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不可译性及其补偿方法

  不可译性及其补偿方法          不可译性及其补偿方法		     不可译性及其补偿方法
  【Abstract】This paper discusses the problem of untranslatability between Chinese and English, including linguistic and cultural untranslatability. English belongs to the Indo-European language family, and Chinese belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family. The phonemic system, character structure and figure of speech are all completely different, and most of these in one language do not have equivalent in the other language. This causes linguistic untranslatability. Different country and region have different cultural background, such as history, religion and society, and so on, these are not exist in other country and region. So it is difficult to translate. But untranslatability is not absolutely, we should understand the co-existence of translatability and untranslatability. Base on the understanding, we can use some method to compensate in order to less the barrier in translation and promotes language and culture communication.
  【Key words】untranslatability; linguistic untranslatability; cultural untranslatability; method of compensation
  【摘 要】本文讨论汉英翻译中的不可译性问题,包括语言不可译性和文化不可译性。英语属于印欧语系,而汉语属于汉藏语系,其语音系统,文字结构和修辞方法都完全不同,这些绝大多数都无法在另一语言中找到对等语,这便造成了语言的不可译性。不同的国家和地区有着不同的历史、宗教、社会等文化背景,这些在别的国家和地区都是不存在的,所以给翻译造成了困难。但不可乙性并非绝对的,我们必须在理解可译性与不可译性是共同存在的,在此理解的基础上,我们可以采用补偿方法,目的在于对不可译性进行一定程度的补偿,尽量减少翻译障碍,促进语言与文化交流。
  【关键词】不可译性;语言不可译性;文化不可译性;补偿方法
  1. Introduction
  Untranslatability is a property of a text, or of any utterance in one language, for which no equivalent text or utterance can be found in another language.
  "J.C.Catford, a celebrated translation scholar of linguistics school, raised the issue of untranslatability in 1965.He argues that the linguistic untranslatability is due to the differences in the source language and the target language, whereas culture untranslatability is due to the absence in the target language of relevant situational features."[1]
  "Nida presents a rich source of information about the problem of lose in translation, in particular about the difficulties encountered by the translator when facing with terms or concepts in the source language that do not exit in the target language."[2]
  "Peter Newmark has once briefly talked about the deviation in translation." [3]
  In China today, many translation experts and scholars have also discussed the problem to some extent in their papers.
  The problem of untranslatability is always a disputed issue. Nowadays, it is well accepted that translation is a possible and feasible task. However, there are still some language points that are difficult to translate, which is called the phenomenon of untranslatability.
  Linguistic and cultural differences, the two categories of untranslatability phenomenon are caused by different factors. These resulting from the linguistic differences will hardly change while those resulting from cultural differences may become translatable in the future by using the methods of compensation and the skill of translators.
  2. Linguistic untranslatability
  Professor Liu Miqing wrote in his Modern Translation Theories that "The structure of language commonly shows the characteristics of the language, these characteristics only can be found in relative language, the similar transfer is difficult to find in non-relative language, for it need to change the code completely." [4]P107 View from the etymology, English belongs to the Indo-European language, but Chinese belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language, so there exit the linguistic untranslatability, which includes the following aspects: phonology, character, figure of speech, and so on.
  2.1. Untranslatability in phonology
  Any language has its own special phonemic system, which cannot be replaced by other language. There are large differences between Chinese and English, and most of the pronunciations in one language do not have equivalent in the other language. Therefore, they can not be translated into the target language. For example:
  (1)"石诗士施氏,嗜狮,誓食十狮……"
  The author wrote the whole passage in homophone words. This is a typical example of untranslatability caused by phonemic system. See another example:
  (2)"Cat, cat, cat, catch the fat rat fast."
  If translate it into: "猫,猫,猫,快抓住那只肥老鼠" that will lose the phonemic effect, and it only translates the meaning.
  2.2. Untranslatability in character structure
  Chinese words consist of characters that have their meaning, but E          不可译性及其补偿方法          不可译性及其补偿方法		     不可译性及其补偿方法nglish words consist of alphabets that are meaningless. They are completely different in writing. Chinese has a writing skill of describing characters, for example:
  (3)"人曾为僧,人弗可以成佛,女卑为婢,女又何妨成奴","鸿是江边鸟,蚕是天下虫","琴瑟琵琶八大王,王王在上,魑魅魍魉四小鬼,鬼鬼靠边"。 They are all using the special feature of Chinese characters, to describe the character structure in poetry, also having their meaning. But English has no such structures in alphabetical system, so they are absolutely untranslatable.
  Some riddles that are relative to the structure of characters or English words are also untranslatable, for example:
  (4)"田头长草" (苗), "What makes a road broad?"(The letter B). If the latter riddle is translated into:"什么使道路变宽?" (字母B)Everybody will fell ridiculous, and no one can understand that.
  2.3. Untranslatability in figure of speech
  Most of the languages have their own figures of speech. Just because of the existence of figure of speech, the languages become vivid and interesting. In translation practice, if the target language can not show the figure of speech in source language correctly, it is not faithful to the content, thought and style of the source language. Although the meanings are similar, it will less the language influence of the source text. The people who speak Chinese and the people who speak English have large differences in the way of thinking and aesthetic, so when they express the same concept, they often use different figure of speech. These caused the untranslatability in Chinese- English translation. It has the following main aspects:
  2.3.1. Puns
  Pun means humorous use of a word that has two meanings or of different words that sound the same. Puns pack several meanings into one word, and it is extremely unlikely that any other language will pack into the same set of meanings, so it is difficult to translate into the target language. Example one:
  (5)"杨柳青青江水平,闻郎江上唱歌声,东边日出西边雨,道是无晴却有晴"
  Here"晴"is a pun, and it also means "情",Zhang Qichun translate it into "The willows are green, green, the river is serene. Thence is his song rafted to me. In the east the sun is rising, in the west the rain is falling. Can you see if it’s fair or foul?" In this translation, the translator did very well, especially in "green, serene, fair or foul", but he can not translate the pun completely.
  Example two:
  (6)"She is too low for a high praise, too brown to a fair praise, and too little for a great praise."
  The "low" and "fair" are all puns in this sentence. "Low" means short in height and low social status. "Fair" means pale skin, light in color and justice. There is no word or phrase in Chinese having the two meanings together, so the translator can not translate the two meanings into Chinese, only adapted one meaning, and will lose the other meaning.
  2.3.2. Palindrome
  "The figure of speech of palindrome means a word, verse or sentence that read the same when the characters or letters composing it are taken the reverse order."[5]P174There are many palindrome words in English, such as "Anna, dad, bob." English palindrome is based on letters, the letters have no meaning, and it reads the same when the order is reversed. For example:
  (7)"Was it a cat I saw?"
  (8)"Able was I ere I saw Elba!"
  (9)"Madam, I’m Adam"
  If they are translated into "我看到的是猫吗?","在我看到俄尔巴岛之前还没有倒!","夫人,我是亚当。",the effect are all lost without any palindrome, so it is almost untranslatable.
  The palindrome in Chinese is untranslatable as well, for example:
  (10)"客上天然居,居然天上客。"
  (1
  1)"雾锁江心江锁雾,天连海角海连天。"
  2.3.3. Alliteration
  Alliteration is using the same letter or sound at the beginning of the two or more words in succession. It is a common figure of speech in English, especially in proverb, advertisement, novel and so on., and most of the alliteration are untranslatable.[6]P33         For example:
  (1
  2)To many parents, the three Gs, gays, guys, and gangs have replaced the three Rs as benchmark of school life.
  对于许多父母来说,同性恋,枪支,帮派这三个词已经代替了读,写,算作为学校的基本尺度。
  In this translation, the three Gs, gays, guys, gangs are alliteration, which emphasize the serious problems of the gays, guys and gangs, but after translating them into Chinese, we can not see this effect.
  2.3.4. Malapropism
  "Malapropism comes from Richard Sheridam’s comedy The Rivals, a honored lady name Malaprop, who often speaks wrong words or pronunciation. Malapropism is a figure of speech using wrong words with similar pronunciation t          不可译性及其补偿方法          不可译性及其补偿方法		     不可译性及其补偿方法ension or intension to reach the humors effect." [7]P75 Malapropism brings difficulties in translation. For example:
  (1
  3)"我推开澳门,看到地上铺的是巴基斯坦,桌上摆的是刚果……"
  This is a sentence from cross talk, Chinese people know the humors naturally, but if it is translated it into: "Pushing open the ‘Macau’, I saw ‘Pakistan’ paved on the floor and ‘Congo’ on the table. English readers can not accept that, for ‘Macau’ is not a door, ‘Pakistan’ is not a blanket, and ‘Congo’ is not fruit either. Most of the younger generation in China have heard this humorous sentence:"我手持郑伊健,脚踏温兆轮,翻过赵本山,穿过关芝林,跨过潘长江,来到周星池……"It is untranslatable too.
  3. Cultural untranslatability
  "According to J.C. Catford, instance of untranslatability can arise from two sources: one is linguistic, and the other is culture." [8]P25
  Nida also mentions that words have meaning only in terms of the total cultural setting.
  And what is culture, Edward Tylor gave the definition the earliest in his the Primitive Culture: "Culture or civilization taken in its wide anthro-graphic sense is that complete whole which include knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, custom and other capabilities and habits acquired by a men as a member of society."[9]P478
  Peter Newmark wrote in his A Textbook of Translation: "I define the culture as the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression." [10]P94
  Translation is a very important medium for cultural exchange between people using different languages. It is one of the most important tasks from translators and translation researchers viewing problems of translation from the angle of cultural exchange in order to increase the degree of cultural exchange achieved by translation as much as possible.
  It is known to all that language is an important aspect of culture. Culture includes and affects language, it is the ground from which language grows and develops. All languages are products of the culture of the country and the nation. They all have long historical background and various cultural connotations. The history, social system, natural environment, religion and customs are all shown vividly in their culturally- loaded words, proverbs, idioms, and so on. In traditional practice, there are often no such words in target language, and the translators have to find the similar codes or make some new codes to replace, so when these culturally loaded words are translated into another language, the cultural connotations are lost. Nida once pointed out that: "For the success translation, being familiar with two cultures is even more important than mastering two languages, because the language has its meaning only in the cultural background." [11]P92
  Chinese culture belongs to eastern culture, and English culture is European and American culture, which belongs to the western culture. There are essential difference between eastern culture and western culture, so the untranslatability is understandable.
  3.1. Untranslatability resulted from culture gap
  3.1.1. Material culture
  Different nations live in different places, and will have different images for the same thing. We often hear some Chinese say: "走,喝酒去!"The word "酒"is difficult to translate. It includes liquor, spirit, alcohol, drink, beer, wine, and so on. These words are all "酒",but the liquor and spirit means low quality, and the drinks include hard drinks and soft drinks, while the wine is often referred to the grape or fruit wine.
  In English, the daffodil is the symbol of spring and happiness, but in Chinese, it is only a kind of flower called "黄水仙"。In Chinese people’s mind, the plum, orchid, chrysanthemum and bamboo are all the symbol of high spirit. But English people do not think so.    People live together in one country or region, and will form their own traditions, these traditions will pass from generation to generation. And other countries or regions people may not have these traditions, even they have, but in different meaning, thus making these traditions untranslatable.
  For example:
  (1
  4)According to English tradition, the family will throw old shoes to the unmarried couples when they go out of the house, which means wish them luck, but if this tradition is translated into "扔旧鞋",the Chinese people will misunderstand it. For in China, throwing old shoes to a woman is to abuse her.
  For the tradition reason, a lot of appellations are untranslatable. The meaning of English uncle include such Chinese words as叔父(father’s younger brother), 伯父(father’s elder brother), 舅舅(mother’          不可译性及其补偿方法          不可译性及其补偿方法		     不可译性及其补偿方法s brother), 姑父(father’s sister’s husband), 姨父(mother’s sister’s husband), 叔叔(father’s younger brother or a friend or acquaintance about the same age as a young person’s parent). It would be considered a terrible mistake in Chinese culture to refer to the father’s brother as 舅舅,so if the relation is not clear in English, it can not be translated into Chinese.
  3.1.3Religious Culture
  In religion, translation becomes the mission. Chinese have translated in this field for a long time, but Chinese people do not have Christianity background. Thus many of the culture will make Chinese people misunderstand.
  For example:
  (1
  5)" End of the world" will make Chinese people think of the coming of great disaster, in which all the human being will die, and they will feel fear. But to the English people, it has nothing to do with disaster. It is the coming of the justice moment.
  3.1.4 .Historical culture
  The history of a nation is the record of the social development. Idioms and legends provide ready support in this respect. "The main problems that idioms and fixed expression pose in translation relate to the two main areas: the ability to recognize and interpret an idiom correctly; and the difficulties involved in rendering                  the various aspects of meaning that an idiom or a fixed expression conveys into the target language." [12]P65An idiom or fixed expression may have no equivalent in the target language. One language may express a given meaning by a single word, another may express it by a fixed expression, and a third may express it by an idiom, and so on. So it is unrealistic to expect to find equivalent idioms and expression in the target language in all cases. The idioms and expressions may be culture-specific which makes it difficult to translate or is untranslatable. The expression such as Kangaroo Court, related to specific cultural background provides a good example. And the historical stories or legends also have their culture element, for example:
  (1
  6)"八仙过海,各显神通","三个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮","情人眼里出西施"。
  3.2. Untranslatability resulted from culture conflict
  In translation, some words in one language are traditionally considered equivalent to other words in another language, but their connotations and even their referents are in effect quite different, they are so-called false friends. For example:
  (1
  7)The Chinese "龙" and English "dragon". Chinese people view "龙"as a symbol of power or good fortune. Such as "望子成龙",but the English people see the dragon as fierce and associate it with evil, cruelty and violence. If  "望子成龙" is translated into "to expect one’s son to be a dragon", English people can not accept that.
  Since the forms of the related items are the same, they are often misleading. For example,
  (1
  8)the brand name of a well-known Chinese battery"白象"is literally translated into "White Elephant". "白象"means fortune and good luck in Chinese. However, the translation elicit unfavorable reaction from English consumers, who use white elephant as an idiom to mean something costly but useless.
  Some words of color have conflict meaning as well. Take red for example,
  (1
  9) it has the meaning of happy and festival as "红"in Chinese, such as "red-letter days". But the Chinese "红茶"is "black tea" in English, and the Chinese "红糖"is "brown sugar" in English. The English "in the red" is "亏损赤字".
  Culture is one of the great obstacles in the process of translation, along with the linguistic barrier that is responsible for untranslatability in translation.
  4. The method of compensation
  Compensation is a special method that is used to reach the equivalence when there is no equivalent concept and suitable expression in the target language.
  It is widely accepted that the language phenomenon of untranslatability is not absolutely untranslatable, especially in the cultural aspect. In translation practice, when dealing with this kind of phenomenon, the translator always makes great effect to get relatively satisfactory version, following are the methods often used by translators to compensate.
  4.1. Adaptation
  An "adaptation", also known as "free translation", is a translation procedure whereby the translator replaces a social, or cultural reality in the source language with a corresponding reality in the target language, this new reality would be more usual to the audience in the target language. This method aims at maintaining the elegance and intelligibility in the target language at the sacrifice of the form of the source language, but without changing the main cultural message o          不可译性及其补偿方法          不可译性及其补偿方法		     不可译性及其补偿方法f the original. For example:
  (20)"很好,不用瞎担心了,我还有委员的福分呢!"
  "么事的桂圆?"
  "是委员!从前行的是大人老爷,现在行委员 !你还不明白?"
  "He give me very good news, we need not look for trouble. I have the possibility of being a member of committee!"
  "What’s a common tea?" Asked the wife who vaguely caught the sound.
  "A committee! Lords and esquires are out of date, and the prevailing nomination is to a committee. Don’t you still understand?"
  Here, the Chinese word "委员"(member of a committee) sounds quite like "桂圆"(longan, a kind of tropical fruit). In the conversation, the wife does not quite catch the word and mistake the "桂圆"for "委员". If the two words are translated literally, the reader will find the wife’s mistake incomprehensible since there is no phonological similarity in English between the two items. The translator use the method of adaptation, turning logon(桂圆)into common tea. Now the form is change, but the function or effect is preserved. Common tea is phonologically related to committee. By using adaptation, this homophone untranslatability is turned into translatability.
  4.2. Borrowing
  Borrowing is a translation procedure that the translator uses a word or expression from the source language in the target language holus-bolus. Differences between cultures may mean that one language has expression and concepts that may not exit in another. For example, we have no ready-made equivalent for the English "model", "Coca-cola", "coffee", "logic", "sofa", "motor", "Brandy", "chocolate", "Benz", and so on. Face with such words and expressions, the translators are hard-pressed to convey the original meaning and are often left with no choice but to borrow the original lexical items. So these words come into Chinese :"模特儿","可口可乐","咖啡","逻辑","沙发","摩托","白兰地","巧克力","奔驰",and so on. And likewise, there are no English equivalent for some Chinese words, such as kang(heated brick bed), Guandi Miao(temple enshrining Guan Yu, a well worshipped ancient Chinese hero), Zongzi( a pyramid-shape dumpling made of glutinous rice wrapped in reed leaves that is eaten during the Dragon Boat festival), Qigong(a system of deep breathing exercise popular in China), Taiji Quan (a kind of traditional Chinese boxing), and so on. Some of these had been accepted by English people, and some will be accepted, and these words will come to English.
  4.3. Translator’s note    For example:
  (20)道可道,非常道 ——《道德经》Laozi
  The Tao①that can be expressed in words is not the constant Tao.
  Note:①The Tao is a absolute, which all other things are relative, it is almighty and omnipresent. Its vastness or minuteness can not be compared with things of our understanding. The universe is embracing it.
  "Here the Chinese character "道" is a word with very profound meaning, which finds itself no equivalent in the English language. It is almost untranslatable. Through the footnote, some of the culture messages have been transferred into the target language text." [14]P69
  4.4. Calque
  Calque is a translation procedure that a translator translates an expression (or occasionally a word) literally into the target language, translating the element of the expression word for word. Peter Newmark refers it to as semantic translation. It is a method of translation that aims at preserving the most cultural message of the source text at the sacrifice of the formal element of the target language, and sometimes even the intelligibility of the target text. Such as translate "armed to teeth" into "武装到牙齿",  translate "knowledge is strengths" into "知识就是力量", translate "hot dog" into "热狗",  and translate "纸老虎"into "paper tiger". Maybe they seem ridiculer at the beginning, but they will be accepted by the target language speaking people and become a common word in their daily life.
  4.5Paraphrase
  "Paraphrase is as extended synonym and inevitably an expansion and a d          不可译性及其补偿方法          不可译性及其补偿方法		     不可译性及其补偿方法iffusion of the original text. It is only justified when an item of terminology technical institutional cultural, ecological, scientific cannot be harded in any other way. E.g. by TL equivalent, transcription, neologism by reproducing the encyclopedic tenor for the linguistic vehicle." [15]P130Sometimes, some words in their source language do not have equivalent in the target language, and it is difficult to use calques or other method to compensate. And what we can use is paraphrase, for example:
  The Chinese idiom "一龙一猪", means one is very clever and capable, but the other is stupid and hopeless. If it is translated into "one is a dragon, another is a pig", English readers can not understand the meaning. And there are no similar idioms to substitute, so we only can use the method of paraphrase, and translate it into:"One is very capable, while the other is extremely incompetent."
  5. Conclusion
  For the difference in linguistic and cultural, we should accept that there does exist untranslatability between English and Chinese. But we never neglect the fact that there are numerous language universals and cultural similarities. It is necessary to understand the co-existence of untranslatability and translatability. Base on the understanding, we can use various method to compensate the untranslatability and less the barrier in translation. With the global economic integration, cultural persity, network technology revolutionary, the world will become smaller and smaller. We have every reason to believe that the language and cultural communication will be more and more, and the barrier between languages will be less and less.
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上市公司资本结构与融资行为实证研究长期以来,单一的融资体制和低效的内源融资能力导致国有企业过度负债,并成为困扰国有企业改革和发展的一个重要因素。近年来,随着证券市场的迅速发展和融资功能的增强,企业注重股票融资有其客中美上市公司融资顺序的差异及原因分析本文通过对中美上市公司融资顺序的实证描述,认定二者存在巨大的差异,进而寻找这种差异背后的原因。一中美上市公司融资顺序的差异美国财务学家梅耶斯()和马基卢夫()于年提出了融资优序理论论拓展内蒙古小额贷款公司融资渠道研究一内蒙古小额贷款公司发展现状根据中国人民银行统计,截至2014年年底,全国小额贷款公司数量为8791家,贷款余额为9420。38亿元,全国小额贷款公司从业人员数量为109948人,如何通过经济管理实现企业价值最大化管理作为一门重要的学科,被应用在人们日常生活中的各行各业中,企业管理作为企业发展的保障与基础,对企业有重要意义,科学有效的经济管理对实现企业价值具有重要的意义。经济管理作为企业管理探究周易的人生社会价值观周易是中华文化的一颗璀璨明珠,于中华民族有着强大的凝聚力。其内容博大精深,中外研究易学的很多哲学家物理学家生物学家企业管理人士等等,都从中得到过宝贵的智慧启迪。易经中也包含着大量关墨子节用思想价值的现代诠释分析当今世界,人类社会发展在经历工业化大发展和物质生活大繁荣的同时,面临着生态环境恶化矿产资源过度开发等一系列的挑战。当前,中国正处在工业化发展的中期阶段,各地经济建设强烈要求区域经济艺术教育视角下核心价值观培养论文一艺术教育对核心价值观中的培育功能目前,高校思想政治理论课教学是大学生核心价值观培育的主要阵地,校报网络多媒体等是主要宣传方式。但笔者在走访调查部分高校时发现,40的大学生认为以高企业财务分析存在的问题及对策思考摘要财务分析是对企业经营业绩以及财务状况进行评价的重要依据,是企业财务管理中非常重要的一个环节,但是很多企业在这方面却存在一些问题,限制了企业的发展,迫切需要采取有效措施进行改善及探究美国价值观的生成内容与特征一深度关注美国价值观的缘由美国是当今世界无可争议的强国,而美国的这种强大与美国价值观的强大有着密不可分的关系。之所以深度关注美国价值观,是因为以下几方而原因。1。中美关系对于中美两美国电影中华人形象的演变(1)从现存的默片娇花溅血(BrokenBlossoms)(格里菲斯D。W。Griffith执导,1919)算起,美国电影塑造华人形象已有八十五年的历史。本文选择六部不同时期的美国电影,浅谈客户用电检查对营销管理工作的价值1用电检查工作的主要内容分析用电检查工作作为供电企业制定营销策略的主要参考依据,它的内容主要有几个方面第一,对用电客户的用电情况进行检查,是否符合国家的相关法律规定第二,对用户用电
声乐教学歌唱思维研究论文摘要声乐作为当代一种特殊的表演艺术形式,逐渐受到各大高校的教学重视。在声乐教学内容中,学生的歌唱思维培养是非常重要的,教师要让学生对音乐的发展历程和进化史有初步的了解,掌握自身的歌现金流管理的论文企业现金管理与应用作为企业财务管理的重要方面,影响着企业的经营状况和投资规模,决定着企业的发展与衰败。下面是小编为大家整理的现金流管理的论文,供大家参考。现金流管理的论文一企业加强电力营销过程电费风险管理探析论文摘要随着电力行业的不断发展,电力营销已经成为供电企业经营管理过程中必不可少的环节。现阶段我国的供电企业在开展电力营销工作的时候,仍旧存在着很多问题。本文就电力营销全过程中的电费风险浅谈幼儿园小班数学活动中的追问论文幼儿园教学活动是教师和幼儿共同参与的双边活动,在活动进程中,师生之间不仅存在着知识的传递,而且还存在着情感的交流。实现师生互动双向交流的方法有很多,最常用且有效的就是恰当地进行提问节约型园林在城市园林设计和施工中的运用论文摘要本文主要就节约型园林在城市园林设计和施工中的运用进行了相关的分析与探讨,以期对大家以后的工作起到一定的借鉴和参考作用。关键词节约型园林设计运用引言现如今,节约已经成为一种趋势和论文浅谈中年级作文如何布局谋篇布局谋篇是学生作文能力的重要组成部分,小学语文大纲中,这方面的教学要求是十分明确的。本阶段的作文目标主要是能不拘形式的写下见闻感受和想象。注意表现自己觉得新奇有趣的或印象最深的最受论文移动通信基站电源设备维护要点探讨摘要在现代移动通信基站建设汇总,基站电源设备是重要组成部分。从构成体系角度来讲,它属于是移动主体设备和传输设备的配套支撑系统之一,它与动力机械学和计算机应用技术等都有密切关系。由于管理沟通硕士论文企业管理中,无论是计划的制定工作的组织认识的管理部门间的协调与外界的交流,都离不开沟通。下面是小编为大家整理的管理沟通硕士论文,希望能给大家一个参考,欢迎阅读与借鉴。一观念创新要结与管理沟通有关的论文与管理沟通有关的论文该怎么写呢?具体格式有哪些呢?下面小编为大家整理了关于管理沟通有关的论文,希望能给大家一个参考,欢迎阅读与借鉴。管理沟通论文1一掌握适度性原则目前,非常容易导致船舶安全管理论文世界船舶的自动化水平越来越高,同时我们也要对它的安全问题考虑。在此,小编为大家准备好了船舶安全管理论文,一起来学习吧!摘要随着航海技术的发展,船舶的自动化水平越来越高。对于轮机安全探析园林专业实践教学体系的构建思路论文长期以来,根据国家经济发展和改革的实际,各高等院校围绕培养合格人才的需求,不断进行了实践教学体系的调整和改革。在实践教学理论现状及体系构建等方面取得了一定成果,并在一定范围内进行了