source：BRETSTETKA，SCIENTIFICAMERICAN 欲翻译的小伙伴，可评论领稿，并把已完成的译文贴在评论处或发在自己的心理圈内。谢谢 Thebrainisextraordinarilygoodatalertingustothreats。Loudnoises，noxioussmells，approachingpredators：theyallsendelectricalimpulsesbuzzingdownoursensoryneurons，pingingourbrain’sfearcircuitryand，insomecases，causingustofightorflee。Thebrainisalsoadeptatknowingwhenaninitiallythreateningorstartlingstimulusturnsouttobeharmlessorresolved。Butsometimesthissystemfailsandunpleasantassociationsstickaround，amalfunctionthoughttobeattherootofposttraumaticstressdisorder（PTSD）。Newresearchhasidentifiedaneuronalcircuitresponsibleforthebrain’sabilitytopurgebadmemories，findingsthatcouldhaveimplicationsfortreatingPTSDandotheranxietydisorders。 Likemostemotions，fearisneurologicallycomplicated。Butpreviousworkhasconsistentlyimplicatedtwospecificareasofthebrainascontributingtoandregulatingfearresponses。Theamygdala，twosmallarcsofbraintissuedeepbeneathourtemples，isinvolvedinemotionalreactions，anditflareswithactivitywhenwearescared。Ifaparticularthreatturnsouttobeharmless，abrainregionbehindtheforeheadcalledtheprefrontalcortexstepsinandthefrightsubsides。Ourabilitytoextinguishpainfulmemoriesisknowntoinvolvesomesortofcoordinatedeffortbetweentheamygdalaandtheprefrontalcortex。Thenewstudy，ledbyAndrewHolmesattheNationalInstitutesofHealth，however，confirmsthataworkingconnectionbetweenthetwobrainregionsisnecessarytodoawaywithfear。 Normallymicethatrepeatedlylistentoasoundpreviouslyassociatedwithamildfootshockwilllearnthatonitsownthetoneisharmless，andtheywillstopbeingafraid。Usingoptogeneticstimulationtechnology，orcontrollingspecificneuronsandanimalbehaviorusinglight，theauthorsfoundthatdisruptingtheamygdalaprefrontalcortexconnectionpreventsmicefromovercomingthenegativeassociationwiththebenigntone。Inneurobiologyspeak，memory“extinction”failstooccur。Theyalsofoundthattheoppositeistruethatstimulatingthecircuitresultsinincreasedextinctionoffearfulmemories。 Ubothstructuresinteractwithmanyotherbrainregions，andsoisolatingtheireffectsofonbehaviorwasachallenge。Optogeneticsmadethediscoverypossible，allowingtheNIHgrouptopreciselyassessonlytheconnectionbetweenthetwobrainregionsinrealtime，providingamoreaccuratecorrelationbetweenneuronalactivityandbehavior。 Holmesseestheamygdalaandprefrontalcortexastwomajorhubsinacomplexcommunicationsnetwork。InthecaseofimpairedfearextinctionsuchasPTSD，however，itisjusttheoneconnectionbetweenthetworegionsthatisfaulty，notthehubsthemselves。“Toregulatefearextinction，”heexplains，“Ithinkitwillbebettertoisolateandfixthatonelineofcommunicationasopposedtotryingtoreengineerthehubsthemselvesit’stheirjobtocarrymanylinesofcommunicationforallmannerofbrainfunctions，mostofwhichareprobablyworkingjustfine。” Giventhesimilaritiesinfearcircuitrybetweenrodentsandhumans，thenewfindingscouldinformresearchintonewtherapeuticapproachestoanxietydisorders，includingintomedicationsthatactonthefearcircuit。Holmesbelievesthathealthyfearextinctionrelieson“neuralplasticity，”thebrain’sabilitytomakenewneuronalconnections，whichisinpartinfluencedbythebrain’sowncannabinoids，compoundsthatregulateneurotransmitters。Drugsthatalterthecannabinoidsystemcouldprovideawaytomodifythefearcircuit，therebypossiblyalleviatinganxiety。 Neurostimulationtechnologies，includingtranscranialmagneticstimulationandevenoptogenetics，couldalsopotentiallybeusedtherapeuticallytoaugmentstandardanxietytreatments。Onesuchtreatmentisexposuretherapy，inwhichpatientsarerepeatedlyexposedtoastimulustheyfindabnormallystressfuluntilitnolongercausesanxiety。PerhapsexternallystimulatingthefearcircuitincombinationwithrepeatedrecollectionsofapainfulmemoryorrepeatedexposurestoafearinducingstimulusmightworktogethertoeasethesymptomsofPTSDandotheranxietydisorders。 AsHolmespointsout，itisnotunlikewhenyourhomeInternetconnectiongoessluggish：“Ratherthantryingtofixthefaultywireonthetelephonepoletohelpboostyoursignalanddisruptingmanylinesofcommunicationit’sbettertojustfixthefaultylineofcommunication。”
宝贝梦见了什么换个角度看孩子的好表现注重培养信任感与自主性小糖果试验告诉了我们什么帮助幼儿克服恐惧心理通过涂鸦了解孩子内心世界别让家校矛盾伤着孩子羞答答的玫瑰静悄悄地开面对性格内向的孩子怎么办为孩子订做一份超凡气质活泼的孩子因何变得沉默克服宝宝搬家焦虑症