2020届高考英语非谓语动词全盘攻略

　　非谓语动词
　　顾名思义，非谓语动词就是不能作谓语的动词。包括：不定式、现在分词、过去分词和动名词。
　　不定式
　　1.不定式的构成
　　不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。不定式一般有时态和语态的变化，通常有下表中的几种形式（以do为例）：
　　主动式被动式
　　一般式to doto be done
　　完成式to have doneto have been done
　　进行式to be doing/
　　完成进行式to have been doing/
　　1)不定式的一般式
　　不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。如： they invited us to go there this summer. 他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。
　　he stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一边让我通过。
　　2)不定式的完成式
　　不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语，有时也可作主语、定语等。如：
　　she seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已听说过这件事。
　　i am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉让你等了这么久。
　　i meant to have told you about it, but i happened to have an important thing to do.
　　我本来想告诉你这件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。
　　it has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country.
　　对我来说，在你们国家旅行这么多地方是一件很荣幸的事情。
　　3) 不定式的进行式
　　不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。如：
　　it’s nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好，这些天一直帮我们。
　　he pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假装在认真地听老师讲课。
　　we didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here. 我们没料到你一直在这儿等我
　　4) 不定式的完成进行式
　　如果不定式表示的动作是谓语所表示时间之前一直进行的动作，就需要用完成进行式。如：
　　they are said to have been working in tibet for 20 years. 据说他们已经在西藏工作20年了。
　　we are happy to have been helping each other these days. 我们很高兴这些天能互相帮助。
　　5) 动词不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式构成。如：
　　try not to be late again next time. 尽量下次不要再迟到。
　　he wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我们永远不要再见到她。
　　6) 疑问词+动词不定式：
　　不定式和疑问词whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等连用可以在句中起名词的作用，通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain, advise, teach, discuss, find out等动词后面作宾语，有时也可以充当主语、表语等。如：
　　on hearing the news, he didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
　　听到这个消息，他不知道该哭还是该笑。
　　when to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么时候开会还没有决定。
　　the most important problem is how to get so much money.
　　最重要的事情是如何搞到这么多钱。
　　介词后一般不直接接不定式，但可以接疑问词+不定式短语作宾语。如：
　　mary gave some advice on how to learn english. 玛丽提了一些如何学习英语的建议。
　　i have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道该怎么做。
　　但是but和except后面可以跟不定式。如：
　　he did nothing but wander on the street.他除了在街上闲逛外，没有做什么。
　　i have no choice but to wait.我除了等待以外别无其他选择。
　　7) 不定式的被动式：
　　当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式，to be +过去分词和to have been +过去分词。这些形式可以用来作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语。如：
　　it’s a good thing for him to have been scolded by the teacher.
　　对他来说，被老师责备是一件好事。
　　they seemed to be satisfied with the result. 他们似乎对结果很满意。
　　he asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 他要求被派往农村工作。
　　she was the last person to have been mentioned at the meeting.
　　她是会上最后一个被提到的人。
　　i had to shout to be heard. 我不得不大喊才能被听到。
　　we don’t like our friends to be laughed at from time to time.
　　我们不喜欢我们的朋友不时地被嘲笑。
　　2. 不定式的语法作用
　　1) 不定式作主语：
　　to see once is better than to hear a hundred times. 百闻不如一见。
　　to master a foreign language is not an easy thing. 掌握一门外语不是一件容易的事。
　　在很多情况下，人们通常用it作为形式上的主语，而把不定式短语移到谓语之后，使句子显得平稳一些。如：
　　it’s good manners to wait in line. 排队等候是很有礼貌的。
　　it made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother like that.
　　听到他那样跟他妈妈说话我们很生气。
　　2) 不定式作表语：
　　the most important thing is to put theory into practice. 最重要的事情是把理论付诸实践。
　　the greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all.
　　最大的幸福就是为大家的幸福而工作。
　　3) 不定式作宾语：
　　he wanted to know the truth. 他想知道真相。
　　i prefer to be starved to death rather than beg. 我宁愿被饿死也不愿乞讨。
　　he pretended to have read the book when i asked him about it.
　　我问到他的时候，他假装读过这本书。
　　另外，不定式在某些复合宾语中作宾语时，人们常常用it代表不定式，而将真实宾语放在补足语之后。如：
　　do you think it better to translate it in this way? 你认为这样翻译是不是更好？
　　i feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students.
　　我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。
　　4) 不定式作补语：
　　①不定式可以和名词或代词一起构成复合结构作动词的宾语，这时不定式被称为宾语补足语。如：
　　i would like you to help me with my english exercises. 我想请你帮我做英语练习。
　　i never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon. 我从来没想到鞋子这么快就穿破了。
　　注意：动词help后面接不定式作宾语或宾语补足语可以带to也可以不带to。如：
　　who can help me (to) carry this heavy box? 谁能帮我拎这个重箱子？
　　②在make, let, have等使役动词和hear, see, watch, notice, feel，observe等感官动词后的复合宾语中，动词不定式不带to。
　　i often hear her sing in the next room. 我经常听到她在隔壁唱歌。
　　they make the baby go to bed at 7:00 p.m. every day.
　　他们每天让孩子晚上7：00上床睡觉。
　　注意：get, leave等词也有＂让＂＂叫＂的意思，和使役动词意思相近，但它们后面的不定式作宾语补足语必须要有to。如：
　　i’ll get him to try it again. 我将让他再试一次。
　　how could you leave him to have supper with a stranger?
　　你怎么让他跟一个陌生人一起吃晚饭？
　　注意：当使役动词和感官动词变为被动语态时，不定式就成了主语补语，作主语补语的不定式必须加to。如：
　　though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.
　　尽管他经常弄哭他的小妹妹，但今天他却被他的小妹妹弄哭了。
　　he is often heard to sing the song. 经常有人听到他唱这首歌。
　　③think, consider, believe, declare, suppose, find, imagine, know, understand, take, prove, feel等动词后面接的不定式短语作补语多由to be+形容词或名词构成，think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。如：
　　when he woke up, she found herself (to be ) badly injured.
　　她醒来的时候，发现自己受了重伤。
　　i thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time i met her.
　　我第一次见到她的时候就认为她人很好，很诚实。
　　含有此类复合宾语的句子变成被动语态时，不定式同样被称之为主语补足语。如：
　　the young man was considered to have great promise. 这个年轻人被认为大有前途。
　　the situation was found to be quite encouraging. 形势看来很使人鼓舞。
　　④以be said, be reported, be known, seem, happen, prove, appear等构成谓语的句子中，动词不定式通常也可看作主语补语。如：
　　more than 20 people were reported to have been killed in the accident.
　　据报道，有20多个人死于事故。
　　i happened to be talking with him when he was hit by a car.
　　他被汽车撞的时候，我碰巧在和他谈话。
　　不定式作定语：
　　不定式在句中作定语通常放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后，以下几种情况常用不定式作定语：
　　①能带不定式作宾语的动词，其同源名词可以带不定式作定语，常见的有attempt, decision, promise, plan, intention, failure, wish, determination等。如：
　　he hasn’t kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.
　　他没有遵守诺言定期给他父母亲写信。
　　my wish to be a teacher is quite understandable. 我想成为一个教师的愿望是可以理解的。
　　②常与不定式搭配的形容词，其同源名词一般可以带不定式作定语，常见的有ability, anxiety, eagerness, ambition等。如：
　　his eagerness to finish his work in time was quite obvious.
　　他急切地想准时完成工作是很明显的。
　　we admire his ability to speak a foreign language so well.
　　我们欣赏他能把一门外语说得这么好。
　　③序数词、形容词最高级或被only, last, next等词修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。如：
　　he is always the first person to come and the last one to leave.他总是第一个来最后一个离开。
　　the next person to attend the meeting is dr. baker.下一个出席会议的人是贝克先生。
　　④还有一些名词经常带不定式作定语。如：person, man, thing, something, anything, nothing, time, way, reason, chance, courage, opportunity等。如：
　　we students should have the courage to face any difficulty.
　　我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。
　　he had no reason to leave his friends and live alone on the island.
　　他没有理由离开他的朋友独自住到岛上去。
　　⑤不定式作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词之间有意义上的动宾关系，如果该不定式动词是不及物动词，它后面需加上适当的介词。如：
　　there is nothing to worry about. 没什么可担心的。
　　there are many interesting books to choose from, but i don’t know which to borrow.
　　有很多有趣的书可以挑选，但我不知道该借哪一本。
　　6) 不定式作状语：
　　不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。
　　① 不定式作目的状语，有时也可以用in order (not) to, so as (not) to结构。如：
　　in order to protect the young plants from the sun, mother put them in the shade.
　　为了保护幼苗不被太阳晒坏，妈妈把它们放到了阴凉处。
　　he got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again.
　　今天早上他起身很早以免上学再迟到。
　　注意：so as (not) to do不可以置于句首。
　　②不定式作结果状语，常见的结构有too…to, enough…to, so…as to, such…as to, only to…等。如：
　　the question is too difficult for me to answer. 对我来说，这个问题很难回答。
　　he said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself.
　　他说他足够聪明可以独自应付这件事。
　　will you be so kind as to turn down the radio? 请你帮我把收音机调低一点好吗？
　　he woke up only to find himself in hospital. 他醒来发现自己在医院里。
　　注意：too…to通常表示太……而不……，但在下列句子中没有否定的意思。
　　she is only too glad to stay at home. 她太想留在家里了。
　　he is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考试结果。
　　另外还有ready(现成的，乐意的), eager（迫切的），inclined（偏于…的），apt（易于）。
　　③不定式作原因状语，通常用来修饰表示情感、心理状态、性格等的形容词。常见的形容词有：happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever, frightened, shocked, sorry, eager, proud, disappointed, foolish, impatient, unwise, naughty等。如：
　　they are surprised to learn of his death. 得知他死亡的消息，他们很惊讶。
　　we are proud to be young people of new china. 成为新中国的青年，我们感到很骄傲。
　　另外，hard, difficult, easy, fit，comfortable等词也可以接动词不定式。这时候，作句子主语的除了是表示人的词外，还可以是表示物的词。如：
　　the water is not fit to drink. 这水不适合饮用。
　　the room is very comfortable to live in. 这个房间住起来很舒服。
　　注意：后两句中的不定式与句子的主语或宾语之间是动宾关系，此时如果不定式动词是不及物动词，则需要带上适当的介词。
　　3. 不定式的复合结构
　　1) 不定式复合结构的构成
　　不定式在使用时通常有自己的逻辑主语，一般可以是句子的主语或宾语，或者由物主代词暗示出来。如：
　　they plan to build a hotel. 他们计划建造一个酒店。
　　his father sent him abroad to study literature. 他父亲送他出国去学文学。
　　i could see her eagerness to go abroad. 我可以看出他急切地想出国。
　　但有时需要明确表示出不定式的逻辑主语（即不定式动作的执行者），此时一般用for/of +名词（代词）短语+不定式来构成不定式的复合结构。如：
　　it’s expensive for people to use electricity for cooking. 人们用电做饭是很昂贵的。
　　it’s careless of you to make such a mistake. 你犯这样的错误真是粗心。
　　2) 不定式复合结构的语法作用
　　不定式的复合结构在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语。
　　①不定式的复合结构作主语、宾语，通常用it 作形式主语或形式宾语来代替不定式的复合结构。如：
　　it’s necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases. 货物很有必要用坚固的箱子打包。
　　they thought it impossible for us to find the lost child in the darkness.
　　他们认为我们要在黑暗中找到迷路的小孩是不可能的。
　　②不定式的复合结构作表语、状语、定语。如：
　　that’s for you to decide. 那个由你来决定。
　　for the test to be passed, the students should work harder than before.
　　为了能通过考试，学生们应该比以往更认真学习。
　　i have some books for you to read. 我有几本书送给你读。
　　注：1. 不定式不带to的规则：
　　前面我们已经谈到，在一些使役动词和感官动词后的不定式作宾语补语时，不定式符号to常常省略，下面还有几种情况请大家注意：
　　①动词原形come, go等在口语中可接不带to的不定式。如：
　　go tell her. 去告诉他。
　　come have a glass. 来喝一杯。
　　②在why引起的一些疑问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形。如：
　　why spend so much money? 为什么花这么多钱？
　　why not let her have a try? 为什么不再让她试一试？
　　③在had better（还是……最好）, had best（最好，顶好）, would rather（宁可，宁愿）, would rather…than（宁可……而不……）, would sooner（宁可，宁愿）, would sooner…than（宁可……而不……）, cannot but（不得不，必然）, cannot choose but（只得）, cannot help but（不得不）等结构后直接跟动词原形或not +动词原形。如：
　　you’d better listen to your teacher’s opinion. 你最好听一听老师的看法。
　　i would rather work than stay idle. 我宁愿工作而不愿闲坐。
　　rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle.
　　他宁愿挤公共汽车也不愿骑自行车。
　　liu hulan would sooner die than surrender. 刘胡兰宁死不屈。
　　one’s world outlook cannot but come through in what one says and does.
　　一个人的世界观必然在他的言行中表现出来。
　　④在介词but, except之前如有动词do的任一形式，其后的动词不定式不用to。如：
　　last evening i did nothing but repair my farm tools. 昨晚上我除了修理农具外，没有做其它的事情。
　　now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat. 现在他只有认输。
　　如but 之前没有do，其后的不定式则一般要加to。如：
　　i’m afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi. 恐怕我们别无选择，只好乘出租车了。
　　they desired nothing but to succeed. 他们只想成功。
　　⑤在出现并列的动词不定式时，为了避免重复，后面的不定式符号to可省略。如：
　　i really don’t know what to say and do. 我真的不知道该说什么，该干什么。
　　can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.?
　　你能不能帮我打电话给他，叫他下午两点来开会？
　　但如果两个不定式有对比的意思，则不定式符号to不可被省去。如：
　　i came not to scold you but to praise you. 我是来夸你的，不是来骂你的。
　　the purpose of the new technology is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.
　　新技术的目的是为了使生活更容易，而不是使生活更艰难。
　　2.动词不定式的省略问题：
　　上文中出现了某一动词或动词短语，下文中再遇到此动词的不定式结构时，往往要省略动词不定式，但通常省略动词原形或短语而保留不定式符号to，一般有下面几种情况：
　　①含有助动词或情态动词如be going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able to, be about to等+动词原形结构时：
　　---do you think i ought to go to see my doctor?  你认为我应该去看医生吗？
　　---yes, i think you ought to. 是的，我想你应该去。
　　she must go but you don’t have to. 她必须走，但你没有必要。
　　②含有动词want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try等+不定式作宾语结构时：
　　---did you go to see the great wall? 你去看长城了吗？
　　---i wanted to, but i was too busy. 我本来想去的，但我太忙了。
　　you may go with them if you hope to. 如果你希望的话，你可以和他们一起去。
　　③含有动词如ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow, forbid等+不定式做宾语补语或主语补语时：
　　don’t do anything unless your father tells you to. 除非你父亲叫你去做，不然不要做任何事情。
　　---may i use your car? 我可以用你的汽车吗？
　　---no, i forbid you to. 不，我禁止你使用。
　　④对话的答语中含有形容词如happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等+不定式作表语结构时：
　　---will you lend me a hand? 你能帮我一个忙吗？
　　---i’m willing to, but i can’t now. 我很愿意，但我现在不行。
　　---would you please come to my birthday party tomorrow? 明天下午来参加我的生日聚会好吗？
　　---i’ll be glad to. 我很乐意。
　　3.不定式主动语态和被动语态的区别：
　　动词不定式在句中究竟用主动还是被动，有时比较复杂。主要有下面几种情况：
　　①不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。如：
　　have you got a key to unlock the door? 你有开门的钥匙吗？
　　②不定式做后置定语，和被修饰名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式，不定式为不及物动词时，其后应加相应的介词。如：
　　do you have anything to say on this question? 针对这个问题你还有什么要说的吗？
　　he is a pleasant person to work with. 他是一个合作愉快的人。
　　③不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，不定式为不及物动词时要加相应的介词。如：
　　the fish is delicious to eat. 这鱼很好吃。
　　the chair is comfortable to sit on. 这把椅子坐起来很舒服。
　　④在there be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。如：
　　there is nothing to worry about.  没什么可担心的。
　　there is a lot of work to do. 有许多事情要做。（表示某人必须做这工作）
　　注意下面两个句子的含义：
　　there is a lot of work to be done. （强调有许多事情必须做。）
　　there is nothing to be done. （强调出了某事，现在没办法解决。）
　　4.for somebody to do和of somebody to do的用法区别：
　　句型＂it is +形容词+for somebody+不定式＂中的形容词通常强调不定式的行为属性，如：important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。
　　it’s difficult for us to finish the work within two hours.我们要在两小时之内完成工作是很难的。
　　it’s reasonable for them to run away so quickly. 他们这么快就逃跑了是很有道理的。
　　＂it is +形容词+of somebody+不定式＂中的形容词表示人物性格和特征。如：kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。
　　it’s kind of you to think so much of us. 难为你这么为我们着想。
　　it’s silly of the boy to keep pouring water into the basket 这个男孩真傻，一直往篮子里倒水。
　　5.高中阶段能接不定式的常见动词：
　　能接不定式作宾语的常见动词有：want（想要）, like（喜欢）, wish（希望）, hate（憎恨，讨厌）, prefer（宁愿）, hope（希望）, fail（失败）, plan（计划）, refuse（拒绝）, ask（要求）,continue（继续），manage（设法）, try（尽力）, offer（提供）, start（开始）, begin（开始）, forget（忘记）, remember（记得）, promise（答应）, mean（打算）, pretend（假装）, intend（想，打算）, attempt（尝试，企图）, decide（决定）, learn（学会）, desire（渴望，请求）, agree（同意）, care（关心，喜欢）, choose（选择）, determine（下决心）, expect（期望）, afford（负担得起，买得起）等。
　　能接不定式做补语的常见的动词有：感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel等；使役动词make, let, have 等；还有一般的动词如advise（建议）, allow（允许）, ask, beg（乞求）, command（命令，指挥）, tell（告诉）, invite（邀请）, force（强迫）, oblige（强迫）, get（致使）, help（帮助）, wish, want, like, hate, prefer, intend, expect, encourage（鼓励）, persuade（说服）, permit（允许，许可）, remind（使想起，提醒）, request（请求，要求）, order（命令）, warn（警告，提醒）, cause（引起）等。
　　6.高中阶段常见的不定式短语：
　　高中阶段常见的一些不定式短语可以作谓语，如：be able to do（能，会）, be about to do（即将做……）, used to do（过去常常……）, be glad to do（乐意做……）, would like to do（想要做……）,be likely to do（很可能做……）, go all out to do something全力以赴,be supposed to do应该等。
　　高中阶段还有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，也可以称它们为插入语。如：to tell you the truth（说老实话），to be frank（坦率地说）, to begin with（首先）, to be brief（简言之）, to make a long story short（长话短说）, to be exact（精确地说）, to say nothing of（姑且不说），to conclude（总而言之）, to be sure（诚然、固然）， to do him justice（说句对他公道的话）,so to speak（可以这么说、打个譬喻说）等。
　　to tell you the truth, i hate him. 说老实话，我恨他。
　　to be frank, i don’t agree with what you said. 坦率地说，我不同意你说的话。
　　选择填空：
　　1. i’ve heard him ______ about you often.
　　a. speak b. speaks c. spoke d. speaking
　　2. i went to see him, _______ him out.
　　a. finding b. find c. only to find d. to finding
　　3. he didn’t know _______ or stay.
　　a. to leave b. if that he should leave c. if to leave d. whether to leave
　　4. ---will the smiths go abroad this summer? ---no, they finally decided _______ .
　　a. to b. not going c. not to d. not to be going
　　5. ---i usually go there by train. ---why not _______ by boat for a change.
　　a. to try going b. trying to go c. to try and go d. try going
　　6. he pretended _______ nothing about it.
　　a. know b. to know c. knowing d. knew
　　7. little jim should love _______ to the theatre this evening.
　　a. to be taken b. to take c. being taken d. taking
　　8. they would not allow him _______ across the enemy line.
　　a. to risk going b. risking to going c. for risk to go d. risk going
　　9. there are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that i can’t make up my mind _______ to buy.
　　a. what b. which c. how d. where
　　10. charles babbage is generally considered _______ the first computer.
　　a. to invent b. inventing c. to have invented d. having invented
　　11. the missing boys were last seen _______ near the river.
　　a. playing b. to be playing c. play d. to play
　　12. the patient was warned _______ oily food after the operation.
　　a. to eat not b. eating not c. not to eat d. not eating
　　13. i regret _______ you that we are unable to offer you employment.
　　a. informing b. having informed c. to inform d. to informing
　　14. you had better get a doctor _______ your bad tooth.
　　a. pull out b. to pull out c. pulled out d. pulling out
　　15. the matter had better _______ as it is.
　　a. leave b. being left c. leaving d. be left
　　16. he was so foolish _______ his car unlocked.
　　a. to leave b. that leave c. as to leave d. for him to leave
　　17. almost everyone fails _______ the driving test on the first try.
　　a. passing b. to have passed c. to pass d. in passing
　　18. the girl was made _______ she didn’t love at all.
　　a. marry a man b. to marry a man c. to marry with a man d. married with a man
　　19. the man will use what he has _______ a camera for his wife.
　　a. to get b. got c. buy d bought
　　20. .to answer correctly is more important than _______ .
　　a. a quick finish b. to finish quickly c. finishing quickly d. you finish quick
　　21. tom kept quiet about the accident _______ lose his job.
　　a. so as not to b. so not as to c. so as to not d. not so as to
　　22. i felt it an honor _______ to speak here.
　　a. to ask b. asking c. to be asked d. having asked
　　23. ---i’d like to buy an expensive camera.
　　---well, we have several models _______ .
　　a. to choose from b. to choose c. to be chosen d. for choice
　　24. _______ to the left and you’ll see the post office.
　　a. to turn b. turning c. turned d. turn
　　25. will you be able to attend the lecture next week?
　　a. giving b. given c. to be given d. being given
　　ⅱ. 句子改错：
　　1. i don’t know if to help him or not.
　　2. she can’t help cleaning the house because she’s busy making a cake.
　　3. we all hope you to make rapid progress.
　　4. the results of the research are to publish soon.
　　5. it is too heavy for me to lift it.
　　6. it’s awfully good for you to come and meet us.
　　7. these are very good books for your children to be read.
　　8. he did what he could help me with my physics.
　　9. let’s find a place to put the things.
　　10. it would be easier to climb over the mountain than going round the valley.
　　i. 选择填空：
　　1---5 acdcd 6---10 baabc
　　11---15 accbd  16---20 ccbab
　　21---25 acadc
　　ii. 句子改错：
　　1. if  whether 2. cleaning  to clean 3. hope  wish 4. publish  be published
　　5. lift it  lift 6. for  of 7. be read  read 8. help  to help 9. things  things in 10. going  to go
　　-ing分词
　　1. -ing分词的构成
　　-ing分词是由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。-ing分词同样有时态和语态的变化，通常有下表几种形式（以do为例）：
　　主动形式被动形式
　　一般式doingbeing done
　　完成式having donehaving been done
　　-ing分词的否定形式是由not 加-ing分词构成。如：
　　not knowing his address, i could do nothing but stay at home and wait.
　　不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。
　　his not coming made all of us angry. 他没来使我们大家都很生气。
　　2. -ing分词的一般式和完成式：
　　-ing分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作；完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如：
　　being a student, he was interested in books. 作为一个学生，他对书本很感兴趣。
　　not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。
　　3. -ing分词的被动式：
　　-ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间，-ing分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done)和完成被动式(having been done)。如：
　　the question being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
　　he never talked about his having been interviewed by the reporter. 他从来没谈起过他被记者采访的事情。
　　having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老师批评以后，他把烟戒了。
　　注意：在need, want, require, be worth等动词(短语)后，作宾语的-ing分词常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如：
　　your shoes need cleaning. = your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。
　　this book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一看。
　　4. -ing分词的语法作用
　　-ing分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。
　　1)–ing分词（短语）作主语：
　　laying eggs is the ant queen＂s full-time job. 产卵是蚁后的专职工作。
　　saying is easier than doing. 说比做容易。
　　在下面两种结构中，-ing分词也作主语。
　　①为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。如：
　　it is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。
　　it＂s a waste of time arguing about it. 辩论这事是浪费时间。
　　②在there is no结构中，通常用-ing分词。如：
　　there is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。
　　there is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史车轮不可阻挡。
　　2) -ing分词（短语）作表语：
　　his hobby is collecting stamps. 他的爱好是收集邮票。
　　the problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。
　　3) -ing分词作宾语：
　　①–ing分词作动词宾语。如：i suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。
　　we enjoy attending miss li＂s class. 我们喜欢听李老师的课。
　　②-ing分词作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，而用it作形式宾语。如：
　　i don’t think it possible living in such a cold place. 我认为住在这么寒冷的地方是不可能的。
　　do you consider it any good trying again? 你觉得再试一次会有好处吗？
　　③-ing分词作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。如：
　　i＂m against inviting him to dinner. 我反对邀请他来吃饭。
　　they don’t feel like walking that much. 他们不喜欢走那么多路。
　　he went to london in the hope of being a famous painter. 他去了伦敦，希望能成为一个著名的画家。
　　此类短语还有很多。如：look forward to（渴望，盼望）, be proud of（以……自豪）, be responsible for（对……负责）, insist on（坚持）, think of（考虑，想到）, dream of（梦想）, object to（反对，抗议）, hear of（听说）, prevent…from（防止，阻止）, keep…from（防止，阻止）, stop…from（防止，阻止）, be engaged in（从事于）, depend on（依靠，依赖）, thank…for（因……而道谢）, excuse…for（因……而道歉）, aim at（目的在于）, devote…to（献身于）, set about（着手做）, be/get used to（习惯于）, be fond of（喜欢）, be afraid of（害怕）, be tired of（对……厌烦）, succeed in（成功地做……）, be interested in（对……感兴趣）, be ashamed of（对……感到羞愧）等等。
　　注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。如：
　　i have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners. 我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。
　　he used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. 过去他常花很多时间玩游戏。
　　what can prevent us (from) getting married? 有什么能阻止我们结婚？
　　另外，-ing分词可以和一些介词如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等构成短语，在句中作状语。如：
　　he left ahead of time without saying a word. 他一句话也没说就提前离开了。
　　besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children.
　　除了做饭和缝纫以外，她还要照顾四个孩子。
　　on hearing the news, all the pupils jumped with joy. 听到这个消息后，所有的学生都高兴得跳了起来。
　　4) -ing分词作定语：
　　①单个的分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如：
　　reading room 阅览室 swimming pool 游泳池 dining car 餐车
　　sleeping car 卧车 singing competition 歌咏比赛 waiting room 候车室
　　a waiting car 一辆等待着的车 a sleeping child一个酣睡的孩子 flying fish 飞鱼
　　the exciting news令人振奋的消息 a boring speech令人乏味的演出
　　②-ing分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面，也相当于一个定语从句。如：
　　who is the comrade standing by the door? 站在门边的同志是谁？
　　they lived in a house facing south. 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。
　　③–ing分词还可以作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，常用逗号和句子其它部分分开。如:
　　the words, usually dealing with current work, were mostly written by himself.
　　歌词一般讲当前的工作，大部分是他自己写的。
　　when she appeared, john, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy. 当她出现的时候，约翰穿着一件又脏又破的大衣高兴地跑了过去。
　　5) -ing分词做状语：
　　-ing分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
　　①-ing分词短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可由连词when, while引出。如：
　　while reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 他一边看书，一边不时地点头。
　　seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些画，他想起了她的童年。
　　②-ing分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：
　　not knowing his address, i can’t send this book to him. 因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。
　　many of us, being so excited, couldn’t go to sleep that night. 因为非常激动，那晚我们许多人都没睡着。
　　③–ing分词短语作结果状语。如：
　　his father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。
　　she was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.
　　她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。
　　④-ing分词作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如：
　　they stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky. 他们在那儿站了半小时，观察着天上的星星。
　　following the old man, the young people started walking slowly.
　　年轻人跟在老人的后面开始慢慢地走起来。
　　⑤-ing分词间或也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一个状语从句。如：
　　a person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small.
　　一个人如站在大山的脚下会发现自己很渺小。
　　knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。
　　注：-ing分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。
　　⑥＂with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格+-ing分词＂结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。如：
　　his hair became grey with the years passing. 随着时间的推移，他的头发变花白了。
　　without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 没人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。
　　6) -ing分词作补语：
　　①--ing分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等动词后面和一个名词或代词构成一个复合宾语，作宾语补语。如：
　　i noticed a man running out of the bank when i got off the car.
　　我下车的时候注意到一个男人匆匆忙忙地从银行里跑出来。
　　last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop.
　　昨晚，店主在商店里抓到一个小孩在偷东西。
　　②上面这类句子也可变成被动语态，这时，-ing分词可看成是主语补语。如：
　　we were kept waiting for quite a long time. 让我们等了好长时间。
　　jily was never heard singing that song again. 人们再也没有听到吉丽唱这首歌了。
　　5. -ing分词的复合结构：
　　-ing分词的复合结构通常由物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词所有格或者名词的普通格+-ing分词构成，在句子开头时必须用物主代词和名词所有格，通常在句中作主语和宾语。如：
　　his coming made us very happy. 他的到来使我们大家都很高。
　　he was awakened by someone’s knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲门声吵醒了。
　　1. –ing分词作主语和表语时与不定式的区别：
　　-ing分词和动词不定式作主语和表语的主要区别在于：在表示比较抽象的一般的多次性行为时多用-ing分词；在表示具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。如：
　　smoking is forbidden here. （泛指吸烟）这里禁止吸烟。
　　it’s not good for you to smoke so much. （指你吸烟）吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。
　　my job is teaching. 我的工作是教书。
　　my job is to teach you english this term. 我这一学期的工作是教你们英语。
　　2. 高中阶段能接-ing分词作宾语的常见动词：
　　mind（介意）, suggest（建议）, enjoy（欣赏，）, admit（承认）, appreciate（感激，欣赏）, avoid（避免）, delay（推迟）, dislike（不喜欢，厌恶）, escape（逃脱）, finish（完成）, forgive（宽恕）, imagine（想象）, keep（保持）, miss（错过）, practise（训练）, resist（抵抗，抵制）, risk（冒险）, deny（拒绝，否认）, consider（考虑）等。
　　3. 有些动词既能接不定式，又能接-ing分词，含义有所不同。如：
　　①forget, remember, regret等词后面接不定式表示不定式动作后于谓语动作，而后接-ing分词作宾语表示分词动作先于谓语动作。如：
　　do you remember seeing me before? 你记得以前见过我吗？
　　remember to lock the door when you leave. 离开时要记得锁门。
　　②动词mean, stop, try, go on等动词后面接分词和接不定式作宾语，意思也有所不同。如：
　　i try not to think about that. 我尽量不去想那件事。
　　would you please try doing that again? 请你再试一次好吗？
　　i mean to change it for another one. 我想换成另外一个。
　　missing the train means waiting for another hour. 误了这班车就意味着再等一个小时。
　　having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit.
　　做完练习以后，我们继续学习下一单元的单词。
　　after a short rest, they went on working. 短暂地休息以后，他们又继续工作。
　　he stopped talking when the bell rang. 铃响的时候，他停止了讲话。
　　while working, he stopped to talk with tom at times. 工作的时候，他不时地停下来和汤姆谈话。
　　注意：有时人们把stop后的动词不定式理解为目的状语。
　　③动词allow, advise, forbid, permit等可直接跟-ing分词作宾语，不可以接动词不定式作宾语，但可接不定式作宾语补语。如：
　　please permit me to say a few words. 请允许我说几句话。
　　we don’t permit smoking here. 我们这儿不允许吸烟。
　　④动词need, require, want作＂需要＂解时，后面接-ing分词或不定式的被动式。如：
　　the room wants cleaning/to be cleaned. 这个房间需要打扫。
　　these little children require looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully.
　　这些小孩需要细心地照料。
　　⑤动词like, hate, prefer等后面，如表示一般性动作，多用-ing分词；如指特定的具体的某次动作，多用不定式。如：
　　i like swimming, but i don’t like to swim with you. 我喜欢游泳，但我不喜欢和你一起游泳。
　　i prefer walking to school every day. 我情愿每天步行去学校。
　　i prefer to stay at home today. 今天我情愿呆在家里。
　　⑥动词begin, start后面，如表示有意识地开始做某事，常用-ing分词，否则用不定式更多一些。如：
　　we began to do that job last year. 我们去年开始做那工作的。
　　they started talking about the film at once. 他们立刻开始谈论那部电影。
　　注：下面几种情况多用不定式作宾语：
　　a. 当start, begin本身用于进行时态时。
　　when the teacher came into the room, he was starting to write to his parents.
　　老师走进教室的时候，他正开始写信给他的父母亲。
　　b. 当start, begin后接表示心理活动的动词时。
　　hearing the news, he started to think of a good way to solve the problem.
　　一听到消息，他就开始考虑一个好办法来解决这个问题。
　　c. 当句子的主语是无生命的东西时。
　　we were about to leave when it began to rain. 我们正准备离开，天开始下雨了。
　　4. -ing分词作表语的两种不同含义：
　　①-ing分词作表语可以表示主语的内容是什么。如：
　　their job is building houses. 他们的工作是盖房子。
　　the real question is getting to know the needs of the people. 真正的问题是了解人民的需要。
　　②-ing分词作表语还可以表示主语所具有的特征。如：
　　this story is very interesting. 这故事很有趣。
　　the problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。
　　5. -ing分词作定语的两种不同含义：
　　①–ing分词作定语可用来说明被修饰的名词的用途和性能。如：
　　reading material 阅读材料 walking stick 手杖 fishing pole 鱼杆
　　flying suit 飞行服 writing table 写字台 listening practice 听力训练
　　②-ing分词作定语还可以表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。如：
　　developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家
　　a growing city = a city that is growing 发展着的城市
　　an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子
　　a touching story = a story that is touching 一个动人的故事
　　working people= people who are working 劳动人民
　　6. 不定式和-ing分词作宾语补语的区别：
　　在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官动词后，既可用-ing分词构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用-ing分词时，表示动作正在进行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。如：
　　do you hear someone knocking at the door? (someone is knocking at the door.) 有人在敲门你听见了吗？
　　do you hear someone knock at the door? (someone knocked at the door just now.) 你听见有人敲门了吗？
　　7. 高中阶段常见的带介词to的短语，后接-ing分词或名词。如：
　　admit to（承认）, contribute to（捐助、贡献）, get down to（着手做）, give way to（让位于），keep to （坚持、遵守）, lead to （导致）,look forward to（期待）, take to（从事）, turn to （求助于）, stick to（忠于、坚持）, point to（指向、表明）, see to （注意、处理）, be used to （习惯于）, devote oneself to （献身于）, be equal to （胜任的、等于）, be familiar to （为……熟悉）.
　　高中阶段有一些固定的-ing分词短语，如generally speaking（一般来说）, judging from…（根据……来判断）, considering…（考虑到……）, talking of…（谈到……，提到……）, supposing…（假如……）等，它们的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致。这种短语可以被称之为句子的状语，也可当作一个插入语。如：
　　judging from his accent, he must come from canada. 从他的口音看他一定来自加拿大。
　　considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free.
　　考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐会。
　　选择填空：
　　1. the officers narrowly escaped ___________ in the hot battle.
　　a. have killed b. to kill c. to be killed d. being killed
　　2. ___________ the letter, he went out to post it.
　　a. writing b. being writing c. having written d. written
　　3. don＂t you remember ___________ ?
　　a. seeing the man before b. to see the man before
　　c. saw the man before d. to have seen the man before
　　4. people couldn＂t help ___________ the foolish emperor in the procession.
　　a. laugh at b. to laugh at c. laughing at d. laughing on
　　5. we’re looking forward ___________ the photo exhibition.
　　a. to visiting b. to visit c. to having visited d. visiting
　　6. the girl ___________ under that tree is my sister.
　　a. sitting b. sits c. is sitting d. sat
　　7. this sentence needs ___________ .
　　a. a improvement b. improve c. improving d. improved
　　8. ___________ anything about the accident, he went to work as usual..
　　a. not known b. known not c. knowing not d. not knowing
　　9. the next morning she found the man ___________ in bed, dead.
　　a. lying b. lie c. lay d. laying
　　10. there was terrible noise ___________ the sudden burst of light.
　　a. followed b. following c. to be followed d. being followed
　　11. the secretary worked late into the night, ___________ a long speech for the president.
　　a. to prepare b. preparing c. prepared d. was preparing
　　12. ＂can＂t you read?＂ mary said ___________ to the notice.
　　a. angrily pointing b. and point angrily c. angrily pointed d. and angrily pointing
　　13. how about two of us ___________ a walk down the garden?
　　a. to take b. take c. taking d. to be taking
　　14. ---i must apologize for ___________ ahead of time. ---that’s all right.
　　a. letting you not know b. not letting you know
　　c. letting you know not d. letting not you know
　　15. ---you were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. ---well, now i regret ___________ that.
　　a. to do b. to be doing c. to have done d. having done
　　16. would you ___________ me your identification card, sir?
　　a. mind to show b. mind showing c. trouble to show d. trouble showing
　　17. he suggested ___________ on saturday.
　　a. to have a meeting b. having a meeting c. a meeting to have d. that having a meeting
　　18. it is no good ___________ to come now. he is busy.
　　a. if you ask him b. to ask him c. asking him d. that you ask him
　　19. although punctual himself, the professor was quite used ___________ late for his lecture.
　　a. to have students b. for students to be
　　c. for students’ being d. to students’ being
　　20. he dressed himself quickly and ___________ his schoolbag, went to school.
　　a. carried b. to carry c. carrying d. carries
　　21. ___________ for several weeks, the city needed food.
　　a. as having flooded b. being flooded c. having been flooded d. to flood
　　22. ___________ ill worried my parents greatly.
　　a. i fell b. me falling c. my falling d. i falling
　　23. she is writing a letter to a friend of hers, ___________ him to attend the meeting.
　　a. having invited b. inviting c. to invite d. invited
　　24. our town has dozens of factories, ___________ several saw mills.
　　a. included b. are including c. are included d. including
　　25. ___________ the classroom, the students went to the playground to watch the football match.
　　a. to clean b. having cleaned c. cleaned d. cleaning
　　1—5 d c a c d 6---10 a c d a b
　　11---15 b a c b d 16---20 b b c d c 21---25 c c b d b
　　过去分词
　　1. 过去分词的定义
　　动词的-ed分词即过去分词，是由动词的过去分词构成，一般只有一种形式。
　　2. 过去分词的语法作用：
　　过去分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个形容词或副词，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。
　　1) 过去分词作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。如：
　　don’t touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那个杯子，它是坏的。
　　he is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜欢那礼服的式样。
　　2) 过去分词做定语：
　　单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面，相当于一个定语从句。如：
　　the excited people rushed into the building. 激动的人们奔进了大楼。
　　we need more qualified teachers. 我们需要更多合格的教师。
　　过去分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面，相当于一个定语从句。如：
　　is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活动吗？
　　the suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager. 外国专家提出来的建议被经理采纳了。
　　过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语，前后用逗号隔开。如：
　　the books, written by lu xun, are popular with many chinese people.这些书是鲁迅写的，受到了许多中国人民的喜爱。
　　the meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千个学生出席了。
　　3) 过去分词做状语：
　　过去分词和-ing分词作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
　　①表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。如：
　　seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden. 从山顶上看，这个城市就像一个大花园。
　　accepted by the party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the party.
　　入党以后，他决定献身于党的事业。
　　②表原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：
　　deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.
　　激动的人们被那个故事深深地感动了，停止了争吵。
　　encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.
　　受到了讲演的鼓舞，年轻人决定起来从事斗争。
　　③表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，有时过去分词前可用if等词。如：
　　given another chance, he will do better.再给他一次机会，他会做得更好。
　　compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study english.
　　和你哥哥相比，你应该更加努力学习英语。
　　if heated, water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加热，会变成水蒸气。
　　④表让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。如：
　　exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.
　　尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。
　　laughed at by many people, he continued his study. 尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。
　　⑤表方式或伴随情况。如：
　　the old man went into the room, supported by his wife.那个老人在他的妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。
　　seated at the table, my father and i were talking about my job. 我和父亲坐在桌子旁边讨论着我的工作问题。
　　4) 过去分词作补足语：
　　过去分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等词后与一名词或代词构成复合宾语，用作宾语补语。如：
　　when will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined? 你什么时候去医院检查你的牙齿？
　　when you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard.
　　当你在作报告时，你应该讲响一点使自己被人听清。
　　当这类句子变成被动语态时，过去分词用作主语补语。如：
　　one of the glasses was found broken. 有人发现其中一个杯子破了。
　　they should be kept informed of the situation there. 应该让他们知道那儿的形势。
　　1. 过去分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般必须和句子的主语相一致。如：
　　when asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.当那个男孩被问到为何来这里时，他沉默不语。
　　born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.
　　由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。
　　如果过去分词的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致，必须使用过去分词的独立主格结构。
　　2. 动词have后所接的三种宾语补语：
　　have somebody/something do something 不定式作补语必须省去to, 不定式动作由宾语发出，表示一次性的动作。如：
　　i had the workers do the job for me. 我让工人们替我完成了工作。
　　jim often has his father help him with his homework. 吉姆经常让他的父亲帮助做家庭作业。
　　have somebody /something doing something -ing分词作补语，分词动作也由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或正在进行。如：
　　they had the tractor working all the time. 他们让拖拉机一直工作着。
　　we won’t have the child talking to his mother like that. 我们不能让那个孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。
　　have somebody/something done 过去分词作补语，宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，通常有两种情况：
　　①主语让别人做某事，强调主语的意志。如：
　　he had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理发了。
　　later on the center had a great many new trees planted.后来，这个中心让人种了很多树。
　　②主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境，说明宾语的一种无意识的被动行为。如：
　　he had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比赛中摔断了腿。
　　he had one eye lost in the war. 在战争中，他失去了一只眼睛。
　　3. 非谓语动词的被动式作定语的三种形式：
　　the bridge to be built 将要建造的桥 （表示将来的动作）
　　the bridge being built 正在建造的桥 （表示正在进行的动作）
　　the bridge built 造好的桥 （表示完成的动作）
　　4. 过去分词和–ing分词作表语的区别：
　　过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或感受，而-ing分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征，如：
　　hearing the news, we felt very surprised. 听到那个消息，我们感到很惊讶
　　the news is very surprising. 这个消息很令人惊讶。
　　they were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。
　　at the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved to tears.
　　看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动得流下了眼泪。
　　英语中这样的分词还有很多，如：amusing, amused; encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; puzzling, puzzled; satisfying, satisfied; worrying, worried; tiring, tired; pleasing, pleased; interesting, interested; astonishing, astonished等。
　　5. 过去分词和–ing分词作定语的区别：
　　过去分词作定语和-ing分词作定语有一定的区别。试比较下面几组短语：
　　boiled water开水 boiling water正沸腾的水
　　developed countries发展的国家 developing countries发展中国家
　　fallen leaves落叶 falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子
　　changed condition改变了的情况 changing condition变化着的情况
　　由此可见，过去分词作定语通常表示完成的或被动的动作；而-ing分词作定语可以表示正在进行的主动的动作。