佟德志：InnovationEffectofElectron

　　Abstract：Electronicgovernmentisnotonlyaformofthegovernmentinnovation，butalsoacceleratorofthecomprehensiveinnovationofgovernmentmanagement。Electronicgovernmentistherollboosterofgovernmentinnovation。Electronicgovernmentcanshiftgovernmentfunctiontoservicefrommanagement，constructagovernmentwithmoregovernance，electronicgovernmentcanreinventgovernmentstructure，electronicgovernmentcanoptimizegovernmentprocedure，government，whichwillfulfillthecomprehensiveinnovationofgovernment。
　　1。Introduction
　　Changingthemodelofgovernmentfunction，reformingthewayofgovernmentmanagement，promotionofelectronicgovernmentareimportantcontentsofthemanagementinnovation，whichisbroughtforwardinthe16thconferenceofCPC。ThepremierWenJiabaopointedinalecture：“Itisfavorableofimprovingtheefficiencyandtransparencyofgovernmentmanagement，thequalityandlevelofthepublicservicetoreinventorganizesandmanagementthroughelectronicgovernment，improvethelevelofinformationmanagementofgovernment，whichisanimportantstrategyforthedevelopmentofstateeconomyandshouldbecarriedoutasaveryimportantthing”。1
　　Alongwiththedevelopmentofthereformationoftheadministrativesystem，innovationthroughelectronicgovernment，whichattractsmoreandmoreattention。ThepaperwilldiscusstherationalityofthegovernmentinnovationthroughelectronicgovernmentfromthepracticeoftheworldandtherealityinChina。
　　2。ReinventingtheGovernment
　　throughElectronicGovernmentSince1980s，thereformedatideofnewpublicmanagement，including“governmentreinventing”，“governmentinnovation”undertheconditionoftheglobalization，democratization，informationcommunicationtechnologyandmarketeconomic。Asthemostsensitivedepartmentofthestate，thegovernment〔〕adaptstothechangeearly，andbeginstoreforminmanyaspects。Electronicgovernmentshowsitsadvantagesinmanyaspectstorealizethegovernmentinnovation。Thegovernmentreformationislinkedtoelectronicgovernmentclosely。Tthedevelopingcountryalsopromoteselectronicgovernmenttorealizethereengineeringofthegovernmentprocess，handsoff，anticorruptionandsoon。Wecanfindthatelectronicgovernmentislinkedtothegovernmentinnovationmoreandmoreclosely，andbecometheimportantcontentsofthe
　　governmentreformation。Atthesametime，electronicgovernmentcanalsobenefitfortheinnovationandthereformationofthegovernmentmanagement。Ithasalreadybecomethefocusofthenewpublicmanagementtorealizegovernmentinnovationthroughelectronicgovernment。TherehaveheldfivetimesofInternationalConferencesonElectronicGovernmentsuccessfullysince2002。Mostofthepapersprovidedfortheconferencearefocusedontheelectronicgovernmentaffaireandthestructure，procedure，decisionofthegovernment，especiallythethirdconference。
　　Fromtheaspectsofthegovernmentalinnovation，informationcommunicationtechnology（ICT）becomesthemainsymbolofthemodern
　　governmentalmanagement，towhichisattachedmoreandmoreimportance。Asatool，ICTcandomore，butcostless。Thegovernmentreformation，eitherbusinessprocessreengineering（BPR），publicserviceorientation（PSO），orsomethingelse，mustrelyontheICT。Themanagerrealizedthatelectronicgovernmentmustbebroughttothegovernmentreformation。Promotionofthegovernmentinnovation，increasingtheeffectivenessofthegovernmentmanagement，reductionofthecostofthegovernmentadministrationthroughelectronicgovernmentcoincidetherequestofthegovernmentreformation。Forexample，inordertoestablishagovernmentwhichismoreeffectiveandcheap，theU。S。Aadvancedthemostrepresentativesloganof“domore，costless”。Telectronicgovernment。Itisinthispointthatelectronicgovernmentgainsitscontactwiththetideofgovernmentreformationinthescopeoftheworld。Electronicgovernmentcannotonlyincreasetheeffectivenessofthegovernmentmanagement，butalsosavethecostofgovernmentmanagement，minimizeofthecostandmaximizeoftheproduction，whichprovidedthemostimportantbasisof
　　thegovernmentinnovation。
　　Electronicgovernmentcanenhancethelinkbetweengovernments，mobilizationofpositivityofthecivilservant。Ebreakouttheboundaryofthegovernmentmanagement，resolvetheproblemofinterchange，
　　communicationandcooperationoftheinformationandconstructannewtypeofrelation“governmenttogovernment”（G2G）。Atthesametime，electronicgovernmentreconstructstheOfficeAutomation（OA），whichcanhelpthecivilservantsmakegooduseofICTtodealwiththegovernmentaffair，colleagueeasily。So，electronicgovernmentwillbefavorableforconstructinganewtypeofrelation“governmenttoemployee”（G2E）。
　　Thepromotionofelectronicgovernmentisalsotherequestofthegeneralcitizenandenterprise。Undertheconditionofthe“NewEconomic”，theenterpriseurgednewrequestforthemanagementandservicefromgovernment，whichchangedthetypeoftherelationbetweengovernmentandbusiness，reinventanewmodelofgovernmenttobusiness（G2B）。ThedevelopmentofICTheightenedtheexpectationofthecitizen，especiallyintheserviceprovidedbygovernment。Thegovernmentinnovationthroughelectronicgovernmentcanprovidemoreeffectiveandmoresuitableserviceforeverycitizen，whichcanreconstructanewmodeloftherelationbetweengovernmentandcitizen，namelythemodelgovernmenttocitizen（G2C）。
　　Fromallabove，wecanfindthatthepromotionofelectronicgovernmentcandealwiththerequestfromthegovernment，civilservant，businessandcitizen，whichwillreinventanewmodelofthegovernmentmanagement。Wecanseethatfromthegraphbelow。
　　Figure1theModeloftheRelationinElectronicGovernmentElectronicgovernmentcanrealizegovernmentinnovationnotonlyintheory，butalsoinpractice。Inchina，electronicgovernmentrealizesmoreandmoreparticipation，effectivenessinbroaderscopeanddeeperlevel，innovationexactly。〔〕Inthepractice，electronicgovernmentisnotonlyaformofthegovernmentinnovation，butalsotoolsfortheotherformsofgovernmentinnovation。Electronicgovernmentistheacceleratorofthecomprehensiveinnovationofgovernmentmanagement，whichisfavorablefortheshiftofthegovernmentfunction，reorganizationofthegovernmentstructure，reengineeringofthegovernmentprocessandtheinnovationofthegovernmentculture。
　　3。InnovationofGovernmentFunction：
　　GovernmentofMoreGovernanceLessgovernment，moregovernanceistheimportanttargetofthegovernmentinnovationacrosstheworld。Sincetheconceptof“governance”isusedinthereportoftheWorldBankin1989，theideaof“governance”isacceptedasaslogan，andputintopracticeofthegovernmentmanagement。Duringtheprocessofthereformationofgovernment，governmentofmoregovernanceshows
　　itsimportancelittlebylittle，“lessgovernment，moregovernance”isacceptedbymoreandmorepeople。
　　Goodgovernanceisthetargetofthegovernmentofmoregovernance。Inthesixstandardsofthegoodgovernance，legitimacy，transparency，accountability，ruleoflaw，responsivenessandeffectivenesscangetsupportfromthepromotionofelectronicgovernment。Thebroadparticipationofthecitizenwillcarrythedemocracyforward，thepromotionofelectronic
　　governmentwilleliminatetheaffectionoftheaffectiveelement，managebytheruleoflaw。Inaddition，theadvantageofelectronicgovernmentintheaspectsoftransparency，accountability，responsiveness，effectivenessisalsoobviousandtestifiedagainandagain。
　　Emanagementcomprehensively。Electronicgovernmentemphasizesserviceofthegovernment
　　function，focusestheservicecenteredonthecitizen，whichwilldrivethegovernmentfunctionfrommanagementtoservice。Egovernmentwillattractmoreandmorecivilorganizationtotakepartinthegovernmentmanagement，focusontheinteractionbetweengovernmentandcivilorganization，whichwillbefavorableofenhancingtheautonomyofthecivilsocietyandreducingtheburdenofthegovernmentmanagement。Theaffectioncanalsobefoundinthesubjectofthemanagementexceptthecontentsofthegovernmentfunction。Electronicgovernmentcanprovidefasterandeasiertoolsfortheparticipationofcitizen，whichwillnotonlybefavorablefortheexertionofrightsbycitizen，butalsoenhancethedemocraticdecisioninthegovernmentmanagement。
　　Theexpertonelectronicgovernment，ChristineBellamyandJohnTaylorindicatedthat“thenewtechnologycannotonlyreducethecostofpublicservice，butalsobenefitfortherebuilttherelationbetweengovernmentandcitizen”。2Theorientationofelectronicgovernmentliedinthecitizen。IntheJanuaryof2002，theWhiteHouseworkedoutaplaneforelectronicgovernment，whosemaintargetistoconstructagovernmentcenteredonthecitizen。
　　3Theothernations，suchasNorway，havealsoputforwardtheprincipleofcitizenorientation，andputittothepracticeinthegovernmentmanagement。InthesurveyonelectronicgovernmentbyAccentureCompany，Singapore，CanadaandtheUnitedStatesofAmericaareevaluatedastheinnovativeleader，whosereasonofsuccessliesintheexertionoftheprincipleofcitizenorientation。
　　Electronicgovernmentadaptstherelationbetweengovernmentandcitizen。Intheaspectofthelegitimacy，ifthegovernmentisviewedasanorganlikeenterprise，thecitizenshouldbeviewedasastakeholder，therelationbetweengovernmentandcitizenshouldbeviewedasthe
　　relationbetweenownerandmanager。Intheprocessoftheelectronicgovernment，thegovernmentisorientedastheserverprovider，andthecitizenastheconsumer，therelationbetweengovernmentandcitizenastherelationbetweenconsumerandproducer。Thedualcontentsoftherelationbetweengovernmentandcitizencannotonlyregulatethelegitimacyoftheservicefunction，butalsorenewtheideaoftraditionaldemocracy。
　　Electronicgovernmentwillbringoutanewshiftofthegovernmentfunctiontotheserviceorientation。Thenewreformationofthegovernmentwillconstructatypeofservicegovernmentforthecitizen。“Atonehand，attheotherhand，governmentfunctionwillbenomorecertain。Alongwiththeimprovementofthequalityoftheserviceandreductionofthecost，theremayformakindofcallservicegovernment”。4
　　InChina，thegovernmentwillemphasizetheservicefurtherwhileenhancingthemanagement，whichisthebasictargetofthedevelopmentofelectronicgovernment。TheResearchGroupontheInformationofGovernmentofChinesePublicAdministrationSociety（CPAS）pointsoutintheReportoftheDevelopmentofElectronicGovernmentinChina，thetargetofelectronicgovernmentshouldbe“suitableinsize，scientificinmanagementandpursuitnormalizationandhonestyinadministrativemanagement，effectiveandmaximuminpublicservice”，accordingtothenationalconditionsofChina。5Ninservicearetwotargetsinthegovernmentmanagement，whichisthemostsuitablechoiceforthedevelopingofelectronicgovernment。Electronicgovernmentprovidesaplatformfortheshiftofgovernmentfunctionfrommoregovernmenttomoregovernance。
　　4。InnovationofGovernment
　　Structure：FlatGovernmentTchangingmodernsocietybecauseoftherestrictioninthetimeandspace，whichisthebasicreasonofthe“PeterMorbidity”inthestructureofthegovernmentmanagement。Alongwiththeextensionofthegovernmentfunction，thereformedthePyramidalModelinthegovernmentstructure。（Seethegraphbelow，takeChinaasthecase。）
　　FiguretotheGovernmentStructureinChinaThePyramidalModelcauseddisjointintheverticalsectionandconflictinthehorizontalsection，whichisnotonlytheprobleminthetraditionalgovernmentmanagement，butalsothesignalandsymptomofthecrisisincontemporarygovernmentmanagement。TheFordModelofgovernmentmanagementintheindustrialeracannotdealwithmoreandmorecomplicated
　　affairintheinformationsocietyfreely。Atthe1990s，thevicepresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaAlGorehavealreadycriticizedthestagnationoftheeraofU。SSteelCorporationinthegovernmentmanagement，andcalledonanewmodelofgovernmentmanagementfortheeraofMicrosoft。3ThepromotionofelectronicgovernmentisbenefitfordisassemblingthePyramidalModelandcuringPeterMorbidityinthegovernmentmanagement，whichprovidedthepossibilityforthedevelopmenttotheflatmodelofthegovernmentstructure。
　　Figure3
　　TheoreticalModelofElectronicGovernmentStructureTherearenomoreintervalsintimeanddistanceinspaceinelectronicgovernmentaffair，whichaffectivethemodelofgovernmentstructuregreatly。Atfirst，governmentmanagement，whichisfavorableforthedecentralizationinthegovernmentmanagement。Inthegraphabove，theremaybeaffiliationamongthefoursubject，A，B，C，D，however，attheotheraspect，withPyramidalModel，inthedecisionmaking，whichcanactivatetheirpositivitygreatly。Tandthehorizontallinkinthegovernmentstructuresmoothly，
　　reducetheunnecessaryprocessinthebusinessprocedure，governmentcancontactwiththecitizendirectly。So，thegovernmentmanagementandacceleratethespeedoftheresponsefromthegovernment，responsivegovernment。Earlyin1997，mostoftheinformationservicesysteminlocalgovernmentprovidedtheinformationofotherlocalgovernmentorvolunteerpartyinEngland。6Gsomekindofmodeandprinciple，hichdoesnotonlyincludethesettingsofeveryunit，butalsotherelationamongeveryunit。So，reformationofgovernmentstructurefacesdoubletasks：settingeveryunitreasonableatonehand，andenhancingtheorganiclinkingamongeveryunit。Theremustestablishfast，convenient，cheapandeffectivecommunicationinboththecommunicationinthegovernmentandthe
　　contactamonggovernments。Einnovation。
　　Theverticalcommunicationandhorizontallinkamonggovernmentunitsisthekeypointforthegovernmentinnovation，thebridgeoftheunionofthegovernmentunits。Thepromotionofelectronicgovernmentcannotonlyreducethecostgenerateduringtheprocessofsystematization，butalsomakeitmorefastandconvenient。Inordertoplantheresourcereasonably，theproblemoftheGovernmentResourcePlanning（GRP）wasbroughtoutaftertheproblemofEnterpriseResourcePlanning（ERP）。Inordertoenhancethecooperationamongunitsandregions，theadvantageinthecommunicationandsharingofinformationthroughelectronicgovernmentwillmakethegovernmentstructuremorereasonably，whichwillplanthemanpowerresource，materialresourcesandfinancialresource。
　　ThegovernmentinnovationthroughelectronicgovernmentisnecessaryinChina。TheverticalsectorofthegovernmentstructureinChinaismorecomplicatedwhichtendstodisjointinthemanagementandblockinthecommunicationandsoon。Therealsoexiststheoverlappingofthegovernmentfunctioninthehorizontalsector，whichtendstooverstaffintheofficeandsoon。Theseproblemsintheverticalandhorizontalsectorbaffledthereformationinthegovernmentfunctionandgovernmentprocess。
　　ItisthedirectionandtargetofthereformationofgovernmentstructureinChinatomakethegovernmentstructuretobemoreflat。So，howtoenhancethehorizontallinkandverticalcommunicationbecomesmoreandmoreimportant。Tcommunicationistheadvantageofelectronicgovernment。Tgovernmentorganinlargerscopeandthereductionofthelayerofthegovernmentwhichdoesnotonlybenefitforenhancingtherelation
　　amonggovernments，butalsoactivatingthepositivityofthelocalgovernment。Tenhancetheorganiclinkamonggovernments，sothatthereformationofgovernmentcanspringouttheviciouscircleof“reductionextensionreductionagainextensionagain”。
　　5。InnovationoftheGovernment
　　Process：SeamlessGovernmentConcerningtheinnovationofgovernmentstructure，theinnovationofgovernmentprocessthroughelectronicgovernmentistakenasagoodideabythereformerofthegovernmentmanagement。Tprovidethetoolsfortheinnovationofgovernmentprocess。Innovationofthegovernmentprocessthroughelectronicgovernmentfocusesonthereformationofthebusinessprocessinnergovernment，whichincludestheproduction，distribution，interchangeandconsumptionintheverticalorderofthegovernmentorgan。InthesupportoftheICT，thegovernmenthasthepossibilitytobreakoutthebusinessprocessintraditionalorganization，integratetheprincipleandareaprincipleandsubjectiveprinciple，reengineeringthebusinessprocess。
　　Electronicgovernmentcannotonlyprovidefastandconvenientinformationcollectionforthecharacterizedservice，butalsobreakoutthelimitoforganizeandfunction，deliverthesuitableservicetothecitizen。Inthisaspect，onestopserviceisthebestcontributionbyelectronicgovernmentforthegovernmentmanagement。Throughelectronicgovernment，sometraditionalgovernmentaffair，suchassupermarketof
　　governmentaffair，singlewindowServiceandsooncometoreality，governmentbusinessprocess。
　　Concerningtheexperiencefromthedevelopedcountry，thepromotionofelectronicgovernmenttendstopresstheserviceofgovernmenttothecitizen，optimizetheprocessofgovernment。Forexample，neighborhoodoffices，onestopservice，areabasedmanagementandsoon。Inadditional，managementinthetraditionalgovernmentandformedagovernmentprocesscenteredontheproblem。Thesesetsofelectronicgovernmentcannotonlyenhancethelinkbetweengovernmentandcitizen，butalsooptimizethegovernmentprocess。
　　TheFirstgovProject（www。firstgov。gov）constructedinAmericabecomesthemodelofthereengineeringofgovernmentprocess。TheGeneralServicesAsOfficeofCitizenServicesandCommunicationbuildthenetworktoprovideaunionentranceofallaffairsandinformationofthefederalgovernmentforthegeneralcitizen，andlinkedtothenetworkofthestatesandlocalgovernment。ThroughtheFirstgovProject，thefederalgovernmentdoesnotonlyenhancethelinkamonggovernments，butalsoactivatetheinteractionamonggovernment，citizenandcooperation，whichawardedthefirstprizeinthe16thgovernmentinnovationaward。
　　Electronicgovernmentoptimizesthegovernmentprocessfurther，providethepossibilityforthemanagementandservicetosurpassthelimitoforganize，whichputthecitizenclosetotheserviceprovider。Taylorsuggestthatthegovernmentbusinessprocessshouldbeaprogramwho“surpassthelimitoforganizebacktotheprovideroftherequest，fronttotheclient”。7Thiskindofverticallinkputtheproviderclosetotheconsumer，optimizestheprocessofthepublicservice。
　　Electronicgovernmentchangedthetraditionalgovernmentprocess。Thepromotionofelectronicgovernmentseparatesthefrontierservice（FE）andthedecisionmaking（DM）。Thereformationprovidestheinformationserviceforthecitizenwithoutleavinghome。Tsomeofthemarecarriedoutinthegovernment，suchastheelectronicserviceofdelivery（ESD），governmentprocessreformation（GPR）；someofthemarepromotedoutofthegovernment，closedthe“user”，〔〕suchaselectronicpublicinformationservice（EPIS），informationstallandothercomprehensiveinformationservice（CIS）。
　　Figure4
　　theProcessofElectronicInformationServiceinEngland8Wecanseethattheclient’governmentthroughoutthewholeprocess。Inthemodelofelectronicgovernment，theprocessofthegovernmentservicebecomesaprocessoftheinformationcommunication，whichbreaksouttherestrictionintimeandspace，providesthefastandconvenientwaytotheexecutionofthegovernmentfunction。
　　6。Conclusion
　　Throughthediscussionfromabove，wecandrawaconclusionthatelectronicgovernmentistherollboosterofgovernmentinnovation。Electronicgovernmentcanshiftgovernmentfunctiontoservicefrommanagement，constructagovernmentwithmoregovernance，electronicgovernmentcanreinventgovernmentstructure，electronicgovernmentcanoptimizegovernmentprocedure，moreover，electronicgovernmentcanenhancetheknowledgemanagement，helpto
　　promotelearninggovernment，cyberspacegovernment，realizethecultureinnovationingovernmentmanagement。Allofthesecanbeofgreatvaluetorealizethegovernmentinnovation。
　　Actually，theinnovationbroughtandwillbebroughtbyelectronicgovernmentisnotrestrictedwiththegovernmentfunction，structureandgovernmentprocessandsoon，butalsoincludestheinnovationinthegovernmentculture，governmentdecisionandsoon。Electronicgovernmentcanincreasethetransparencyofthegovernment，whichwillbenefitforrealizationofthe“sunnygovernment”；electronic
　　governmentcanenhancetheideaofdemocracyandruleoflawoftheemployee，whichwillbenefitfortheinnovationofgovernmentculture。Moreover，intherealizationoftheeffectivegovernment，learninggovernmentandcybergovernment，electronicgovernmentcanalsoshowits
　　specialadvantage。
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