高考英语语法下部

　　1.非谓语动词-to do
　　1.1.由来、形式、本质
　　1.1.1.形式
　　1.1.1.1.to do（主被动）—to be done（一般式）
　　1.1.1.2.to be doing—X（进行式）
　　1.1.1.3.to have done（主被动）—to have been done（完成式）
　　1.1.2.本质：n. adj. adv.
　　1.2.功能、出题特性
　　1.2.1.状语（eg:Cut down a little for supper to lose weight
　　1.2.1.1.目的：句首/句中——为了，来，以便...
　　1.2.1.2.原因：表示情感的形容词 be happy/sorry/astonished to do(惊讶的）
　　1.2.1.3.结果：only to do表＂出乎意料的结果＂ be adj.+enough to do
　　1.2.2.定语
　　1.2.2.1.名词后
　　1.2.2.1.1.表将来 He is locking for a house to live in
　　1.2.2.1.2.固定搭配:the ability/attempt/chance/oppotunity/desire/way to do
　　1.2.2.2.唯一最后（被序数词、最高级或no all any 等）：the only/the first/the greatest/the next to do
　　1.2.3.宾语
　　1.2.3.1.固定搭配：refuse/manage/want/hesitate/mean/continue/used/seem/regret/struggle/threaten to do
　　1.2.3.2.形式宾语：find/think/consider/feel+it+n./adj.+to do
　　1.2.3.2.1.regret to do(遗憾去做）/doing(后悔做了）
　　1.2.3.2.2.mean to do（打算）/doing（意味着）
　　1.2.4.补语（宾补）
　　1.2.4.1.固定搭配：allow/permit/persuade/require/invite/encourage/remind/recommend+somebody to do
　　1.2.4.2.感官动词/使役动词：sb. be seen/be found/be heard/be made to do
　　1.2.4.3.It＂s said that sb. do sth(据说某人...) sb. is said to do sth(某人句首...) sb. be considered/be believed/be thought/be reported+to do
　　1.2.5.主语
　　1.2.5.1.It＂s/was adj. for(对于） sb. to do/of（品质） sb. to do
　　1.2.5.2.句型：It＂s takes time/fffort/energy to do sth
　　1.2.5.2.1.注意：It＂s no use doing
　　1.2.5.2.2.It＂s a waste of money/time doing(It＂s+a/an+n.+to do)
　　1.2.6.表语
　　1.2.6.1.My job is to teach
　　1.2.6.2.固定：be to blame/wish/idea/task/purpose/duty
　　1.3.符号：带to/不带to
　　1.3.1.I ofen hear him sing the song(某些使役动词或感官动词）谓语v.为被动时要加to
　　1.3.1.1.feel
　　1.3.1.2.listen to/hear
　　1.3.1.3.make/have/let
　　1.3.1.4.see/watch/observe/look at/notice
　　1.3.2.had better do sth
　　1.3.3.Why not do sth?
　　1.3.4.would rather do than do/prefer to do rather than do
　　1.3.5.在but/except/besides后时，有do无to，有to无do
　　1.4.主动表被动
　　1.4.1.句子主语与不定式是主动关系 We have a lot of work to do
　　1.4.2.be+adj.+to do The water is not suitable for people to drink
　　1.4.3.疑问代词+to do What to do next hasn＂t been decided
　　1.4.4.to be blame Jim is to blame for the accident
　　1.4.5.当不定式的逻辑主语不清楚，且在语意上无大区别to do /to be done
　　2.定语从句的扩展及补充
　　2.1.定义：在句中起定语的作用
　　2.2.分类
　　2.2.1.限制性定语从句This is the lpace which is worth visiting
　　2.2.2.非限制性定语从句Look at the place which is worth visiting
　　2.3.关系词
　　2.3.1.关系代词
　　2.3.1.1.This is the place which/that is worth visiting
　　2.3.1.2.People who/that are willing to attend the party,sign here please
　　2.3.1.3.Thie is the man whose house has burned down
　　2.3.1.4.The man who/whom/that you met is my friend
　　2.3.1.5.This is the same book as was bought before
　　2.3.2.关系副词
　　2.3.2.1.The time when/in、on which we got together finally came
　　2.3.2.2.ShaiHai is the city where/in、at which YaoMing are boin
　　2.3.2.3.Please tell me the reason why/for which he looks unhappy
　　2.3.2.4.The gas is called oxygen,without which we cannot live
　　2.3.2.5.We got to the riage from where we had fantastic views
　　2.4.特殊情况
　　2.4.1.只有that不用which
　　2.4.1.1.当先行词被all/everything/nothing/anything/little much等不定代词修饰时，只能用that
　　2.4.1.1.1.Tell me everything that you know
　　2.4.1.2.当先行词被adj.最高级修饰时，只能用that
　　2.4.1.2.1.This is the mose beautiful city that I visited
　　2.4.1.3.当先行词既包括人又包括物时
　　2.4.1.3.1.He hasn＂t sent us the workers and equipment that we need
　　2.4.1.4.当先行词被very/both/the only/all/every/no way/little/much/some 修饰时，只用that
　　2.4.1.4.1.This is the only coat that I have
　　2.4.1.5.当主句是以who/which开头的特殊疑问句时，只用that
　　2.4.1.5.1.Which is the coat that you like best?
　　2.4.1.6.当关系代词在从句中作表语时，只用that
　　2.4.1.6.1.Your disease is not the case that it used to be
　　2.4.2.As与which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别
　　2.4.2.1.which:这；那，可修饰句子也可修饰先行词，只能放在句中。He often comes to school late,which make his teach angry
　　2.4.2.2.as:正如，只能修饰句子，放主句主前、之中、之后。As we all know,the earth moves around the sun
　　2.4.2.2.1.as is know to all
　　2.4.2.2.2.as is often the case
　　2.4.2.2.3.as is said beore
　　2.4.2.2.4.as we expected=as was expected
　　2.4.2.2.5.as is reported
　　2.4.3.介词+which/whon中介词如何确定
　　2.4.3.1.可根据先行词的搭配来确定介词
　　2.4.3.1.1.There is a dictionary in which we can lookup the new word
　　2.4.3.2.可根据固定搭配来确定介词
　　2.4.3.2.1.How she needs a person to whon she should turn for help
　　2.4.3.3.可根据整个句子的句意来确定
　　2.4.3.3.1.The gas is called oxygen,without which we can＂t live
　　3.被动语态的延展
　　3.1.各种语态
　　3.1.1.You are invited to make a speech in our school
　　3.1.1.1.一般现在时：am/is/are+done
　　3.1.2.The glass was broken by me
　　3.1.2.1.一般过去时：was/were+done
　　3.1.3.The meeting will be hold at 8:00am tomorrow
　　3.1.3.1.一般将来时：will be done
　　3.1.4.The plan is being carried out successfully
　　3.1.4.1.现在进行时：an/is/are+being done
　　3.1.5.Her car was being washed at that time
　　3.1.5.1.过去进行时：was/were+being done
　　3.1.6.All the work has been finished by now
　　3.1.6.1.现在完成时：have/has been done
　　3.1.7.They had been warned many times before they carried out the plan
　　3.1.7.1.过去完成时：had been done
　　3.1.8.The work will have been finished by the end of next month
　　3.1.8.1.将来完成时：will have been done
　　3.1.9.manage
　　3.1.9.1.一般现在时：manage——am/is/are manage
　　3.1.9.2.一般过去时：managed——was/were managed
　　3.1.9.3.一般将来时：will manage——shall/will be managed
　　3.1.9.4.过去进行时：was/were/managing——was/were being managed
　　3.1.9.5.现在进行时：am/is/are managing——am/is/are being managed
　　3.1.9.6.现在完成时：have/has managed——has/have been managed
　　3.1.9.7.过去完成时：had managed——had been managed
　　3.1.9.8.将来完成时：will have managed——shall/will have been managed
　　3.2.特殊情况
　　3.2.1.否定：助/情/系+not
　　3.2.1.1.He was disappointed to hear that he would not be given a dovtor＂s degree
　　3.2.2.动词复合结构变被动时，谓语变被动，其他保留
　　3.2.2.1.We saw him sitting there without doing anything
　　3.2.2.2.He was seen sitting there without doing anything
　　3.2.2.3.see sb. doing/do
　　3.2.3.make/let/hear/see等主动+（to）do被动+to do
　　3.2.3.1.The words made me feel excited
　　3.2.3.2.I was made to feel excited by the words
　　3.2.4.V.的双宾结构变被动，直宾、间宾都可做主语
　　3.2.4.1.My father is telling me a story now
　　3.2.4.2.I an being told a story by my father now/A story is being told to me by my father
　　3.2.5.含介词/副词的动词短语变被动后，介词/副词不能丢
　　3.2.5.1.People often lough at the strange man
　　3.2.5.2.The strange man is often laughed at/by people
　　3.3.being done
　　3.3.1.条件：与逻辑主语构成被动关系doing——being done
　　3.3.1.1.I don＂t like laughing at others
　　3.3.1.2.I don＂t like being laughed at by others
　　3.3.2.形式
　　3.3.2.1.一般式being done 同时发生或之后
　　3.3.2.1.1.As we approached the village,we saw new house being built
　　3.3.2.2.完成式having been done 先于谓语发生
　　3.3.2.2.1.Having been surrounded for a month,the energy had to give in
　　3.3.3.成分
　　3.3.3.1.Being exposed to the sun for long dose harm to the skin主语
　　3.3.3.2.He couldn＂t bear being made fun of宾语
　　3.3.3.3.The question is far from being settled表语
　　3.3.3.4.The meeting being held is about our salary定语
　　3.3.3.5.You＂ll find the problem being discussed宾补
　　3.3.3.6.Having been surrounded,he had to give in状语
　　3.3.4.doing表被动意义
　　3.3.4.1.当系/感官或不及物动词用being表被动
　　3.3.4.1.1.The flowers smelling sweet atteact the visitors
　　3.3.4.2.need/want/deserve/be worth/require+doing/to be done
　　3.3.4.2.1.The problem deserves discussing
　　3.3.5.复合结构
　　3.3.5.1.Weather permiting(permit),we＂ll go on an outing
　　3.3.5.2.The decision having been made(make),the next problem was how to make a good plan
　　3.3.6.done与being done的区别
　　3.3.6.1.The stone berdge built(build) 200 years ago will be pulled down 完成被动
　　3.3.6.1.1.The house being built(build) is mine 正在被进行
　　3.3.6.2.Wounded/Being wounded/Having been wounded,the whale soon died ...原因状语
　　3.3.6.3.Being inspired/Having been inspired/inspired by many successful people,more and more young Chinede are now considering their own business