　二、交际用语讲解
　　本单元要求学习并掌握表达相信，不相信和推测的日常交际用语。具体总结归纳如下：
　　i believe … i doubt… it could be … but…
　　i suppose … i’m (not) certain … it’s likely …
　　i’m sure that… i can’t imagine… it would take…
　　三、口语针对性练习（20分，15分钟）
　　（一）单项选择（每小题1分，共10分）
　　1. you were very lucky to have escaped from the big fire last night. you should be careful _________ when cooking.
　　a. in the future b. in future c. in the far future d. for future
　　2. she was a very good person to __________.
　　a. work with b. work out c. work on d. work at
　　3. the girl was frightened at the sight of a snake and her heart was __________ fast.
　　a. striking b. hitting c. beating d. jumping
　　4. i’m not __________ it __________ rain or not.
　　a. sure that; is going to b. sure if; will
　　c. sure whether; is going to d. surely if; will
　　5. never have we __________ being able to finish is time.
　　a. doubted b. believed c. sure of d. certain about
　　6. to live, one must have something __________.
　　a. believe b. to believe c. to believe in d. believe in
　　7. the way that you thought of __________ with the polluted water was practical（可用的，有实效的）.
　　a. dealing b. of dealing c. of doing d. deal
　　8. —do you think it is going to rain over the weekend?
　　—__________.
　　a. i don’t believe b. i don’t believe it
　　c. i believe not so d. i believe not
　　9.—it must be about ten o’clock now.
　　—__________.it must be about ten thirty.
　　a. i don’t think so b. i think it now
　　c. it must be not d. it’s not that time
　　10. you __________ to the meeting this afternoon if you have something important to do.
　　a. needn’t to come b. don’t need come
　　c. don’t need coming d. needn’t come
　　（二）补全对话（每小题2分，共10分）
　　—what do you do in the new play?
　　—i’m an actress._____1_____.
　　—but you look in your thirties.
　　—that’s right and that’s the job of an actor or an actress.____2_____
　　—it sounds interesting and surprising.
　　—____3_____ we need a lot of practice with the directors.
　　—yes.____4_____ it is hard to remember the lines of the dialogue, isn’t it?
　　—yes, it is hard.____5_____
　　a. some of us don’t work very hard.
　　b. but if you work hard at it, everything will be ok.
　　c. i can imagine so.
　　d. i play the part of the old aged 68.
　　e. but acting is a hard job.
　　f. i hope so.
　　g. we can change ourselves with the help of makeup workers.
　　ⅳ．阅读指导
　　一、生词和词组
　　1. bulb[b lb] n.
　　①(also light bulb) pear-shaped glass container for the filament of an electric light 电灯泡 eg:
　　if you have time, please change a bulb.如果你有时间的话，请换个灯泡。
　　②thick rounded underground stem of certain plants（eg the lily, onion, tulip） sending roots downwards and leaves upwards. 鳞茎；球茎（如百合、洋葱、郁金香的茎） eg:
　　we cooked onion bulbs for food. 我们烹调洋葱茎作为食物。
　　③object shaped like a bulb 球状物 eg:
　　the bulb of this thermometer is broken.这支温度计的球状顶端碎了。
　　2. foundation [fa n′dei n] n.
　　①[u] act of founding (an institution, organization, etc.) （机构，组织等的）建立，创立，创办 eg:
　　he devoted all his energy to the foundation of the university.
　　他把全部精力都致力于这所大学的创办。
　　②[c,u] principle, idea or fact on which sth. is based; basis（作为某事的）基本原则、思想或事实；基础 eg:
　　this success laid the foundation of his career.
　　这次成功为他的事业奠定了基础。
　　③foundation course 基础课
　　④ foundation-stone 奠基石
　　⑤found v.建立，创立
　　⑥founder n. 建立者；缔造者
　　3. servant [′s v t]n.
　　①person who works in sb. else’s household for wages, and often for food and lodging 仆人；佣人 eg:
　　he had a lot of servants work for him. 他让很多仆人为他工作。
　　②employee, esp. a faithful and devoted one 雇员（尤指忠心耿耿的）；公务员 eg:
　　he was a trusted servant of the company. 他是这个公司里的一个可靠雇员。
　　4. whale [weil]
　　(1)n. any of several types of very large mammal that live in the sea, some of which are hunted for their oil and flesh 鲸 eg:
　　a whale is not a fish.鲸不是鱼。
　　(2)have a whale of a time（习语）玩得非常愉快 eg:
　　the children had a whale of a time at the fairground.
　　孩子们在游乐场玩得很高兴。
　　(3)v. hunt whales 捕鲸 eg:
　　they are whaling at sea. 他们正在海上捕鲸。
　　(4)whaler n.捕鲸；捕鲸的人
　　5. hunter[′h nt ] n. person who hunts 猎人；搜索者；搜寻者 eg:
　　the hunter lost his way in the forest when he went hunting that day.
　　那个猎人那天去打猎的时候在森林里迷了路。
　　6. collision[k ′li n] n. [c,u]
　　①(instance of) one object or person striking against another; (instance of) colliding; crash（物与物或人与人）相撞，碰撞，撞坏
　　常构成：collision with sb./sth. 与某人/某物相撞
　　collision between a and b a与b相撞 eg:
　　the collision between two cars caused 3 deaths. 两车相撞造成三人死亡。
　　②strong disagreement; conflict or clash of opposing aims, ideas, opinions, etc.抵触；（相反的目的、看法、意见等的）冲突 eg:
　　her political activities brought her into collision with the law.
　　她的政治活动触犯了法律。
　　7. overboard [′ v b d] adv.
　　①over the side of a ship or boat into the water 从船上落（或抛）入水中；在船外 eg:
　　the sailor jumped overboard into the sea. 那位水手从船上跳入水中。
　　②go overboard (about sb./sth.) 对（某人/某事）极感兴趣或过分感兴趣 eg:
　　he goes overboard about ever young woman he meets.
　　他对年轻的女子见一个爱一个。
　　③throw sth./sb. overboard 抛弃某事物；除掉或不再支持某人 eg:
　　after heavily losing the election, the party threw their leader overboard.
　　该党惨败落选后罢免了党魁。
　　8. submarine [ s bm ′ri n] n. naval vessel that can operate underwater welll as on the surface 潜水艇 eg:
　　a submarine travels under the surface of the sea.潜水艇在海面下行驶。
　　9. permanent [′p m n nt] adj.
　　①lasting or expected to last for a long time or for ever 永久的；永恒的；长久的；长期的 eg:
　　she is looking for permanent employment.她正在找固定的工作。
　　②not likely to change 不大可能改变的 eg:
　　she wrote down my permanent address. 她写下了我的固定地址。
　　10. guest [gest]
　　(1)n. person invited to visit one’s house or being entertained at one’s expense宾客；客人 eg:
　　we are expecting guests this weekend. 我们本周末要来客人。
　　(2)n. person staying at a hotel, boarding house, etc.住在旅馆、寄宿处等的人；旅客 eg:
　　this hotel has accommodation for 500 guests.
　　这旅馆能接待500位客人。
　　(3)客座教授 eg:
　　professor wang, our guest tonight, will give us a speech on dna.
　　我们的客座教授王教授，今晚要给我们作一个关于dna的演讲。
　　(4)v. appear as a guest on a television or radio programme（在电视或广播节目中）客串 eg:
　　she often guests on a radio programme.她经常在一个广播节目中客串。
　　11. voyage [′v iid ] (1)n. long journey, esp. by sea or in space 航行；（尤指）航海，航天 eg:
　　they made a voyage across the atlantic.
　　他们作了一次横越大西洋的航行。
　　(2)v. go on a voyage; travel 航行；航海；航天飞行 eg:
　　a plane crashed down when it voyaged through space.
　　一架飞机作航天飞行时坠毁了。
　　(3)voyager [′v iid ] n. 航行者；航海者；航天者
　　12. aboard [ ′b d] adv. on or into a ship, an aircraft, a train or (esp. u.s.) a bus在船（或飞机、车）上；上船；登机 eg:
　　we went aboard. 我们上了船。
　　13. prisoner [′priz n ]n.
　　①person kept in prison, as a punishment or awaiting trial犯人；囚犯 eg:
　　he was kept as a prisoner.他作为一个囚犯被关了起来。
　　②person that has been captured被抓起来的人；俘虏；失去自由的人 eg:
　　you are our prisoner now.你现在是我们的俘虏了。
　　14. gentle [′d entl] adj. mild; kind; careful; not rough, violent or severe 温和的；慈祥的；小心的；温柔的；文雅的；轻轻的 eg:
　　i met a gentle old woman yesterday. 我昨天遇到了一个慈祥的老太太。
　　15. extinct [ik′sti kt] adj. ①(esp. of a type of animal, etc.) no longer in existence（尤指某种动物等）不再存在的；绝种的；灭绝的 eg:
　　if we continue to destroy the countryside, many more animals will become extinct. 我们若继续破坏乡村环境，将会有更多的动物绝种。
　　②(fire or hope) ge out（火，希望等）熄灭了的 eg:
　　the fire was extinct.火灭了。
　　16. layer [′lei (r)] n. ① thickness of material (esp. one of several) laid over a surface or forming a horizontal pision层（尤指数层之一） eg:
　　several thin layers of clothing will keep you warmer than a thick one.
　　穿几层薄的衣服总比穿一层厚的衣服暖和。
　　②person who lays sth. on… 铺设者
　　17. marble [′ma bl]
　　(1)n. types of hard limestone used, when cut and polished, for building and sculpture 大理石 eg:
　　these steps are made of marble. 这些台阶是大理石建造的。
　　(2) marbles (pl.) collection of marble sculptures; works of art in marble 大理石雕刻品；大理石艺术品
　　(3)adj. like marble 像大理石的 eg:
　　she has marble skin. 她有着大理石般光洁的皮肤。
　　18. paraphrase [′p r freiz]
　　(1)v. express the meaning of (a piece of writing, statement, etc.) in different words, esp. in order to make it easier to understand将（一段文字等）释义或意译（尤指为易于理解） eg:
　　he paraphrased a speech in colloquial english.
　　他用通俗英语意译了一篇演讲稿。
　　(2)n. rewording of a piece of writing, statement, etc. , especially in order to make it easier to understand （对一段文字等的）释义，意义（尤指为易于理解） eg:
　　the paraphrase of the sonnet is easy to understand.
　　该十四行诗的意译易于理解。
　　19. definition [ defi′ni n] [u] n. stating the exact meaning (of words, etc.)（词语等的）释义 eg:
　　dictionary writers must be skilled in ther art of definition.
　　辞书编纂者必须精于给词语下定义的技巧。
　　20. misbehave [ misbi′heiv] v. behave badly or improperly 行为不端；举止不当 eg:
　　she misbehaved. 她行为不端。
　　21. subtitle [′s btaitl] n. (usu. pl. 通常作复数) (esp. cinema 尤用于电影)
　　words printed on a film that translate the dialogue of a foreign film, give those of a silent film or (on television) supply dialogue for deaf viewers 字幕 eg:
　　without the subtitles i would not understand the film.
　　没有字幕的话我就理解不了这部电影。
　　22. interchangeable [ int t eind bl] adj. that can be interchanged, esp. without affecting the way in which sth. works 可交换的，可互换的，可交替的（尤指不影响操作的） eg:
　　the two words are interchangeable. 这两个单词是可互换的。
　　23. underpants [′ nd p nts] n. short undergarment worn by men and boys covering the lower part of the body（男用）内裤 eg:
　　he stood there in his underpants. 他只穿内裤站在那儿。
　　24. study law study 研究；学习；求学。 study law意为＂研究法律＂，law前不加冠词，类似的用法还有study medicine＂研究医学＂。 eg:
　　he wanted to study law. 他想学法律。
　　25. make a living与make one’s living意为＂谋生＂，这里的make也可换成earn/gain/get。在表达＂靠做……以谋生＂之意时，常用短语earn/gain/get/make a/one’s living by doing sth./as a…。 eg:
　　before liberation, her grandfather made a/his living by working for a land owner.解放前，她爷爷靠给一个地主干活为生。
　　26. …allow man to do things … ……允许人类做……, allow可构成以下结构：
　　allow sb. to do sth. 被动：sb. be allowed to do sth.
　　allow doing sth.允许做某事 eg:
　　mother doesn’t allow me to go out at night. 妈妈不允许我晚上外出。
　　they didn’t allow smoking here. 这儿不允许吸烟。
　　类似用法的动词还有：advise, permit, forbid等词。
　　27. set out与set off
　　(1)set out意为＂出发/启程＂，表达＂动身去某地＂时用＂set out for sp.＂此时可与＂set off for sp.＂互换。 eg:
　　they set out for town at dawn.他们在拂晓动身进城了。
　　(2)set out to do sth.意为＂开始做某事＂。 eg:
　　when everything was ready, the doctor set out to perform the operation.一切准备就绪，医生就开始动起手术来了。
　　28. on board上船（或飞机、火车、汽车等）；在船上（或飞机上、火车上、汽车上）。 eg:
　　as soon as we went on board, our ship left the port.
　　我们一上船，船就出港了。
　　29. from that day on从那天起，＂from+时间+on＂表示＂从……时候起＂，如＂from then/now/1998 on＂表示＂从那时/现在/1998年起＂之意。可与现在、过去、将来的时态连用。 eg:
　　from then on she knew she would win. 从那时起她就知道她将取胜。
　　30. defend … against/from …保护/保卫/防御……抵御/免遭 eg:
　　the soldiers defended their country against enemies.
　　战士们保卫他们的祖国抵御敌人。
　　it is the nature of a mother to defend her child from harm.
　　保护自己的孩子不受伤害是一个母亲的天性。
　　二、同、近义词辨析
　　1. electric与electrical
　　(1)electric电的；用电的；带电的；发电的
　　an electric current/torch/iron 电流/电筒/电熨斗 eg:
　　he bought an electric torch yesterday.昨天他买了一个手电筒。
　　(2)electrical关于电的
　　electrical engineering电机工程学 eg:
　　he majored in electrical engineering in the college.
　　他在大学里主修电机工程学。
　　2. discover, find out与invent
　　(1)discover指＂发现＂某种本来存在，而以前未被发现的事物或未为人所知的东西。
　　(2)find out常用来指＂弄明白、搞清楚、查出（某一真相）＂，做＂发现＂讲时，是指发现一种无形而隐藏的东西。
　　(3)invent表＂发明＂之意，意思是发明出以前没有的东西，往往是物质性的东西。 eg:
　　gilbert discovered electricity, but edison invented the light bulb.
　　吉伯特发现了电，而爱迪生发明了灯泡。
　　think over and you’ll find out that you are wrong.
　　仔细想想，你就会发现你错了。
　　3. instead与instead of
　　instead是副词；instead of为介词短语，后接名词，代词，动名词或介词短语，从句等形式。一般情况下，含有instead of的句子可以改写为含有instead的句子。 eg:
　　he stayed in bed all day instead of going to school.
　　=he didn’t go to school. instead, he stayed in bed all day.
　　他没去上学，而是在床上躺了一整天。
　　i didn’t drink water. i drank juice instead.
　　=i drank juice instead of water. 我没有喝水，而是喝的果汁。
　　4. late, lately, latest, later与latter
　　(1)late指比预料的或正常的时间晚。 eg:
　　i was late for work again.我上班又迟到了。
　　(2)lately＂近来＂，常用于疑问句，否定句，或与only连用或用于as lately as中。肯定句中用recently。 eg:
　　have you seen her lately?你最近看到过她吗？
　　(3)latest adj.＂最近的＂、＂最新的＂ eg:
　　have you got the latest news about him?你有他最近的消息吗？
　　(4)later＂后来＂，＂较晚的时候＂，也可和段时间连用，表示从过去或将来某一时间起，多长时间以后。 eg:
　　later the boy found his mother. 后来那个男孩找到了他妈妈。
　　(5)latter用来表示两事物之间的顺序，意为＂后一个/后者＂，与the former（前者）相对。 eg:
　　of these two men the former is dead, but the latter is still alive.
　　此二人中前者已死，但后者仍活着。
　　5. at the beginning与in the beginning
　　(1)at the beginning通常接of短语，表示＂在……初＂，＂在……开始的时候＂，它的反义短语是at the end of。 eg:
　　great changes took place at the beginning of the century.
　　在那个世纪初发生了巨大的变化。
　　(2)in the beginning表示＂起初＂，＂开始的时候＂，不与of介词短语连用。但at the beginning偶尔也可单独使用，在意思上与in the beginning区别不大。 eg:
　　in the beginning nobody took any notice of his words.
　　起初没人理睬他的话。
　　6. finally, at last与in the end
　　(1)finally一般指一系列事物或论点按排列的最后一项内容，或用在动词前，表示等了好久才……，没有感情色彩。 eg:
　　finally, let’s do some exercises.最后我们来做一些练习吧。
　　(2)at last往往表示经过一番努力或曲折的过程之后的意思，常常有较浓的感情色彩。 eg:
　　at last, he got hold of the elephant’s tail. 他最后终于抓住了大象的尾巴。
　　(3)in the end可与finally和at last通用。 eg:
　　the war lasted four years before the north won in the end.这场战争持续了四年，最后北方取得了胜利。（但in the end可预卜未来。）
　　三、语言点讲解
　　1. jules spent many hours in paris libraries studying geology, physics and many other subjects.儒勒在巴黎图书馆花费很长时间研究地质学，物理学和许多其他的学科。
　　spend＂花费＂，常用于下面的结构：
　　spend money/time on sth./(in) doing sth. 在某事/做某事方面花费钱/时间
　　eg: he does not spend much time on his homework.
　　他在做作业上花费不了多少时间。
　　注意区别spend与take。
　　take的用法是：it takes/took/will take sb. some time to do sth.＂做某事花费某人多少时间＂ eg:
　　it took him two hours to finish the work. 完成这份工作花费了他两个小时。
　　2. many of the instruments in his novels will remind the reader of dr benjamin franklin’s experiments with electricity. 他小说里所提到的许多设备会让读者想起本杰明•富兰克林用电做的实验。
　　remind提醒；使想起；可构成以下结构：
　　(1)remind sb. of sth./sb. 使某人想起某事/某人 eg:
　　please remind me to answer that letter.请提醒我回复那封信。
　　(2)remind sb. of sth./sb. 使某人想起某事/某人 eg:
　　he reminds me of his brother. 他使我想起他哥哥。
　　(3)remind sb. that从句。 提醒某人某事 eg:
　　he reminded me that i didn’t finish my work.
　　他提醒了我，说我没完成自己的工作。
　　3. by taking the scientific developments of his day on step further, jules verne laid the foundation of modern science fiction. 通过将他所处时代的科学发展向前推进一步，儒勒•凡尔纳奠定了现代科幻小说的基础。
　　by在本句是介词，说明手段或方式，可译作＂通过，用，以，由于＂等，其后常跟名词或动词-ing形式。 eg:
　　this pair of shoes is made by hand. 这双鞋是手工做的。
　　by helping them we are helping to save ourselves. 帮助他们就等于救了我们自己。
　　注意by表达这种含义时与with和in的区别；表示使用有形的工具或器官时要用with，其后的名词前一般应用冠词。使用某种语言，表示用墨水、颜色、颜料等＂原料＂或＂材料＂都用in，且名词前不用冠词。 eg:
　　it is my practice（习惯） to do my writing with a pencil. 我习惯用铅笔写。
　　can you sing this song in english?你能用英语唱这首歌吗？
　　it is impolite to write a letter in red ink. 用红墨水写信是不礼貌的。
　　4. in their efforts to survive, they find themselves on the surface of the monster itself, which turns out to be a submarine. 在他们努力求生时，发现自己就在怪兽身体的表面上，结果怪兽竟然是一艘潜水艇。
　　(1)这里的which引导一个非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the monster itself。
　　(2)in their efforts中的in表示＂正在进行的动作或状态＂。 eg:
　　he is always in action.他总是在行动中。
　　w seem to be in agreement on the matter.
　　在这件事上我们的意见看来是一致的。
　　(3)turn out to be＂结果是……＂，＂最后情况是……＂ eg:
　　though it looked like rain this morning, it has turned out to be a fine day.尽管今早看起来要下雨，最后却是晴天。
　　the meeting turned out to be very successful. 结果那个会议很成功。
　　5. they are taken on board and captain nemo decides not to kill them but makes them his permanent guests.他们被带到了艇上。尼莫船长决定不杀死他们而是使他们成为他永久的客人。
　　(1)decide to do sth. 决定做某事；decide not to do sth.决定不做某事 eg:
　　we decided not to go abroad for the time being. 我们决定暂时不出国了。
　　(2)not…but…＂不是……而是……＂，连接两个并列成分，如连接两个并列宾语，两个并列表语或两个并列主语等。注意当not…but…连接两个并列主语时，句子的谓语动词要采用就近一致的原则，即与but后的主语保持一致。 eg:
　　he can speak not chinese but japanese.他不会讲汉语会讲日语。
　　he is not a poet but a writer. 他不是诗人而是作家。
　　not i but he is fond of football. 不是我而是他喜欢足球。
　　(3)…makes them his permanent guests中的his permanent guests用来作them的补足语。
　　6. the furniture is precious and huge glass windows that can be opened and closed give a view of the underwater world. 摆设很精致，巨大的玻璃窗可以打开或关上，让人看到水下世界。
　　(1)这里的that引导一个定语从句(that can be opened and closed)用于修饰先行词huge glass windows.
　　(2)a view of …＂……的景色＂或＂看；眺望；观察＂之意。 eg:
　　there’s a view of the river from my windows.
　　在我的窗前可看到河上风光。
　　if you stand here you’ll get a better view of the procession.
　　如果你站在这里，就可以更清楚地看到游行队伍。
　　7. all that is needed for life on board comes from the ocean.艇上所有生活所需全部来自于海洋。
　　that is needed for life on board是定语从句，修饰先行词all。
　　注：（1）当先行词是不定代词all, everything, few, little, much, something, anything, nothing等时，宾语从句只能由that引导。 eg:
　　the boy handed in everything that he had picked up in the street to the police. 那个男孩把他在大街上捡到的一切东西都交给了警察。
　　（2）all that=what eg:
　　all that the said was true.=what he said was true.
　　他所说的一切都是真的。
　　8. dressed in ping suits, they walk around in this magic world, lighted by the lamps of the ship. 他们穿着潜水衣，在船上灯的照射下在这个魔幻世界中四处走动。
　　(1)dress ①vt. ＂给某人穿衣服＂用于＂dress sb.＂结构中。dress oneself意为＂给自己穿衣服＂；be dressed in意为＂穿着……＂。 ①②③④
　　the gentleman is dressed in a modern coat.
　　那位先生穿着一件很新潮的衣服。
　　②vi. ＂穿着/打扮＂之意 eg:
　　she dressed well. 她穿得很好。
　　(2)walk around四处走动 eg:
　　he walked around in the room. 他在房间里走来走去。
　　9. (1)they find themselves surrounded by colorful rocks, fishes, shells and plants, all waving and moving slowly in the blue waters. 他们发现自己被彩色的岩石、鱼、贝壳和植物包围着，这些东西在蓝色的海域中慢慢地摇曳移动着。
　　(2)btu at other moments you will find him gentle and weak, when he cries about the lost lives of people drowned in ships that have sunk. 但是在其他时刻，当他为了那些随着沉船一起被淹死的人而哭泣时，你又会发现他温柔又脆弱。
　　上面两句中的find themselves surrounded和find him gentle and weak都是find的常见用法。这里surrounded是过去分词，gentle和weak是形容词，它们都用来作宾补。find的此种用法可归纳为：find+sb./sth.+adj./介词短语/doing/done/adv./n. 。 eg:
　　i found the ground covered with snow when i opened the door.
　　当我打开门的时候我发现地面铺满了雪。
　　when he came in, he found a thief stealing his money.
　　他进来的时候，他发现一个小偷天在偷他的钱。
　　10. passing through layers of coal and marble they go deeper and deeper. 穿过煤层和大理石层他们走得越来越深了。
　　deeper and deeper越来越深
　　这种＂比较级+and+比较级＂结构表达＂越来越……＂之意。 eg:
　　summer comes, the weather is hotter and hotter.
　　夏天已经到了，天气越来越热了。
　　四、典型病句诊断
　　1.病句：we are not allowed playing with fire.
　　诊断：we are not allowed to play with fire.
　　点拨：把句中的playing改为to play。本句使用的是allow sb. to do sth.的被动语态，应该是sb. be allowed to do sth.
　　2.病句：he has set out to beijing.
　　诊断：he has set out for beijing.
　　点拨：把句中的to改为for。＂动身去某地＂用＂set out for sp.＂是固定搭配。
　　3.病句：this machine has an electric fault.
　　诊断：this machine has an electrical fault.
　　点拨：把句中的electric改为electrical。electric是＂用电的/带电的/发电的/电的＂之意，而electrical表达＂有关于电的＂之意。根据本句之意，应表达＂有关电的毛病＂，所以要把electric改为electrical。
　　4.病句：columbus found out america.
　　诊断：columbus discovered america.
　　点拨：found out表示＂弄明白，搞清楚＂之意。而＂哥伦布发现了美洲＂很明显应是发现本来就存在而以前未能发现的美洲，应用discover表达这种含义。
　　5.病句：we’ll have a party in the open air instead in the house.
　　诊断：we’ll have a party in the open air instead of in the house.
　　点拨：instead是副词，而介词短语instead of后面才能跟介词短语。若用instead，上句可改为：we won’t have a party in the house. instead we will have it ni the open air.。
　　6.病句：what have you been doing latest?
　　诊断：what have you been doing lately?
　　点拨：＂latest＂是adj. ，表达＂最新的；最近的＂之意，而句中需要一个副词表达＂最近＂之意。
　　7.病句：i took 3 hours doing my homework.
　　诊断：i spent 3 hours doing my homework.
　　点拨：spend表＂花费＂之意，其结构是＂sb. spend(s)/spent/will spend some time on sth./(in) doing sth.＂。而take当＂花费＂讲时，结构是＂it take/took/will take sb. some to do sth.＂。
　　8.病句：these old pictures reminded me my childhood.
　　诊断：these old pictures reminded me of my childhood.
　　点拨：remind不能跟双宾语，即不能构成remind sb. sth.结构，表达＂提醒某人某事＂时要用＂remind sb. of sth.＂结构。
　　9.病句：what have you done by the old things?
　　诊断：what have you done with the old things?
　　点拨：by之后加手段或方式，with之后加有形的工具或器官。the old things是工具，所以用with。其次，do with还有＂处理＂，＂放置＂之意。
　　10.病句：all which she did made us very surprised.
　　诊断：all that she did made us very surprised.
　　点拨：当先行词为不定代词时，定语从句应由that引导，不能用which。all为不定代词。其他的不定代词如everything, something, little, much等也符合这种用法。
　　五、类文阅读针对性练习（16分，15分钟）
　　a
　　you are what you eat. this saying has provided scientists with clues（线索）about the diet of hominids—our early relatives of 3 million years ago.
　　studying carbon atoms（碳原子）locked up in tooth enamel（珐琅质），two researchers argue against the widely held belief that hominids ate little more than fruits and leaves. sponheimer and julia lee-thorp of the university of cape town, south africa, report their findings in friday’s science.
　　there aren’t many clues for us to know the life of early hominids. the shape of hominids’ teeth offered the first clues. large and flat-edged with thick enamel, they looked perfect for eating nuts and fruits, different from the sharp teeth one would want to tear into meat with. the first stone tools, which would help in eating meat, didn’t appear until about half a million years later.
　　scientists have also found marks on hominids’ teeth with patterns very similar to those on the teeth of modern-day fruit eaters. sponheimer and lee thorp tried a new method, looking at the chemical composition of the tooth enamel. they studied the enamel for the carbon-13. animals that eat grasses have higher carbon-13 levels than those eating fruits and other plants.
　　what they found was that the teeth of the hominids had an in-between amount of carbon-13, which meant not only they were eating fruits, but they were eating a lot of grasses, or animals eating grasses. the lower carbon-13 levels could also come from eating certain types of insects（昆虫）.
　　but there are people who understand differently. prof. ungar of the university of arkansas agrees the study offers new suggestions of hominids’ diet, but disagrees about the suggestion that meat could explain the lower carbon-13 levels.
　　one suggestion might be true though—take good care of your teeth. in 3 million years, a scientist might be using them to figure out what you eat for dinner.
　　1. which of the following can be the best title for the text?
　　a. protect your teeth. b. what the hominid ate.
　　c. where the hominid lived. d. the information of tooth enamel.
　　2. before the two scientists’ findings, most people thought that hominids __________ .
　　a. lived half a million years ago b. ate mainly fruits and leaves
　　c. used tools to dig grass d. had sharp teeth
　　3. the two scientists’ findings were mainly based on the study about __________ .
　　a. the shape of hominid teeth b. the teeth marks of early fruit eaters
　　c. the grasses of 3 million years ago d. the make-up of the tooth enamel
　　4. what is it that prof. ungar finds doubtful?
　　a. hominids possibly ate grass-eating animals.
　　b. hominids probably had different
　　c. hominids were basically fruit-and-grass eaters.
　　d. hominids had lower level of carbon-13 in their teeth.
　　b
　　in july 1994 jupiter, the largest planet in out solar system, was struck by 21 pieces of comet（彗星）. when the fragments（碎片） landed in the southern part of the giant planet, the explosions were watched by scientists here on the earth. but what if our own planet was hit by comet?
　　the year is 2094. it has been announced that a comet is heading towards the earth. most of it will miss our planet, but two fragments will probably hit the southern part of the earth. the news has caused panic.
　　on 17 july, a fragment four kilometers wide enters the earth’s atmosphere with a huge explosion. about half of the fragment is destroyed. but the major part survives and hits the south atlantic at 200 times the speed of sound. the sea boils and an enormous wave is created and spreads. the wall of water rushes towards southern africa at 800 kilometers an hour. cities on the african coast are totally destroyed and millions of people are drowned. cities on the african coast are totally destroyed and millions of people are drowned. the wave moves into the indian ocean and heads towards asia.
　　millions of people are already dead in the southern part of the earth, but the north won’t escape for long. tons of broken pieces are thrown into the atmosphere by the explosions, as the sun is hidden by clouds of dust, temperatures around the world fall to almost zero. crops are ruined. wars break out as countries fight for food. a year later civilization has collapsed. no more than 10 million people have survived.
　　could it really happen? in fact, it has already happened more than once in the history of the earth. the dinosaurs（恐龙）were on the earth for over 160 million years. then 65 million years ago they suddenly disappeared. many scientists believe that the earth was hit by a space fragment. the dinosaurs couldn’t survive in the cold climate that followed and they became extinct. will we meet the same end?
　　5.which of the following is not true according to author’s description of the disaster in 2094?
　　a. the whole world becomes extremely cold.
　　b. all the coastal cities in africa are destroyed.
　　c. the whole mankind becomes extinct.
　　d. the visit of the comet results in wars.
　　6. why does the author mention dinosaurs at the end of the passage?
　　a. because they could only live n the warm climate.
　　b. because they once dominated the earth.
　　c. because their extinction indicates future disasters.
　　d. because dinosaurs and humans never live in the same age.
　　7. in writing the passage, the author intends to _________.
　　a. give an accurate description of the possible disaster in the future.
　　b. prove tat humans will sooner or later be destroyed
　　c. tell the historical development of the earth
　　d. warn of a possible disaster in the future.
　　8. it can bge concluded that the passage is most probably part of a(n) _________.
　　a. horror story b. news report
　　c. research paper d. article of popular science
　　ⅴ．综合技能导读
　　一、生词和词组
　　1. philosopher [fi′l s f (r)]n. person studying or teaching philosophy, or having a system of philosophy 哲学家；研究或教授哲学的人 eg:
　　karl marx was a great philosopher.卡尔•马克思是一个伟大的哲学家。
　　2. dream of 梦想；梦见，其后跟名词，代词或v.-ing形式。 eg:
　　the soldier often dreamt of home. 这士兵常梦到家。
　　i wouldn’t dream of doing such a thing. 我绝不会想到做这件事。
　　3. throw light upon/on 使某事显得非常清楚 eg:
　　the modern scientific development has thrown light on this question.
　　现代科学的发展正使这个问题明朗化。
　　the information throws light upon the mystery of dr bake.
　　这个信息可以解开贝克医生之谜。
　　4. matter[′m t ] n.
　　①[c] affair, topic or situation being considered 事情；问题；情况 eg:
　　i don’t discuss private matters with my colleagues. 我不和同事谈私事。
　　②[u]physical substance in general (contrasted with mind or spirit)物质（与精神相对） eg:
　　the universe is composed of matter.宇宙是由物质组成的。
　　③常用短语：as a matter of fact=in fact 事实上
　　5. pioneer [ pai ′ni (r)](1) n. person who is among the first to go into an area or country to settle or work there 拓荒者；开发者 eg:
　　the land was cleared by the pioneers.这块土地被拓荒者开垦了。
　　(2)v. (a) act as a pioneer 当拓荒者；当开发者(b) open up (a way. etc.)开辟（道路等） eg:
　　they pioneered a new route to the coast.
　　他们开辟了一条通往海岸的新路线。
　　6. unfold [ n′f ld] v.反义词：fold
　　(1) cause sth. to open or spread out from a folded state（使某物）展开，打开 eg:
　　the garden chair unfolds to make a camp-bed.
　　花园中这把椅子可以打开当行军床用。
　　(2)unfold sth. (to sb.) —(cause sth. to) be revealed or made known（使某事先的）显露，展现 eg:
　　the landscape unfolded before us.那景色展现在我们面前。
　　7. phenomena [f ′ min ](pl.)
　　(1)fact or occurrence, esp. in nature or society, that can be perceived by the senses 现象 eg:
　　there are a lot of natural phenomena in the world.
　　世界上有很多自然现象。
　　(2)remarkable person, thing or event 非凡的人、物或事 eg:
　　this is a phenomenon. 这是一个奇迹。
　　(3)phenomenon 是phenomena的单数形式
　　8. attention [ ′ten n] n.[u] action of applying one’s mind to sth./sb. or noticing sth./sb. 注意；专心；留心。 eg:
　　she turned her attention to a new problem.她把注意力转移到一个新问题上。
　　常用短裙：call sb.’s attention to sth.引起某人注意某事。
　　pay attention to sth.注意某事
　　draw sb.’s attention to sth. 令（某人）注意某物
　　9. alive [ ′laiv] adj. [作表语] living; not dead 活着；没死 eg:
　　she was still alive when i reached the hospital.
　　当我赶到医院的时候，她还活着呢。
　　10. labour [′leib ] n. physical or mental work（体力或脑力）劳动 eg:
　　workers are paid for their labour. 工作的人按劳获得报酬。
　　11. hesitate [′heziteit]v. be slow to speak or act because one feels uncertain or unwilling; pause in doubt 犹豫；踌躇；迟疑；（因有疑虑而）停顿 eg:
　　she replied without hesitating.她毫不犹豫地作了回答。
　　hesitation [ hezi′tei n] state of hesitating 犹豫 eg:
　　she agreed without hesitation. 她毫不犹豫地同意了。
　　12. horror [′h r ](1)n. feeling of intense fear or dismay; terror恐怖；恐惧；惊恐 eg:
　　to her horror she saw him fall. 她看见他跌下感到惊恐万状。
　　(2) adj. designed to entertain by arousing pleasurable feelings of horror, shock, etc.以恐怖、惊吓等并以此为乐的；引起恐怖的 eg:
　　this is a horror film. 这是一部恐怖电影。
　　13. grave[greiv] (1) n. hole dug in the ground for a dead body; mound of earth or monument over it 墓穴；坟墓；坟头；墓碑 eg:
　　i put some flowers on her grave. 我往她坟墓上放了一些花。
　　(2)adj. (of situations, etc.) needing careful consideration; serious（指情况等）需要认真考虑的；严重的；严峻的 eg:
　　this could cause grave consequences. 这会造成严重后果。
　　14. butcher [′b t ]n. person whose job is killing animals for food or cutting up and sellin meat 屠夫；肉商 eg:
　　i bought some meat at the butcher’s. 我在肉铺里买了一些肉。
　　15. curtain[′k tn] n.
　　①piece of material hung to cover a window, and usu. movable sideways窗帘 eg:
　　he drew the curtains. 他拉上了窗帘。
　　②screen of heavy material that can be raised or lowered at the front of a stage（舞台的）幕 eg:
　　the curtain rises. 幕启
　　16. lip[lip]n. either of the flesh edges of the opening of the mouth 一片嘴唇
　　eg: she had a cigarette between her lips. 她叼着一支香烟。
　　17. brainstorm [′breinst m](1) n. sudden clever idea 灵机
　　(2)v. 献计献策 eg:
　　he brainstormed for the plan. 他为这个计划献计献策。
　　二、语言点讲解
　　1. my father was not scientific, so i had to look for a road without having a map.我的父亲没有什么科学头脑，所以我不得不在没有指导的情况下自己摸索。（本句注意so引导的句子要意译。）
　　2. i found all that was taught at university very disappointing and decided that would pioneer a new way, explore unknown powers, and unfold to the word the deepest mysteries of nature.我发现大学里所教的一切东西都很令人失望。我决定要开辟一条新路，探索未知的能力并且向全世界展现自然界最深的奥秘。
　　句中的disappointing用来作宾补，表达＂令人失望＂之意，而disappointed的意思是＂失望的＂。基他类似的词还有：interesting, boring, tiring, frightening, exciting, surprising都含有＂令人……＂之意，而interested, bored, tired, frightened, excited, surprised都含有＂感到……＂ 之意。
　　3. although i knew how to create life, how to prepare a body for it with all its muscles and organs still remained a difficult job.尽管我知道如何创造生命，但如何用肌肉和器官为它（生命）准备一个生命体还是个很困难的工作。
　　句中although引导让步状语从句，how to create life和how to prepare…organs都是＂连接副词+不定式＂结构，前者作宾语，后者作主语。
　　三、综合技能针对性练习（45分，35分钟）
　　（一）单项选择（每小题1分，共15分）
　　1. —have you heard from your son?
　　—not yet. it’s not _________ ,for he’s so busy that he doesn’t often __________ home.
　　a. surprising; write to b. surprising; write
　　c. surprised; write to d. surprised; write
　　2. i have been dreaming __________ abroad.
　　a. to go b. go c. of going d. went
　　3. twenty years later, the soldiers __________ in the battle gathered in the city.
　　a. living b. alive c. live d. lively
　　4. it was in 2,000, when i was studying in a middle school,__________ i joined the league.
　　a. where b. when c. in which d. that
　　5.__________ experience it is! i’ll never forget the days i spent in the forest.
　　a. what an exciting b. what an excited
　　c. what exciting d. what excited
　　6. the girl didn’t even look up, all her attention was __________ on the pretty doll.
　　a. paid b. given c. drawn d. fixed
　　7. the teacher couldn’t make himself __________ attention to because the students were so noisy.
　　a. pay b. paid c. to pay d. to be paid
　　8. he __________ to finish the work without help but failed.
　　a. succeeded b. practiced c. tried d. managed
　　9. at the shopping center, she didn’t know what __________ and __________ with an empty bag.
　　a. to buy; left b. to buy; leave
　　c. to be bought; left d. was to buy; leave
　　10. the little child was __________ by the __________ sound.
　　a. frightened; frightening b. frightened; frightened
　　c. frightened; frightenful d. frightening; frightful
　　11. was it nine o’clock __________ you got to the school yesterday evening?
　　a. at which b. that c. until d. when
　　12. he opened the envelope,__________ the letter and began to read it.
　　a. unfolding b. folding c. unfolded d. folded
　　13. the gentleman __________ you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.
　　a. who b. about whom c. whom d. with whom
　　14. where was it __________ you were born?
　　a. that b. place c. at which d. in which
　　15. the english play __________ my students acted at the new year’s party was a great success.
　　a. for which b. at which c. in which d. on which
　　（二）完形填空（每小题1.5分，共30分）
　　since the beginning of time, man has been interested in the moon. leonardo once said that one day a great machine bird would take a person to the moon and bring great _____1_____ to the home where he was born.
　　four and a half centuries later, leonardo’s ____2_____ was realized. apollo ⅱ took three americans—collins, aldrin, and armstrong—to the moon. the mission（飞行任务）did fill the whold world _____3____ great surprise, as leonardo had said it _____4____. numerous essays, articles, and books were written about man’s first moon mission. but perhaps the most interesting story was the _____5____ written before the event, over 100 years before.
　　in 1865, french author jules verne wrote a story about the first journey to the moon. his story was very _____6____ the 1969 apollo ⅱ mission.
　　verne’s spacecraft _____7____ contained three men: two americans and frenchman. the spacecraft was _____8____ as being almost the same size as apollo ⅱ. the launch（发射）
　　9____ in verne’s story was also in florida. the spacecraft in _____10_____ was namd the ＂columbia＂.the apollo ⅱ command ship was also called ＂columbia.＂his account of sending the spacecraft into the space _____11____ easily have been written about how apollo ⅱ was sent into space.
　　verne’s story was the same as the actual event in several other _____12____. the speed of verne’s spacecraft was 36,000 feet per _____13____; apollo’s was 35,533 feet per second. verne’s spacecraft took 97 hours to reach the moon; apollo’s time was 103 hours.________14____
　　apollo’s spacemen, verne’s spacemen took pictures of the moon’s surface, relaxed on their seats, cooked with gas, and _____15____ weightlessness. they too came down in the pacific and were ____16_____ by an american warship.
　　what were the ____17____ for jules verne’s extreme accuracy in describing an event 100 years or more ____18____ it actually occurred? he ____19___ his writings on the laws of physics and astronomy. nineteenth-century science and the vivid verne’s imagination gave people an ____20____ accurate preview of one of the greatest events of the 20th century.
　　1. a. shame b. fear c. honor d. damage
　　2. a. plan b. idea c. design d. program
　　3. a. in b. by c. of d. with
　　4. a. would b. had c. was d. did
　　5. a. that b. one c. being d. some
　　6. a. different from b. similar to c. same as d. far from
　　7. a. exactly b. almost c. also d. hardly
　　8. a. thought of b. considered c. regarded d. described
　　9. a. address b. site c. time d. area
　　10. a. verne’s story b. florida c. 1865 d. 1965
　　11. a. might b. should c. must d. could
　　12. a. things b. matters c. measures d. respects
　　13. a. hour b. minute c. second d. day
　　14. a. like b. to c. with d. unlike
　　15. a. experienced b. suffered c. enjoyed d. caught
　　16. a. shot down b. picked up c. knocked over d. driven away
　　17. a. explanation b. results c. keys d. reasons
　　18. a. before b. after c. when d. as
　　19. a. depended b. worked c. spread d. based
　　20. a. unfortunately b. unbelievably c. actually d. exactly
　　ⅵ 单元语法讲解
　　一、单元语法知识归纳：构词
　　在英语中，词的构成方法主要有三种，即合成、转化和派生。
　　1.合成法
　　把两个或两个以上独立的词合成一个新词的方法叫合成法，也叫合词法。
　　（1）合成名词
　　highway 公路
　　（2）合成形容词
　　hand-made 手工制作的 good-looking相貌好看的 dark-blue 深蓝
　　（3）合成动词
　　ill-treat 虐待 mass-produce 大规模生产 safe guard 保卫
　　（4）合成副词
　　however 然而 downstairs 在楼下
　　（5）合成代词 anybody nobody something
　　2.转化法
　　转化是指词由一种词类转化为另一种词类。
　　（1）动词转化为名词
　　常用give, take, have, make等动词与其搭配构成动词词组，表示一个动作。 eg:
　　give a smile 微笑 give a tick 踢 take a seat 就座
　　take a bath 洗澡 have a swim 游泳 have a talk谈话
　　make a wish 许愿
　　（2）形容词转化为副词
　　how long is the road？那条路有多条？（形容词）
　　how long have you been working there?你在那里工作了多久？（副词）
　　（3）形容词转化为动词 eg:
　　the storm slowed down to half its speed. 风暴速度减慢了一半。
　　the girls gradually quieted down. 女孩子们慢慢安静了下来了。
　　（4）名词转化为动词 eg:
　　the hall can seat two thousand people.大厅能坐XX人。
　　the passengers have booked their plane ticket.旅客们已经订了飞机票。
　　（5）形容词转化为名词
　　something has gone wrong with the tool.工具出了点毛病。（形容词）
　　little children didn’t know the difference between right and wrong.
　　小孩子不能辨别是非。（名词）
　　3.派生法
　　派生是由词根加词缀（前缀、后缀）构成新词。除少数前缀外，前缀一般只改变词的意义，不改变词性；后缀一般只改变词性，不引起词义的变化。
　　前 缀 例 词
　　a-构成形容词、副词 alive（活着的）, abroad（在国外）, alone
　　dis-（否定） discourage, disagree
　　en-（使可能） enrich, enable(使成为可能)，endanger
　　in-(ill, im-, ir-)（不，非） invisible(看不见), illogical（不合逻辑的）, impossible, irregular（不规则的）
　　inter-（相互，之间） international, interchange
　　mis-（误） mislay, misunderstand（误会）,mislead（误导）
　　re-（重复，再） recycle（循环）,remarry, rewrite
　　tele-（远程） telephone, telegraph, telecommunications（电信）
　　un-（不），non-（不，非） unfair, unknown, noon-conductor（非导体）
　　后 缀 例 词
　　名 词 -er……者 foreigner, traveler, speaker, reader
　　-ese……地方的人 chinese, japanese, vietnamese
　　-ian 精通……的人，……地方的人 musician, technician（技术员）， african, asian
　　-ist 专业人员 pianist, physicist, scientist, violiinist
　　-ment性质，状态 movement（运动）, development, encouragement
　　-ness性质，状态 illness, shyness, sadness, business
　　-or器具，……者 tractor, visitor, professor, actor
　　名词 -tion表示动作、过程、结果 ageneration（世代），suggestion, invention, action
　　形容词 practical（实用的）,international, finalamerican, italian, australiansouthern, northern, easternhelpful, useful, harmfulreasonable, capable, eatablefoolish, british, english selfishactive, native（本族的）,expensive, adoptivewindy, sleepy, healthy, sunnycareless, selfless（无私心的）,harmless, useless
　　动词 -fy使……化 simplify（简化）, terrify（恐吓）, satisfy
　　-ize使……成为 realize（实现）, organize, stabilize, modernize
　　副词 -ly表示方式、程度 badly, truly, angrily, suddenly
　　-ward(s)表示方向 toward(s), backward, outward(s)（向外）
　　数 词 -teen十 fourteen, eighteen, thirteen
　　-ty整十位数 forty, fifty, eighty, twenty
　　-th序数词 twelfth, twentieth, fourth
　　二、单元语法知识专项练习（30分，25分钟）
　　（一）用所给单词的适当形式填空（每小题1分，共15分）
　　model: the news filled them with pride. (proud)
　　1. we are filled with __________ when we heard all the villagers had been killed by the enemy. (angry)
　　2. the success of our experiment is a great __________ to us all. (satisfy)
　　3. scientists have __________ in sending the sixth satellite into space. (success)
　　4. the singer gave a __________ smile to all those who came to greet him. (friend)
　　5. we must do the experiment __________ .(care)
　　6. it will be __________ to drive a motorcar through such a storm. (difficulty)
　　7. english is __________ used in the world.(wide)
　　8. in time of __________ ,man’s brains work much faster than normal. (dangerous)
　　9.＂you are quite __________,＂the teacher said. (mistake)
　　10. the boy showed great __________ in fighting the enemy. (brave)
　　11. he was so __________ that he gave me many color pens.(kindness)
　　12. the book has been __________ out when i got to the bookstore. (sale)
　　13. don’t be afraid of __________ .(difficult)
　　14. who carried the boy to __________ ?(safe)
　　15. the frenchman went to a __________ shop to get some medicine for his cough. (chemical)
　　（二）词形转化（每小题1分，共15分）
　　1. wound（形容词）__________ 2. beautiful（名词）__________
　　3. friend（形容词）__________ 4. useful（动词）__________
　　5. advice（动词）__________ 6. recent（副词）__________
　　7. free（名词）__________ 8. polite（名词）__________
　　9. slow（副词）__________ 10. early（副词）__________
　　11.safe（名词）__________ 12.sun（形容词）__________
　　13. act（名词）__________ 14. russia（形容词）__________
　　15. health（形容词）__________
　　参考答案
　　i.课前准备导读
　　三、（一）1. she can speak many languages, such as english, french, chinese and japanese.
　　2. does he run any slower than you?
　　3. we saw light in the distance.
　　4. how about going to france for our holidays?
　　5. i prefer going ballooning to doing anything else.
　　（二）1.c 点拨：文中所提及（when the explorers）discovered that the moon was full of underground cities。 故应选c。
　　2.b 点拨：文中言及＂月球人＂问地球人：你们为何到外层空间旅行而不利用你们的内层空间呢？同时文中又说到：月球人所问的问题仍然是一个有趣的问题。将文中的这两处结合起来考虑，答案应为b项。
　　3.b 点拨：文中所提及的已存在的地层内部设施只是地道、停车场、商业区，故应选b。
　　4.d 点拨：先排除b、c两项，因为文中从未提及h.g. wells太空旅行一事，也从未提及人们乐意住在地下，故均应排除。a项是迷惑度很大的干扰项，因为也许有许多人认为地球上人类由地面转入地下是人类未来的一种趋势，这就犯了以偏概全的逻辑思维错误。文中所说的只是支持人类转入地下这一观点的论点，是一家之言，并不一定能代表人类未来的发展趋势。所以，逻辑思维的全面性是至关重要的。故应选d项。
　　ⅲ．口语导读
　　三、（一）1.b 点拨：根据题干。缺少＂今后＂之意。in future表＂今后＂之意，a表＂在将来＂之意，c是＂在遥远的未来＂之意，而d若是for the future则等于b。故选b项。
　　2.a 点拨：work with是＂与某人一起工作＂的意思。work out意为＂解决＂或＂算出＂，work on是＂从事＂之意，work at是＂致力于＂之意。
　　3.c 点拨：指心脏的跳动用beat。
　　4.c 点拨：根据语意＂我不确定是否要下雨＂，所以排除a，表达确定之意，应是＂ge sure＂，排除d。第二个空＂天要下雨，表示即将发生的事应是＂ge going to do＂，排除b。所以应选c。
　　5.a 点拨：never是含有否定意义的副词，置于句首时，句子采用了部分倒装。所以还原句子，则不难看出c、d缺少be动词。而believe应构成believe in doing sth结构，所以排除b。
　　6.c 点拨：本句语意是＂人活着必须有信念＂，用to do做后置定语修饰不定代词something。同时believe表示＂相信＂之意，believe in表示＂信仰＂之意，所以选c。
　　7.b 点拨：本句的意思是＂你想出的处理污水的办法是可行的＂。＂处理污水＂用短语＂deal with＂。而do为及物动词，其后应有宾语，排除c。同时这里that引导定从，指代先行词the way作定语从句中thought of 的宾语。因此定语从句还原后应是＂you thought of a way to deal/of dealing with the polluted water＂，所以选b。
　　8.d 点拨：＂i believe so, i believe not, i don’t believe so＂句型表示个人看法。
　　9.a 点拨：＂i think so, i think not, i don’t think so＂也表示个人看法。
　　10.d 点拨：need为实义动词时，其后跟带to的不定式。根据don’t need判断b、c中的need应为实义动词，所以其结构不符合need为情态动词，此时need后应跟动词原形，所以排除a。
　　（二）1 5 d g e c b
　　ⅳ．阅读指导
　　五、这是一篇介绍有关科学家通过研究300万年前古人类牙齿结构推测其所吃食物的科普类短文。
　　1.b 点拨：这是一道对通篇文章主旨大意进行推断、归纳的题目。a、c两项内容文中均未提及，d项太片面，故应排除。
　　2.b 点拨：文中第二段第一句提及：…two researchers argue against the widely held belief that hominids ate little more than fruits and leaves.故选b。a项内容与文意不符，c项内容未提及，d项是作为反证，说明hominids当时是不具备的。
　　3.d 点拨：根据文意，这两位科研工作者的发现是根据hominids牙齿的形状，尤其是厚厚的珐琅质结构而推断出的，故应选d。
　　4.a 点拨；由五、六两段推知。
　　这是一篇科普文章，假想2094年，由于彗星的碎片撞击地球，将会给世人所带来的灾难。人类是否真的会像恐龙一样在地球上消亡呢？
　　5.c 点拨：a项在第四段有交代；b项在第三段有描述，关键词totally; d项在第四段有描述；惟独c项未提及，故应选c。
　　6.c 点拨：a项文章未交代；b项跟最后一段不符合；d项答非所问；c项中indicates意思是＂暗示有……的可能性＂，故选c。
　　7.d 点拨：a项不妥，因为文中没有精确指述；b、c项不妥，因为文章只是科幻文章，并非事实。d项意为警告人类，假如灾难真的发生了，我们该怎么办。故应选d。
　　8.d 点拨：根据文章的大意，不难推出这属于科普方面的文章。故应选d。
　　ⅴ.综合技能导读
　　三、（一）1.b surprising 意为＂令人惊奇的＂的，surprised意为＂感到惊奇的＂，根据语意排除c、d。从第二个空排除a，因为home是副词，＂给家里写信＂不加介词to。故应选b。
　　2.c 点拨：＂dream of doing sth＂是固定短语，意为＂梦想做某事。
　　3.b 点拨：alive意为＂活着的＂，作后置定语。living常作前置定语。live作前置定语，一般不指人。lively意为＂生动，活泼，充满朝气的＂。因此根据语意和结构应选b。
　　4.d 点拨：本句是强调句型，强调时间状语＂in 2,000＂。根据强调句型结构应选d。
　　5.a 点拨：本题中的experience应译作＂经历＂，此时它是可数名词。经历应是令人兴奋的，故应选a。
　　6.a 点拨：fix one’s attention on sth. 是固定短语，意为＂把注意力集中在某事上＂此题用了它的被动语态。其他选项都不符合结构需要，应排除。
　　7.b 点拨：make oneself done是＂使某人自己被……＂之意，这里过去分词done用来作宾补。本句意思是＂因为学生如此吵闹，老师不能使自己被注意到＂，所以选b。
　　8.c 点拨：succeed in doing sth. 结构不符合本