解读皆大欢喜中的浪漫主义

　　Abstract
　　Romanticism，asahistoricalphaseofthe19thcenturyinliterature，stressesthecloserelationshipbetweenmanandnature，andcontinuesachangeofdirectionfromtheattentionpaidtotheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit。Romanticsfeelthatthepresentsocietydeniespeople’sessentialhumanneed，andtheirexpectationtoliveincountryside，whichisbeautiful，quietandcouldpreventhumanfromsadness，terror，andfear。AsYouLikeItisoneofShakespeare’sfourfamouscomedies。ThewholestoryhappensinArdenforest。Thedukeseniorandhisoldfollowerstakeresidenceintheforest，andwhentheyarrivethereandliveforsomedays，theyarefullyattractedbythebeautifulsceneryandforgetthecourt’ssadness。Countrylifemakespeoplegetrefreshed。RomanticismcriticsgiveahighpraisetoAsYouLikeit。
　　ThispapertriestoanalyzethecloserelationshipbetweenAsYoulikeItandRomanticism。Intheplay，theauthordemonstratesalivingworldwhichhascloserelationshipwithmenandisthesourceoftheirlife。BasedontheanalysisofthecloserelationshipbetweentheplayandRomanticism，andfourscenesextractedfromtheplay，thepaperaimsattheexplorationandinterpretationofRomanticismintheplay。
　　KeyWords
　　Romanticism；AsYouLikeIt；nature；emotion；comedy
　　摘要
　　发生在19世纪的浪漫主义文学铸造了文学史上的一段神话，对后世产生了深远的影响。浪漫主义文学注重描写人的内心感受，并认为现实社会忽略了人的本质追求，并主张回归原始的田园生活，在宁静幽雅的自然乡村生活能让人身心得以放松，远离尘世生活的压力，喧嚣。《皆大欢喜》作为莎士比亚的四大喜剧之一，整个剧情在宁静、秀美的亚登森林中展开，讲述了被其弟篡夺了爵位后的老公爵和他的忠实的随从们来到森林里，忘却宫廷的虚伪与争夺，享受着自然的洗礼，心灵也得以净化和升华，给人一种浪漫的情怀。19世纪的浪漫主义学者对这部喜剧情有独钟。
　　在作品中作者展现了一个与人类有着密切联系，并赋予人类生活的自然世界。论文通过对作品与浪漫主义的密切关系以及四幕精彩剧情的分析，揭示与解读《皆大欢喜》中的浪漫主义。
　　关键词
　　浪漫主义；皆大欢喜；自然；情感；喜剧
　　Introduction
　　Romancehasacloserelationshipwithpeople。Itdoesnotonlymakelifecolorful，butalsoletspeopleunderstandhowtoliveabetterlife。Facingthestressesfromwork，onecandosomeromanticthingstorelax。Itisknowntoall，thatRomanticismwaspopularinEuropeinthe19thcentury。Romanticsstressedthecloserelationshipbetweenmanandnature。Theyexpectedtoliveincountryside，andtheyalwaysviewedintuitionandemotionsmoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense。Therewasmuchgreaterstressonemotionsinthewritingoftheromanticperiod。Romanticsheldthenotionthatonecouldfindtruththroughone’sfeelings。Theythoughttheworldasalively，breathingbeing，andadmiredthosewhocouldspeakthewordsfromtheirinnerworld，andexpecteverypersontoexpresstheirfeelingfreely。Theybelievedeverybody’sinnerself（subconscious）wasmeaningful，andeverybodyshouldhaveanopportunitytobecreativeandtoexpresshisownthoughts。The19thcenturyromanticcriticsregardedAsYouLikeItasthedeclarationofRomanticism。AsYouLikeItisoneofShakespeare’sfourcomedieswhichwasseenasaperfectcomedy。FromthewritingbackgroundandthecontentsofActiiscenei，Actiiisceneii，Actiiisceneii，Actiiiscenev，thereisaconclusionthateveryonelooksforwardtohavingaromanticlife。
　　ThroughanalysisofAsYouLikeIt，readerscanunderstandthedemonstrationofRomanticismintheplayandknowmoreaboutRomanticismwhichmakespeople’slifemorelively，interestingandharmonious。
　　I。ABriefIntroductiontoRomanticism
　　Romanticism（theRomanticMovement），aliterarymovement，isprofoundshiftinsensibility，whichtookplaceinBritainandthroughoutEuropeduring17701848。IntellectuallyitmarkedaviolentreactiontotheEnlightenment。PoliticallyitwasinspiredbytherevolutionsinAmericaandFranceandpopularwarsofindependenceinPoland，Spain，Greece，andelsewhere。Emotionallyitexpressedanextremeassertionoftheselfandthevalueofinpidualexperience（theegotisticalsublime），togetherwiththesenseoftheinfiniteandtranscendental。Sociallyitchampionedprogressivecauses，thoughwhenthesewerefrustrateditoftenproducedabitter，gloomy，anddespairingoutlook。Theromanticspaidgreatattentiontothespiritualandemotionallifeofman。Personifiednatureplaysanimportantroleinthepagesoftheirworks。
　　A。TheCharacteristicsofRomanticism
　　（1）Romanticismwasarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism。Itwasamovementofconsciousrebellionagainstbeingtooobjective。Theromanticspiritwasoneofsubjectivityofinwardfeelingsthatonecouldtrustone’ssubjectiveresponses。Romanticsplacedahighpremiumuponthecreativefunctionofimagination，andsawartasaformulationofintuitiveandimaginativeperceptionsthattendtospeakanoblertruththanthatoffact。
　　（2）Forromantics，thefeelings，intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense。Thecontroversywasonebetweenheadthinkingandheartfeeling。Therewasamuchgreaterstressonemotionsinthewritingoftheromanticperiod。Romanticsheldthatonecouldfindtruththroughone’sfeelings。ThisisjusttheoppositeoftherationaltheoriesthatBenjaminFranklinfollowed。Rationalistswouldsaythatpeoplecouldfindtruththroughscientificinvestigation，butromanticswerereadytotrusttheirfeelingsasanavenueforfindingtruthandfindingwhatwasessentialinlifeTheybelievedthattheirrationalwasimportantinhumanexperienceandthatnoteverythingcouldbeexplainedbyreason。
　　（3）RomanticsdidnotthinkoftheworldasatickingwatchmadebyGod。Theythoughtoftheworldasaliving，breathingbeing。Theystressedthecloserelationshipbetweenmanandnature。Theyviewednatureasanexampleandsourceofvividphysicalbeautyandasamanifestationofspiritintheuniverse。Withdeeplovefornature，theysawnatureasarevelationoftruth，thelivinggarmentofGod。Therefore，naturewasasuitablesubjectfortrueart。TheybelievedthatGodwasimmanentincreation。Inotherwords，whentheywouldlookatthefiniteobjectsinthisworld，theywouldfindthepresenceofaninfiniteGod。
　　（4）Romanticsemphasizedinpidualism，placingtheinpidualagainstthegroup，againstauthority。Theysawtheinpidualattheverycenteroflifeandart。Theyemphasizedpersonalfreedomandfreedomfromformalism，tradition，andconformity。Theydelightedinselfanalysis，intricateexaminationandfullexposureofthesoul。Theycherishednoheroworship，yetbelievedintheperfectibilityofhumanity。Romanticsbelievedinthenaturalgoodnessofhumanbeings。Theyheldthathumanityclosetonaturewouldbehavewell，andwouldnotbehinderedbycivilization。
　　（5）Romanticsaffirmedtheinnerlifeoftheself，andwantedeachpersontobefreetodevelopandexpresshisowninnerthoughts。Theybelievedeverybody’sinnerself（subconscious）wasmeaningful，andeverybodyshouldhaveanopportunitytobecreativeandtoexpresshisownthoughts。
　　（6）Romanticscherishedstronginterestinthepast，especiallythemedieval。Theywereattractedbytheprimitivebecausetheprimitiveoftenwasinnocentandclosetonature。ThereweremanythingswrittenbytheromanticsabouttheAmericanIndian。TheyromanticizedtheAmericanIndianintoanoblesavagewhowasclosetonature。TheirattitudeswerequitedifferentfromPuritanswhoemphasizedthattheIndianswerewild，degeneratebarbarians。TheycomparedthemtoSatan。TheromanticswouldlookattheIndiansasclosetonatureandthereforecloseintouchwithGod。Theromanticistspaidgreatattentiontothespiritualandemotionallifeofman。Personifiednatureplaysanimportantroleinthepagesoftheirworks。
　　（7）。Romanticswereattractedbythewild，irregular，indefinite，remote，mysterious，andthestrange。
　　Romanticismhasadeepinfluenceonthecontemporarytime。Today，manypeoplestillhavebeenresearchingonit。ByreadingAsYouLikeIt，onecanhaveafeelingthattherebirthofromanticism。AsyoulikeitisacomedywrittenbyShakespeare，whowasapopularplaywrightwritingforthecommercialtheaterinLondoninthe16thcentury。Shakespearewasnotcollegeeducated，andalthoughhiscompanyhadthesponsorshipofKingJames，hisworkwasnotentirelyrespectable。Hehaswrittenmanyplays，includingcomedies，tragediesandsomesonnets。Hisworkhadgreatinfluencethroughagesovertheworld。TotheRomantics，however，Shakespeare’splaysaretheessenceoffolkpoetry，theultimatevindicationoftheirfaithinspontaneouscreativity。ManyEuropeandramasin19thcenturywereinfluencedbyhim。Paintersillustratedscenesfromhisplays，andcomposersbasedorchestraltonepoemsandoperasonhisnarratives。AsYouLikeItwasoneofthemostfamouscomediesofShakespeare’s。Fromthesettingofthewholestoryonecanfindthattheforestlifeisfulloftruth，kindness，beautyandlove，whichwasthelifethatthe19thromanticswereexpectingto。
　　II。Shakespeare’sAsYouLikeIt
　　A。Background
　　In1598，ShakespearewroteAsYouLikeIt。Anditbecomesoneofhisfourfamouscomedies。TheplaytellsatalehappeningintheForestofArdenwhichisnearthehometownStrafforduponAvon。Whenhewasachild，hewenttoplayinthatplace，andhadagoodmemoryaboutthatperiod。Hewasattractedbythepeaceandbeautifulviewsandexpectedtolivethere。In16ththerewasamovementhappeninginEuropewherehumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstogetridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinMedievalAge，tointroducenewideas，andtheyalsovoicedthatmandidnotonlyhaveabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders，Shakespearewasinfluencedbythissense，laterthesebeliefswereexpressedintheplayAsYouLikeIt。
　　B。Summary
　　Astheplayopens，DuckFredrickhasusurpedthetitleandthroneofhiselderbrother，DuckSenior。TheelderDukeandhisloyalfollowershavetakenupresidenceintheForestofArden。Thebanishduke’sdaughternamedRosalind，whenFrederickdroveoutherfather，stillkeptinhiscourtasacompanionforhisowndaughterCelia。Aclosefriendshiphadgrownupbetweentheseladies，whichthequarrelsoftheirfathersdidnotbreak。CeliatriedbyeverykindnessinherpowertorepayRosalindfortheinjustice。OrlandoandOliveraretwobrotherspidedbyenmity，OrlandohaslongbeenmistreatedbyhisbrotherandwhenOrlandoentersawrestlingmatchsponsoredbyDukeFrederick，heattractstheattentionofRosalind。Likewise，DukeFrederick’sdaughterandRosalindtoArdenlikeherfather；Celia，Frederick’sdaughterandRosalind’sbestfriend，travelswithher。RosalinddisguisesherselfasaboycalledGanymede，andCeliawilltakethepartofhissister，Aliens。TheyareaccompaniedbytheclownTouchstone。TheymetOrland，RosalindpromisestocureOrlando’sheartachebylettinghimpourhisfeelingsouttoGanymedeasifhewereRosalind。AlsoasGanymede，RosalindattemptsamatchbetweenSilvia’sandPhebethatgoesawry；PhebefallsforRosalind’sGanymedealterego。TouchstonealsocourtsacountrygirlnamedAudrey。
　　TheresolutionbeginswhenOliverentersthecamp。Orlandosavedhimfromanattackbyalion，andthetwobrothershavereconciled，uponmeetingCelia，nowOliverfallsinlove。Aduckseniorpromisetojointheminwedlockthenextday，RosalindmakesPhebetomarrySilviusifshecan’thaveGanymede，whenallhavegatheredforthewedding。RosalindrevealsherselfastheerstwhileGanymede，SheandOrlandoarehappilyreunited。AndPhebeagreestomarrySivius。Thedukegavehisconsenttothemarriage；andOrlandoandRosalind，OliverandCelia，weremarriedatthesametime，andthoughtheirweddingcouldnotbecelebratedinthiswildforestwithanysplendors，yetahappierweddingdaywasneverpassed，andwhiletheywereeatingunderthecoolshadeofpleasanttrees，amessagearrivedtotellthedukethejoyfulnews，thathisdukedomwasgivenbaketohim，thisjoyfulnewscamejustintimetoperfectthejoyofallwhoweretheweddingofprincesses。Thedukewasnowabletorewardthosefriendswhohadstayedwithhimintheforest，andtheseworthyfollowers，thoughtheyhadpatientlysharedhistroubles，wereverywellpleasedtoreturninpeaceandhappinesstothepalaceoftheirlawfulduke。
　　Frederic，angryathistheflightofhisdaughterCelia，andenteredthewildforest，hewasmetbyanoldreligiousman，withwhomhehadmuchtalk，andwhointheendcompletelyturnedhisheartfromhiswickedplan，hebecametrulysorry，andresolvedtogiveuphisdukedomtospendtherestofhisdaysinareligious。
　　InthisplaywecantouchthecountrylifemoretrulyfromoldDuck’sspeechinActiiSceneI；thedialoguebetweenTouchtoneandCorinActiiiSceneii2。fromtheActiiiSceneii，ActiiiScenevwecanknowthateachpersonexpecttobefreetodevelopandexpresshisowninnerthoughts。Andeverybody’sinnerself（subconscious）ismeaningful；manshouldhaveanopportunitytobecreativeandtoexpresshisownthoughts。
　　III。AnalysisofSomeSpecificActsoftheComedy
　　A。AffirmationoftheInnerLifeoftheSelf
　　AlthoughthegreatRomanticworksoftencenteronterrororrage，themotiveforcebehindthesepassionsismostoftenarelationshipbetweenapairoflovers。RosalindiswaitingforOrlandointheforest。SheoverhearsaconversationbetweenayoungshepherdandPhebeashepherdesshelovers，butPheberefusestheshepherd’slove，chillinghimcruellyandtellinghimtoleaveheralong。Rosalindhasseenenoughandshejumpsintotheconversation，chidingPhebeforbeingtoocrueltothepoorshepherd。InRosalindeyes，everyonehastherighttoloveotherpeople。andwhateverloveorbeloved，allshouldperishthisloveandcatchthisloveclosely，becausethatisthebestgifts。OfalltheemotionscelebratedbytheRomantics，themostpopularwaslove。Medievaltroubadourshadcelebratedcourtlyadulteryaccordingtoahighlyartificialcodethatlittlereflectedthelivesofrealmenandwomenwhileagreeingwithphysiciansthatromanticpassionwasapotentiallyfataldisease。Itwastheromanticswhofirstcelebratedromanticloveasthenaturalbirthrightofeveryhumanbeing，themostexaltedofhumansentiments，andthenecessaryfoundationofasuccessfulmarriage。Whetherornotoneagreesthatthischangeofattitudewasawiseone，itmustbeadmittedtohavebeenoneofthemostinfluentialinthehistoryoftheworld。Inthiscomedy，Rosalandsays：
　　Youareathousandtimesapropermanthatsheawoman。Issuchfoolsasyouthatmaketheworldfullofillfavoredchildren。’isNotherglassbutyouthatflatterher，Andoutofyousheseesherselfmoreproperbut，mistress，knowyourself，downonyourknees，andthankheaven，fasting，foragoodman’slove；Duringthelifeweshouldnotrefusetheloveofotherpeople。whenwecometotheworld，wearecrowedbythecareofparentsandgivingoutourlovetothepeoplearoundus。andloveshouldnotchooseobjecteveryonehastheequalrighttoreceivethecarefromothers（HuangBikang，2005，35）
　　B。EmphasisonInpidualism
　　Romanticismemphasizedtheinpidual，thesubjective，thepersonal，thespontaneous，andtheemotional。Beforethe18thCentury，fewEuropeansconcernedthemselveswithdiscoveringtheirowninpidualidentities。IntheArdenforest，TouchtonemeetsCorin，ashepherd，andtheyengagedinacomicdebateabouttheadvantageanddisadvantagesofshepherds’lifeinthecountryincontrasttothelifeofacourtier。ThisdialoguebetweenacourtandashepherdintheForestofArdenhitsuponthecentralthemeoftheplay，namely，idylliccountrylifepurgesthehumanmindofthedirtcollectinthecomplicatedpowerrelationofthehumansociety。Fromthistalk，wecanfindthat：peopleearnthattheyeat，getthattheywear。Theywerenotwhattheyhadbeenborn：nobles，peasants，ormerchants。Thenewindustrialistsnaturallylikedtocreditthemselvesforhavingbuilttheirlargefortunesandrejectedtherightofsocietytoregulate。JustasCorinsays：
　　Thosethataregoodmannersatthecourtareasridiculousinthecountryasthebehaviorofthecountryismostmockableatthecourt。Youtoldmeyousalutenotatthecourtbutyoukissyourhands；thatcourtesywouldbeuncleanlyifcourtierswereshepherds。Besides，ourhandsarehard。Iamatruelaborer：IearnthatIat，getthatIwear，owenomanhate，envynoman’shappiness，gladofothermen’sgood，contentwithmyharm，andthegreatestofmyprideistoseemyewesgrazeandmylandssuck。。（HuangBikang，2005，57）
　　C。TheCloseRelationshipBetweenManandNature
　　Particularperspectiveswithregardtonaturevariedconsiderablynatureasahealingpower，natureasasourceofsubjectandimage。Frederickhasseizedhisbrother’spowerandbanishedhimfromhisdukedom。ThedukeseniorthenhastoliveintheForestofArdenwithhisloyalfollowers。Intheforest，thislifeissosimpleandcommon，thereisnoweartheluxuriousclothesandjewelry，nobighouse，nowarmclose。Thisofferedtheoldduke’severydaylifeintheforest。Buttheolddukeenjoysthislife。Tounderstandwhythisshouldhavebeenso，weneedtolookmorecloselyatthenatureofthestyleanditsorigins。TherehashardlybeenatimesincetheearliestantiquitythatEuropeansdidnotcelebratenatureinsomeformorother，buttheattitudestowardnaturecommonintheWesternworldtodayemergedmostlyduringtheRomanticperiod。TheEnlightenmenthadtalkedofnaturallawasthesourceoftruth，butsuchlawwasmanifestinhumansocietyandrelatedprincipallytocivicbehavior。UnliketheChineseandJapanese，Europeanshadtraditionallyhadlittleinterestinnaturallandscapesfortheirownsake。Romanticsstressthecloserelationshipbetweenmanandnature。ThesubjectoftherelationshipofRomanticismtonatureisavastonewhichcanbetouchedonhere。Theolddukeattractedbythewildlife，inwinterheshrinkswithcold。Butinthisshrinking，olddukefindoutatrueself。Naturehasgreatpowerwhichmakestheoldmanlivessowell，justashesaidbelow：
　　Now，herefeelwenotthepenaltyofAdam，theseason’sdifference，astheicyfangandchurlishchidingofthewinter’swind。WhichwhenitbitesandblowsuponmybodyeventillIshrinkwithcold，butthisisnoflattery：thesearecounselorsthatfeelingpersuademewhatIam？Sweetaretheusesofadversity，which，likethetoad，Uglyandvenomous，wearsyetapreciousjewelinhishead；Andthisourlife，exemptfrompublichaunt，Findstonguesintrees，booksintherunningbrooks，Sermonsinstones，andgoodineverything。Iwouldnotchangeit。（HuangBikang，2005，55）
　　D。PursuitofEmotions
　　TheRomanticistspaidgreatattentiontothespiritualandemotionallifeofman。IntheForestofArden，theyouthmanOrlando，somethingintheheartishauntinghim，whichmakeshimmisssomeoneeveryday。HehangslittlelovepoemsontreesandbrushestoexpresshislovetoRosalind。Atthesametimethegirlhelovedisalsoinlovewithhim，buthedoesknowthat。Romanticsgenerallycalledforgreaterattentiontotheemotionsasanecessarysupplementtopurelylogicalreason。Personifiednatureplaysanimportantroleinthepagesoftheirworks。Rememberedchildhood，unrequitedlove，andtheexiledherowereconstantthemes。Theydiscusseddreams，dramaticillusion，andRomanticsensibility，theprocessofcreativity，thelimitsofClassicismandReason，andthedynamicnatureoftheImagination。InAsYouLikeIt，Rosalindtalksthat：
　　Loveismerelymadness，andItellyou，deservesaswelladarkhouseandawhipasmadmendo；andthereasonwhytheyarenotsopunishedandcuredis，thatthelunacyissoordinarythatthewhispersareinlovetoo。YetIprofesscuringitbycounsel。Hewastoimaginemehislove，hismistress；andIsethimeverydaytowoome。AtwhichtimeIwouldbeingamonishyouth，grieve，beeffeminate，changeable，longingandlikingproud，fantastical，apish，shallow，inconstant，fulloftears，fullofsmiles；foreverypassionsomething，andfornopassiontrulyanything，asboysandwomenareforthemostpartcattleofthiscolor。（HuangBikang，2005，46）
　　。
　　Conclusion
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