高中英语语法教案名词

　　高中英语语法教案名词（一）概述 名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词，可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是： 人的名字 li ming, tom 地方名称 china, london 职业称呼 teacher, doctor 物品名称 pencil, dictionary 行为名称 study, invention 抽象概念 history, grammar （二）普通名词和专有名词 1．普通名词 凡不属于特定的人名、地名、事物名称或概念名称的名词，都属于普通名词。这类名词在所有的名词中占绝大多数。普通名词大致有以下四种类型： 1）个体名词 个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或物。可以指具体的人或物，例如： he has two aunts. 他有两个姑姑。 most classrooms have computers. 多数教室里都有电脑。 也可指抽象东西，例如： we’ve lived here for twenty years. 我们在这里住了二十年了。 i had a dream last night 我昨晚做了一个梦。 个体名词有复数形式，如：weeks, problems;单数形式可以和a/an连用，如：a week, a problem, an old man. 2）集体名词 集体名词表示由个体组成的集体，下面是一些常见的集体名词： family（家，家庭） army（军队） company（公司；全体船员） enemy（敌人） government（政府） group（小组，团体） public（公众） team（队；组） police（警方） 作单数看待 作复数看待 his family isn＂t large. 他家人不多。 the government is planning to build a dam here. 政府打算在这里建一座水坝。 the public was unlikely to support it. 公众支持它的可能性不大。 his family are all music lovers. 他家的人都喜欢音乐。 the government are discussing the plan. 政府在讨论这个计划。 the public were deceived by the newspaper. 公众受到报纸的蒙骗。 集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待。一般说来，视为整体时作单数看待，想到它的成员时作复数看待：
　　例如： 有的集体名词通常用作单数，例如： our company is sending him to work in berlin. 我们公司将派他去柏林工作。 有的集体名词多作复数看待。例如： the police are looking for him. 警察正在找他。 3）物质名词 物质名词指无法分为个体的东西，我们学过的常见的物质名词有： beer, cloth, coal, coffee, coke, cotton, ice, ink, jam, juice, meat, medicine, metal, milk, oil paper, rain, salad, salt, sand, snow, soup, steel, sugar, tea, water, wine, wood, wool等。 一般说来，物质名词是不可数折，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况： a．有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示＂一份＂，＂一杯＂： tree beers, please. 请来三杯啤酒。 a chocolate ice-cream for me. 给我一份巧克力冰淇淋。 b．有此物质名词可作可数名词，表示＂一种＂： it was a special tea which tasted of orange blossoms. 这是一种特别的茶，有桔子花叶。 it was a delicious wine. 那是一种美味的红酒。 c．个别物质名词可用于复数形式或有特殊意义：it was now the time of the spring rains. 现在是春天雨季的时候。 here are the snows of last year. 这是去看的积雪。 d．抽象名词 抽象名词主要表示一些抽象概念，一般不可数，因此没有复形，前面也一般不加不定冠词a/an。常见的抽象名词有： age, anger, beauty, childhood, death, duty, fear, fun, happiness, health, help, history, industry, joy, labour, love, luck, music, nature, peace, pleasure, power, safety, silence, sleep, time, training, travel, trust, truth, waste, weather, work, worth, youth等。
　　在多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。例如： safety first! 安全第一！ it’s wonderful weather. 天气好极了。 但有时也加定冠词the,或不定冠词a/an. 例如： i shall never forget the beauty of that lake. 我永远不会忘记那个湖的美丽。 there’s a beauty in simplicity. 朴实之中有一种美。 2．专有名词 专有名词主要指人名、地名及某些类人和事物专有的名称。例如： 1）人名：mary, mrs green, zhanghua 2）地名：beijing, west lake 3）某类人的名称：americans, russians 4）某些抽象事物的名称：english, chinese 5）月份、周日及节日名称：may, saturday, easter 6）书名、电影及诗歌的名称：cone with the wind 7）对家人等的称呼：mum, dad, uncle tom 专有名词的第一个字母要大写。 （三）可数名词和不可数名词 名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数与不可数名词两类。可数名词有复数形式，不可数名词一般没有复数形式。 单数 复数 a country a class a sheep a tomato countries classes sheep tomatoes 普通名词中的个体名词和集体名词一般是可数的，所以它们又可称为可数名词。可数名词单数往往要同不定冠词a或an连用，复数则要使用其复数形式。例如：普通名词中的物质名词和抽象名词及专有名词一般是不可数的，这些名词又可称为不可数名词。不可数名词不能用不定冠词修饰，也不存在复数形式，如ice (冰)，water (水), rice (稻子)等。 在英语中个别名词既可以作不可数名词，又可以作可数名词。但由于用法不同，它们的意思往往也不大相同，对这些名词要特别注意。
　　例如 作不可数名词 作可数名词 glass 玻璃 paper 纸张 time 时间 work 消息 玻璃杯；镜子；眼镜 报纸；文件；考卷 次数；时代 单词；话语 一般说来，汉语和英语对某一个名词是否可数的看法基本上是一致的。但也有不少名词在汉语中常被用作可数名词，而在英语中却绝对是不可数名词，对这些名词也要特别注意，发如：fun ，work ，advice ，weather ，homework ，news ，money ，information ，bread ，hair )，chalk ，furniture 等。 （四）可数名词复数形式的构成 可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后加-s或-es，现将其复数的一般构成方法及读音列表如下： 情况 构成方法 例词 读音 一般情况 在词尾加-sdesk desks map maps -s在请辅音后发[s]音 day days girl girls -s在元音私浊畏音后发[z] 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的词在词尾加-es bus  buses box boxes watch watches fish fishes es发[iz]音 以辅音字母加y结尾的词 变y为i再加-es family families factory factories party parties -ies发[iz]音 以元音字母y结尾的词 在词尾加-sday days boy boys key keys -s发[z]音 以f或fe 结尾的词 变f或fe为v再加-es knife knives life lives wife wives half halves -ves发[vz]音 以辅音字母加o结尾的词 在词尾加-es potato potatoes tomato tomatoes hero heroes -es发[z]音 以元音字母加o结尾的词 在词尾加-sradio radios zoo zoos -s发[z]音 少数以辅音字母加o结尾的名词变为复数时只加-s。如：photo photos, piano pianos 等。
　　有些以f结尾的名词变为复数时也只加-s。如：handkerchief handkerchiefs, roof roofs等。 英语中还有不少名词的复数形式是不规则的，必须把它们牢记在心。如：man men, woman women, frenchman frenchmen, child children, tooth teeth, foot feet, goose geese, mouse mice, sheep sheep, deer deer, fish fish等。 （五）名词的所有格 在英语中，有些名词的词尾 可以加上’s，用来表示所有关系，这种结构称为名词的所有格。 1．名词所有格的构成 名词所有格的构成一般有以下三种情况： 1）如果名词是单数，只在词尾加’s。 例如： the boy’s schoolbag 这男孩的书包 the worker’s shoes 这个二人的鞋 2）复数名词如果以s结尾，只加’（在s的右上角）即可 如： the teachers’ office 老师们的办公室 the students’ classroom 学生们的教室 3）复数名词如果不以s结尾，则在词尾加’s 如： women’s day 妇女节 the people’s park 人民公园 2．名词所有格的用法 名词的所有格主要有以下五种用法： 1）表示人成动物与其他的人、动物或事物的所有关系。 例如： he is mary’s younger brother. 他是玛丽的弟弟。 they are reading lei feng’s diaries. 他们在读雷锋的日记。 2）表示时间、距离、国家、城市等名词与其他事物的所有关系。 例如： our school is half an hour’s walk from here. 我们学校离这儿步行有半小时的距离。 beijing is china’s capital. 北京是中国的首都。 3）表示无生命东西的名词的所有关系，一般使用与of构成的短语结构。 例如： the front door of the house was painted red. 那屋子的前门被漆成了红色。 there is a map of the world on the front wall of our classroom.
　　我们教室前面的墙上有一幅世界地图。 4）名词所有格后面跟地点，往往要将地点名词省略。 例如： my sister often goes to my uncle’s. 我的妹妹经常到我叔叔家去。 you look ill. you’d better go to the doctor’s. 你脸色不好，最好去看看病。 5）被名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提出到过，一般可以省略。 例如： i am using my dictionary. you can use tom’s. 我们字典我正在用，你可以用汤姆的。 our bedroom is much larger than john and dick’s. 我们的寝室比约翰私迪克的大得多， （六）可数名词和不可数名词的数量表达1．两种名词都有能修饰的数量词有：some, any, plenty of, a lot of, lots of等。 例如： please give me some paper. 请给我一些纸。 i don’t want to borrow any magazines. 我不想借什么杂志。 2．用来修饰可数名词的数量词有：many, several. hundreds of, a number of, a pair of, a few, few等。 例如： you have made quite a few spelling mistakes in your composition. 你的俄文中有很多拼写错误。 several days later, a group of students went to help the old man. 几天以后，一群学生去帮助了那位老人。 3．用来修饰不可数名词的数量词有：much, a great deal of, a bit of, a drop of, a piece of, quite a little, little,等。 例如： i want a piece of red chalk. 我想要一支红粉笔。 please give her a bit of bread. 请给她一点面包。 （七）名词的用法 1．作主语 例如： the radio says that it may stop raining later. 广播说一会儿雨可能会停。 2．作表语 例如：
　　class 3 were the winners. 三班获胜了。 3．作宾语 例如： i told him a story. 我给他讲了个故事。 4．作宾语补足语 例如： he named her jenny. 他给她取名詹妮。 5．作定语 例如： we are discussing the population problem. 我们正在讨论人口问题。 6．作状语 例如： he sat here a long time. 他坐在这儿很久了。 7．与介词组成词组 例如： i am working hard on my chinese. 我正在努力学习汉语。 8．作介词宾语 例如： give the money to your sister. 把钱给你姐姐。
　　三、随堂监测a组 i. 写出下列名词的复数形式： 1. house _________ 2. village ___________ 3. map __________ 4. orange _________ 5. bag ___________ 6. exercise ___________ 7. brush __________ 8. family ___________ 9. bus ___________ 10. city __________ 11. box ___________ 12. baby __________ 13. class __________ 14. factory _________ 15. glass __________ 16. dictionary __________ 17. watch _________ 18. woman _________ 19. match __________ 20. man _________ 21. wish __________ 22. german __________ 23. tomato _________ 24. policeman ___________ 25. kilo __________ 26. human _________ 27. potato ___________ 28. chinese __________ 29. shelf __________ 30. japanese __________ 31. leaf ___________ 32. american __________33. life ___________ 34. tooth __________ 35. wife ___________ 36. foot ___________37. knife __________ 38. sheep __________ 39. half ___________ 40. child __________ ii. 将下列词组译成英语： 1、一群孩子 2、两箱子苹果 3、三篮子蔬菜 4、九块面包 5、十杯牛奶 6、五块肉 7、多种植物 8、一副眼镜 9、两块冰 10、三张纸 11、四瓶橘汁 12、五杯茶 13、六碗米饭 14、七袋米 15、八块木头 16、九块金属 iii. 写出下列各词的名词形式： 1. work _________ 2. teach _________ 3. sing ________ 4. ill ___________ 5. fight ___________ 6. invent ________ 7. wait ________ 8. woolen __________ 9. win ____________ 10. thankful ________ 11. foreign _________ 12. cloudy ________ 13. run __________ 14. dirty __________ 15. visit _________ 16. funny __________ 17. wooden ________ 18. medical ________ 19. operate ________ 20. hot __________ 21. invite __________22. worried ________ 23. build __________ 24. please ________ 25. help _________ 26. safe _________ 27. die _________ 28. dangerous _______ 29. draw ________ 30. noisy ________
　　四、随堂监测b组 ⅳ. 选择填空： 1. i want to buy ________. a. two bottles of ink b. two bottle of ink c. two bottle of inks d. two bottles of inks 2. they don’t have to do _______ today. a. much homework b. many homeworks c. many homework d. much homeworks3. the ______ of machine made us feel sick. a. voice b. noise c. sound d. noises 4. the blouse is made of ________. a. a wool b. these wood c. wools d. wool 5. there are three ______ and seven ______ in the picture. a. cows, sheeps b. cows, sheep c. cow, sheep d. cow, sheeps 6. june 1 is _______. a. children’s day b. children’s day c. children’s day d. children’s day 7. ______ room is next to their parents’. a. kate’s and joan’s b. kate’s and joan c. kate and joan’s d. kate and joan 8. miss green is a friend of _______. a. mary’s mother’s b. mary’s mother c. mary mother’s d. mother’s of mary 9. tom is ______. he will come to see me. a. my a friend b. a friend c. mine friend d. a friend of mine 10. sheep _______ white and milk _______ also white. a. is, are b. are, is c. is, is d. are, are11. i’d like to have a glass of milk and _______. a. two breads b. two pieces of breads c. two pieces of bread d. two piece of bread 12. it’s a long ______ to paris. it’s two thousand kilometers. a. street b. road c. way d. end 13. many ______ are singing over there. a. woman b. women c. girl d. child 14. he bought _______. a. two pairs of shoes b. two pair of shoes c. two pairs of shoe d. two pair of shoe 15. mr. white has three _______. a. child b. children c. childs d. childrens 16. beijing is one of the biggest _______ in the world. a. citys b. city c. cityes d. cities
　　17. --- where’s mr. white? --- he’s in _______. a. the room 202 b. room 202 c. the room 202 d. room 202 18. shops, hospitals and schools are all _______. a. places b. homes c. rooms d. buildings 19. every morning mr. smith takes a _______ to his office. a. 20 minutes’ walks b. 20 minute’s walk c. 20-minutes walk d. 20-minute walk 20. ---are these ______? --- no, they aren’t. they’re _______. a. sheep, cows b. sheep, cow c. sheeps, cow d. sheeps, cows 21. there are many ______ in the fridge. a. fish b. fruit c. eggs d. bread 22. --- whose room is this? --- it’s _______. a. li ming b. li ming’s c. li mings d. li mings’ 23. here are ______ for you, sue. a. potatos b. some potatoes c. three tomatos d. some tomato24. here are some birthday cards with our best ______ for her. a. wish b. hope c. wishes d. hopes 25. i always go to that ______ to buy food on sunday. a. shop b. park c. zoo d. garden 26. what’s the chinese for ＂ prc＂? a. 中国人民解放军 b. 中华人民共和国 c. 联合国 d. 中国共产党 27. sam gave ann some _______ to look after polly while he was away. a. picture-books b. inventions c. instructions d. messages 28. --- which of the following animals lives only in china? --- the ________. a. monkey b. elephant c. panda d. cat 29. ______ room is on the 5th floor. a. lucy and lily b. lucy and lily’s c. lucy’s and lily d. lucy’s and lily’s 30. the third month of the year is _______. a. march b. january c. february d. april31. mum, i’m quite thirsty. please give me ________. a. two orange b. two bottle of oranges c. two bottles of orange d. two bottles of oranges 32. how wonderful! the ______ is made of _______. a. house, glass b. house, glasses c. houses, glass d. houses, glasses 33. i met some ______ in the park and talked with them the other day. a. janpaneses b. american c. chineses d. english 34. _______ is the best time for planting trees. a. summer b. winter c. spring d. autumn 35. tom was badly hurt in the match. they carried him to the ______ as quickly as possible. a. bank b. post office c. shop d. hospital 36. there are two ______ in the room. a. shelf b. shelfs c. shelfes d. shelves
　　37. there are seven ______ in a week. a. years b. months c. days d. minutes 38. my father is a ______. he works in a hospital. a. teacher b. doctor c. farmer d. writer 39. it’s very cold today. why don’t you put on your ______? a. watch b. shirt c. sweater d. glasses 40. --- excuse me, are you ______? --- yes, i’m from ________. a. japan, japanese b. china, chinese c. england, english d. american, america v. 各地中考题选编： 1. --- where is tom? --- he’s left a ______ saying that he has something important to do. a. excuse b. message c. exercise d. news 2. there is no ______ in the bus so we have to wait for another bus. a. room b. a room c. rooms d. seats3. --- would you like some ______? --- oh, yes. just a little. a. pears b. oranges c. sugar d. apples 4. you can find the following instructions on _______. keep in a cold place a. food b. money c. clothes d. books 5. mr. green has lived in the _____ hotel since he came to china.a. five-star b. five-stars c. five star’s d. five stars 6. she was born in wuhan, but beijing has become her second _______. a. home b. family c. house d. place 7. --- what’s the _____ today? --- it’s june 26. a. day b. date c. time d. hour 8. english is spoken as a first language in ______. a. the usa b. india c. japan d. china9. ______ comes from cows. a. wool b. chicken c. pork d. milk 10. which of the following does paper burn in? a. b. c. d. 11. let the children go away. they’re making too much ______ here. a. noise b. voice c. noisy d. sounds 12. ______ comes from sheep and some people like eating it. a. wool b. pork c. mutton d. milk 13. --- oh, there isn’t enough ______ for us in the lift. --- it doesn’t matter, let’s wait for the next. a. ground b. floor c. place d. room 14. _______ is the biggest city in china. a. beijing b. shanghai c. guangzhou d. kunming15. the englishman stephenson (史蒂芬孙), invented _______. a. the ship b. the car c. the plane d. the train
　　冠词重点知识归纳及讲解 （一）概说 1．冠词是一种虚词，不能独立担任一个成分，只能附着在一个名词上，帮助说明其词义。英语中有两个冠词： 1）定冠词the 2）不定冠词a/an 定冠词the通常读作[]，在元音前读作[i]，特别强调或单念时读作[i:]。 不定冠词在元音音素开始的单词前用an这个形式，读作[n]；在其他情况下则使用a，读作[]。 2．冠词的基本意义 不定冠词a/an与数词one同源，表示＂一个＂的意思，用在可数名词单数前。 例如： she is a nurse. 她是个护士。 he is an englishman, with an irish wife. 他是一位英国人，有一个爱尔兰妻子。 定冠词the，与this同源，有＂这（那）个＂的意思，但比较弱，表示一（几）个特定的人或东西，有时可译作＂这个（些）＂或＂那个（些）＂。 例如： that’s the book you want. 这就是你要的那本书。 who’s the young man over there? 那边那个年轻人是谁？ 但在很多情况下，＂这＂或＂那＂这类词在译文中并不出现。 例如： put it on the table. 把它放在桌上。 shut the door, please. 请把门关上。 3．特指和泛指 一般来说，名词有特指和泛指两种情况，请比较下面的句子： a gentleman is asking to see you. 有位先生要求见你。（泛指） ask the gentleman to come in. 请那位先生进来。（特指） 在特指时一般前面要加定冠词，而泛指时则有三种情况：
　　1）在可数名词单数前加不定冠词。 例如： she sent me a postcard 她寄给我一张明信片。 2）在可数名词复数前可不加冠词，可使用some, any这类词。 例如： these are new words. 这些是生词。 she sent me some flowers. 她送给我一些花。 3）在不可数名词前多不加什么，有时也可加some, any等。 例如： it’s lovely weather. 天气真好。 do you want any sugar in your tea? 你茶里要放点糖吗？ give us some help. 给我们一些帮助。 （二）不定冠词的基本用法 1．泛指某一类人或事物中的一个，代表某一类别（不一定译为＂一＂） 例如： his father is a doctor. 他父亲是医生。 2．代表某一类人或事物，相当于any（+名词）（不必译为＂一＂，但必须用a，表示类别） 例如： a horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。 3．指某人或某物（不是指某一类），但不具体说明何人或何物（一般译为＂一＂） 例如： this book was written by a worker. 这本书是一位工人写的。 4．表示数量，有＂一＂的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈（一般译为＂一＂） 例如： wait a moment. 等一下。 5．表示单位，相当于＂每＂的意思 例如：we have three meals a day. 我们每日吃三餐。 6．用于某此固定词组中
　　例如： a few, a little, a bit (of), a lot of等。 （三）定冠词的基本用法 1．特指某（些）人或某（些）事物 例如： give me the book. 把那本书给我。 2．指谈话双方都知道的人或事物 例如： where is the doctor? 医生在哪儿？ 3．再次提到上文提到过的人或事物 例如： i bought a dictionary yesterday. the dictionary is at home. 昨天我买了一本词典。词典在家里。 4．用在大家所熟悉的、世界上独一无二的事物 例如： the earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun. 地球比月亮大，但比太阳小。 5．用在序数词和形容词最高级前 例如： mr wang teaches the first class. 王先生上第一节课。 of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth. 在所有的恒星中，太阳离地球最近。 6．用在单数可数名词，表示某一类人或事物 例如：the horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。 7．与下列专有名词连用 1）在江、河、湖、海、群岛、山脉的名称前 例如： the changjiang river, the great lake 2）在姓氏的复数名词前，表示夫妇二人或全家人 例如： the greens are sitting at the breakfast table. 格林一家人正围坐在早餐桌旁。 8．和某些形容词连用，表示一类人 例如： the old 老人 the young 年轻人 the rich 富人 the poor 穷人 the sick 病人 the dead 死人
　　9．在一些习惯说法中 the east (west, south, north) in the morning (afternoon, evening) on the left (right) in the end go to the cinema （四）不用冠词的几种情况 1．在专有名词，抽象名词和物质名词前 例如： have you ever been to shanghai? 你到过上海吗？ we love science. 我们爱好科学。 2．在表示一类人或事物的复数名词前 例如： girls can be scientists. 女孩子可以当科学家。 3．在季节、月份、星期、一日三餐的名称前 例如： it is hot in summer. 夏天天气热。 it’s tuesday, august the 22nd. 今天是八月二十二日，星期三。 have you had breakfast? 你吃过早饭没有？ 4．称呼语或表示头衔，职务的名词前 例如： what’s the matter with you, mike? 怎么啦，迈克？ he is headmaster of our school. 他是我们学校的校长。 5．学科和球类运动的名称前 例如： we study english. 我们学习英语。 do you like to play football? 你喜欢踢足球吗？ 6．名词前已有用作定语的this, that my, your, some, any, no, whose, every, each等代词时，不用冠词 例如： that is her bike.
　　那是她的自行车。 each student in his class studies hard. 这个班的每个学生都努力学习。 7．在某些固定词组的名词前 例如： at home, at night, after school, by bus, in bed, in town, in front of, go to school, go to bed等。
　　三、随堂监测a组 i. 在下列句子的空格中填上适当的冠词，不需要的地方用＂/＂表示： 1. this is ______ old map. it is ______ useful map. 2. we have no classes in ______ afternoon on _______ saturday.3. ______ spaceship flies at about eleven kilometers _______second. 4. beijing is ______ capital of ______ china. it is _______ beautiful city. 5. roman was not built in ______ day. 6. chinese is quite ______ difficult language for mike. 7. many ______ students will take ______ active part in sports meet. 8. there is ______ interesting picture on ______ wall. 9. jenny found ______ wallet lying on ______ground. ______ wallet was mr. black’s. 10. which is ______ biggest, ______ sun, ______ moon, or ______ earth? 11. --- which picture is more beautiful? --- ______one on ______ left, i think. 12. --- which is _____ way to ______ hospital? --- go down this road and turn left on ______ second crossing. 13. _______ more, _______ better. 14. _______ turners are sitting at breakfast table. 15. joe hill was _______ fighter for ______ working class. 16. when was ______ people’s republic of china founded? 17. in china ______ first english textbooks were published in _____late nineteenth century. 18. after ______ breakfast he went to ______ school on ______ foot. 19. ______ huanghe river lies in ______ north of china. 20. he likes playing ______ football. his sister likes playing ______ piano. ii. 单项选择： 1. 上学 a. go to school b. go to the school c. go to a school 2. 住院 a, in the hospital b. in a hospital c. in hospital 3. 此刻 a. at the moment b. at a moment c. at moment 4. 在课堂上 a. in class b. in a class c. in the class 5. 在地球上 a. on earth b. on an earth c. on the earth 6. 步行 a. on foot b. on the foot c. on feet 7. 吃饭 a. at a table b. at the table c. at table 8. 乘公共汽车a. take bus b. by bus c. by the bus9. 在家 a. at the home b. at a home c. at home 10. 在工作 a. at work b. at the work c. at works 11. 跳高 a. jump high b. high jump c. the high jump 12. 坐飞机 a. by air b. by the air c. on air
　　13. 乘火车 a. by the train b. by train c. on train 14. 在校学习 a. in the school b. in school c. in schools 15. 睡觉 a. go to bed b. go to the bed c. go to a bed 16. 感冒 a. have a cold b. have the cold c. have cold 17. 乘船 a. by ship b. on ship c. by a ship 18. 玩得痛快a. have good times b. have a good time c. have good times 19. 事实上 a. in the fact b. in facts c. in fact 21. 从早到晚a. from morning to the evening b. from morning to evening c. from a morning to an evening
　　四、随堂监测b组 iii. 选择填空： 1. there is ______ old woman in the car. a. / b. the c. a d. an 2. shanghai is in _______ east of china. a. / b. an c. the d. a3. bill is ______ english teacher. he likes playing ______ football. a. a, the b. an, the c. a, / d. /, / 4. the museum is quite far. it will take you half _____ hour to go there by ______ bus. a. an, / b. an, a c. a, / d. /, / 5. the story is ______ interesting. that means it is ______ interesting story. a. an, the b. the, a. c. /, an d. /, a 6. let’s go for ______ walk, shall we? a. a b. an c. the d. / 7. this is ______ interesting story-book and it is also ______ useful one. a. a, a b. an, an c. an, a d. a, an 8. _______ woman over there is ______ popular teacher in our school. a. a, an b. the, a c. the , the d. a, the 9. they passed our school ______ day before yesterday. a. an b. one c. a d. the 10. australia is ______ english-speaking country. a. a b. an c. the d. / 11. don’t play ______ basketball here. it’s dangerous. a. a b. an c. / d. the 12. this is ______ apple. it’s _______ big apple. a. an, a b. a, the c. a, an d. an, the 13. --- have you seen ______ bag? i left it here just now.--- is it ______ one on the chair near the door? a. a, a b. the, the c. a, the d. the, a 14. i have ______ blue coat. a. a b. an c. the d. some 15. this is _____ orange. _______ orange is on the table. a. a, the b. an, the c. an, an d. the, an 16. have you had ______ breakfast? a. a b. an c. the d. / 17. he wondered when the doctor could finish _____ operation.
　　a. a b. an c. the d. any 18. after ______ supper, he stayed at home and played ______ violin. a. the, the b. /, the c. /, a d. /, / 19. there is ______ apple on the plate. a. a b. an c. the d. / 20. he said that he got ______ ＂ c＂ in the test. a. a b. an c. the d. / 21. ______ new bridge has been built over ______ huangpu river. a. the, a b. a, / c. a, the d. an, an 22. english is _______ useful language in ______ world. a. an, the b. a, the c. the, the d. an, an 23. in the word ＂ cariage＂ _______ ＂ r＂ is lost.a. the b. an c. a d. / 24. with the help of his teacher he studied hard and got ______ ＂ a＂ in the test. a. a b. an c. the d. one 25. i have two dogs. ______ black one is two years old and ______ yellow one is three years old. a. a, a b. the, a c. the, the d. a. the 26. li dan can play ______ piano very well. a. / b. a c. an d. the 27. what ______ interesting film it is! i like ______ film very much. a. a, the b. a, a c. an, the d. the, / 28. ______ tall man over there is our ______ english teacher. a. a, the b. the, a c. a, an d. the, /
　　代词
　　一、本周内容概述 1．代词的作用 严格地讲，代词是代替名词的，在句子中起名词的作用，可用作： 1）主语 例如： this is our new home. 这是我们的新家。 who is on the phone? 谁在打电话？ 2）宾语 例如： take good care of yourself. 多多保重。 we should help each other. 我们应互相帮助。 3）表语 例如： that’s not mine. 那不是我的。 who is it? —it’s me. 谁呀？ —是我。 4）同位语 例如： we both live in the dormitory. 我们两人都住宿舍。 he ate them all. 他把它们全吃了。 5）呼语 例如： be patient, everybody. 大家都耐心点。 2．代词的分类 代词通常可分为以下八类： 1）人称代词（i, you, he , we等） 2）物主代词（our, your, their, his等） 3）反身代词（myself, ourselves, yourself, itself等） 4）相互代词（each other, one another）
　　5）指示代词（this, that, these, those等） 6）疑问代词（who, what, which, whose等） 7）关系代词（who, that, which, whose等） 8）不定代词（both, all, some, any等）
　　二、重点知识归纳及讲解 （一）人称代词 1．人称代词的单数、复数和主格、宾格 数 格 人称 单数 复数 主格 宾语 主格 宾格 第一人称 i 我 me we 我们 us 第二人称 you 你 you you 你们 you 第三人称 he 他 she 她 it 它 him her it 他们 they 她们 它们 them 2．人称代词的用法 1）人称代词的主格在句子中充当主语 例如： i am studying english now. 我现在正在学英语。 we love our country. 我们热爱我们的国家。 如果有几个人称代词并列充当主语，它们的顺序是： 单数形式 you, he and i 复数形式 we, you and they 2）人称代词的宾语在句子中充当宾语、介词宾语或表语。 例如： can you help us? 你能帮助我们吗？ we are waiting for them. 我们正在等他们。 who is there? it’s me. 是谁呀？是我。 （二）物主代词 物主代词用来表示人和物之间的所有关系，这类代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种，并有不同的人称和单复数之分。
　　2．形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词的主要用法区别 1）形容词性物主代词不能独立使用，只作定语，用来修饰后面的名词。 例如： my parents are both doctors. 我的父母都是医生。 we saw a film yesterday. its name was speed. 我们昨天看了一场电影，片名是《生死时速》。 2）名词性物主代词应独立使用，后面不跟名词，相当于形容词性物主代词+名词，它们在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。 例如： is this her pen? no, hers is red. （主语） 这是她的钢笔吗？不，她的是红色的。 let’s clean their room first, and then clean ours. （宾语） 咱们先打扫他们的房间，然后再打扫我们的。 these letters are his.（表语） 这些信是他的。 （三）反身代词 反身代词用来表示反射或强调。 1．反身代词的形式 人称 一 二 三 单数 myself yourself himself herself itself 复数 ourselves yourselves themselves 2．反身代词的用法 1）在句子中作宾语，表示动作回射到动作的执行者本身。 例如： my grandmother is too old to look after herself. 我奶奶年纪太大了，照顾不了她自己。 lei feng was always ready to help others, he never thought of himself. 雷锋总是乐于帮助别人，从不考虑自己。 2）在句中作名词或代词的同位语，用来加强语气，常可译为＂亲自＂、＂本人＂等。在这种情况下，反身代词可以紧跟名词或代词之后，也可以放到句末。 例如： we ourselves will build the factory. 我们将自己建造这个工厂。
　　he spoke to me myself. 他对我本人说话。 3）反身代词在实际运用中可构成许多常用词组。 例如： by oneself 亲自 for oneself 为自己 call oneself 称自己 teach oneself 自学 help oneself to 随意吃 lose oneself 迷路 speak to oneself 自言自语 seat oneself 就座 make oneself understood 让别人懂得自己的意思 （四）指示代词 指示代词是表示＂这个＂、＂那个＂、＂这些＂、＂那些＂等指示概念的代词，如：this, that, these, those等。英语中指示代词的用法同汉语中的情况相似。this和these一般用来指较近的事物，that和those则指较远的事物。指示代词可以充当句子中的主语、定语、宾语或表语。 例如： this is a difficult question. 这是个难题。 that basketball isn’t ours. 那个篮球不是我们的。 do you like these? 你喜欢这些吗？ （五）不定代词 不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词的代词。 1．不定代词有以下形式： some, somebody, someone, something, any, anybody, anyone, anything, nobody, nothing, all, both, neither, none, either, each, everybody, everyone, everything, other, another, much ,one 2．不定代词在句子中的作用： 1）作主语 例如： everyone has come. let’s begin. 大家都到了，我们开始吧。 both of his parents are doctors. 他的父母都是医生。 one is the teacher, the others are students. 一人是老师，其余的是学生。 2）作宾语 例如： this one is too small, please show me another. 这个太小，请另外拿一个给我看看。 please introduce me to the others. 请把我介绍给所有其他的人。
　　3）作表语 例如： that’s all for today. 今天就到这儿吧。 it’s too much for me. 这件事非我力所能及。 3．常见不定代词的用法讲解 1）some和any a．some常用于肯定句，any多用于否定句，疑问句或条件状语从句，两者都可以代替可数或不可数名词。 例如： some say yes and some say no. 有的人说是，有的人说不是。 i don’t like any of them. 我对他们一个也不喜欢。 does any of them know this? 他们当中有谁知道吗？ b．如果在提问时期待对方肯定回答，或鼓励别人说yes时，疑问句中的不定代词要用some，不用any。 例如： would you like some of the tickets? 你想要些票吗？ c．在强调＂任何一个＂意思的时候，any也可用于肯定句。 例如： you can take any of the newspapers here. 你可以拿这儿任何一份报纸。 2）either和neither either用于肯定，neither用于否定，二者均限于两个个体的情况。 例如： you can see tall trees on either of the river banks. 在河的两岸你们能看到高大的树。 neither of them wants to see the film with me. 他们两个谁也不想和我去看电影。 3）one和ones（one的复数形式） one可以指某人，人人或某物，也可以用来代替上文中提及的可数名词，以避免用词的重复。当one指人时，其反身代词为oneself，所有格形式是one’s。 例如： one should follow the laws. 人人应该遵守法律。 the one in red is our monitor. 穿红衣服的那位是我们的班长。
　　shanghai has a lot of new buildings, but it also has many old ones. 上海有很多新的建筑物，也有不少老的建筑物。 4）复合不定代词 复合不定代词是由some, any, no, every同body，one, thing等词构成的代词。复合不定代词都可看作单数，表示＂某人＂或＂某物＂，并在句中作主语、宾语或表语。同some和any在用法上的区别一样，some, someone和something一般用于肯定句，anybody, anyone和anything一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中。 例如： we want somebody to help us. 我们想要有人来帮助我们。have you found anything here? 你们在这儿发现什么了吗？ if anyone comes to visit us, tell him we have gone to the cinema. 如果有人来访，就告诉他我们去电影院了。 表示人的复合不定代词后面都可以加’s构成所有格。 例如： somebody’s wallet has just been stolen. 有人的钱包刚刚被偷了。 复合不定代词要求后置定语。 例如： we will have something important to do this afternoon. 今天下午我们有些重要事情要做。 （六）疑问代词 疑问代词是用来构成特殊疑问句的代词，如who, whom, whose, what和which等。 在疑问句中，疑问代词一般都放在句首，并在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。 例如： who is your maths teacher?（表语） 谁是你们的数学老师？ whose bag is that?（定语） 那是谁的书包？ who teaches you english?（主语） 谁教你们英语？ whom are you talking about?（宾语） 你们在谈论谁？ （七）相互代词 相互代词是表示相互关系的代词，其形式如下表。 主格和宾格 所有格 each other one another each other’s one another’s 在当代英语中，each other和one another意思上没有区别，它们在句中可以作宾语，其所有格可以作定语。 （互相） （彼此的）
　　例如： do you often help each other? 你们经常互相帮助吗？ we are interested in one another’s work. 我们对彼此的工作感兴趣。
　　三、随堂监测a组 i. 选择填空： 1．this dictionary is not hers. it’s _______. a. i b. me c. mine d. my 2. --- is this ______ magazine? --- no, it isn’t. it’s ________. a. your, her b. hers, mine c. yours, hers d. your, hers 3. there are two books on the desk. one is a maths book, _______ is an english book. a. others b. other c. the other d. another 4. _______ of the girls plays tennis well. a. neither b. both c. all d. some 5. mary speaks very quickly. _______ is difficult to understand what she is saying. a. that b. she c. it d. there6. the school was built by the villagers _______. a. us b. ourselves c. them d. themselves 7. he put a finger into ______ mouth and sucked it. a. his b. he c. him d. his’s 8. he is always ready to help ______. a. another b. others c. the other d. other 9. let _______ do this exercise myself. a. him b. her c. us d. me 10. have you _______ to tell us? a. important something b. something important c. important anything d. anything important 11. i met an old friend of ______ on ______ way home. a. mine, my b. my, the c. mine, a d. mine, the 12. ______ of the students in our class has a ticket. a. every b. both c. each d. all 13. there are several books on the desk.. _____ of them is english. a. all b. both c. none d. neither 14. _______ live in shanghai. a. we b. our c. ours d. ourselves 15. --- is this ______ jacket? --- yes, it’s _______. a. her, her b. her, hers c. hers, her d. hers, hers 16. --- _______ is that boy? --- he’s my son. a. who b. whom c. what d. which
　　17. _______ humans ______ animals can live without air. a. both, and b. neither, nor c. either, or d. not only, but also 18. they have twenty-six desks in the classroom. one is for the teacher, ______ are for the students. a. the other b. other c. the others d. others 19. my dictionary is in my bag. where is _______? a. yours b. you c. yourself d. your 20. i think you can do the job ______. a. yourself b. myself c. himself d. your 21. --- which jacket is mary’s? --- the red one is _______. a. she b. her c. hers d. his 22. my uncle was so angry that he was no ______ when he found i was beating his dog. a. him b. his c. himself d. he 23. there are many trees on ______ side of the street. a. all b. both c. every d. each 24. _____ is important for us to keep the balance of nature. a. there b. that c. this d. it 25. she can’t find ______ watch. a. hers b. it c. her d. it’s 26. there is ______ milk in the glass. a. many b. little c. few d. a few 27. please pass ______ the cap of tea. a. me b. my c. mine d. i 28. have you heard from ______ recently? a. them b. they c. themselves d. their 29. there is _____water in the bottle. a. not b. some c. any d. many 30. there isn’t ______ food left on the table. a. many b. few c. much d. little 31. sorry, i can’t answer your question. i know ______ about the news.a. a little b. little c. few d. a few 32. this is his schoolbag, ______ is on the desk. a. my b. yours c. your d. you 33. we made the radio ______. a. us b. ourselves c. myself d. our 34. would please give me ______ hot tea? a. one b. little c. some d. any 35. --- would you like some milk in your tea? --- yes, just _______. a. a little b. little c. a few d. few 36. this question is so difficult that ______ students can answer it. a. few b. a few c. little d. a little
　　37. they have only _________ homework for sunday. a. few b. a few c. little d. a little 38. they told us about their school and we told them about_______. a. we b.us c. our d. ours 39. this blue suit looks better than the green ________. a. / b. one c. suits d. ones 40. _________ is your father ,a worker or a teacher? a. how b. which c. what d. who
　　四、随堂监测b组 ii. 中考题集： 1．--- whose painting is this? it’s really wonderful! --- oh, it’s not ________ . it’s _________ . a. hers; your b. mine; elsa’s c. yours; he’s d. his; my 2．_________ of the twins went to watch peking opera last sunday. they were staying at home all that day. a. either b. both c. neither d. one 3．the english novel is quite easy for you. there are __________ new words in it. a. a little b. little c. a few d. few 4．this ruler is mine. __________ is over there. a. she b. she’s c. her d. hers 5．i’ll tell you ________ news about the sports meeting. a. many b. some c. a few 6．all the boys were very tired, but _______ of them would take a rest. a. all b. neither c. any d. none 7．every day mr. hu checks _________ homework and corrects the mistakes we make. a. his b. her c. our d. its 8．--- when shall we meet again, this afternoon or tonight? --- i don’t mind. _________ time is ok. a. either b. every c. neither d. both 9．the old man has two sons. one is a worker ; ________ is a teacher. a. another b. other c. others d. the other 10．pass _________ the knife, please. my pencil is broken. a. i b. me c. my d. mine 11．--- which do you prefer, orange juice or coke? --- _________, thanks. i’d like just a cup of tea. a. either b. neither c. both d. none 12．bob couldn’t buy the dictionary because he had _________ money with him. a. a few b. few c. a little d. little 13．this is not my dictionary. it’s ________. a. her b. his c. your d. their 14．--- oh! i came n a hurry and forgot to bring food. --- never mind. you can have _________ . a. us b. ours c. you d. yours
　　15．--- the watch is so nice! is it for ________? --- yes. happy birthday. mary!--- thank you very much. a. his b. me c. my d. hers 16．--- may i use your pen? --- yes, here are two and you can use ________ of them. a. both b. every c. any d. either 17．--- whose book is this? --- it’s ________ . a. my b. mine c. me d. i 18．--- how many more oranges can i have ? --- you can have one more. __________ are for tom. a. the others b. another c. others d. the other 19．--- can i talk to you for a minute, brain? --- sure, i have _______ time. a. a few b. little c. few d. a little 20．their english teacher is from america, but ________ is from england. a. ours b. my c. your d. her 21．anne has a son. _______ name is edward. a. her b. his c. hers d. him 22．this isn’t my sweater. it’s __________ , i think. a. she b. her c. hers d. mine 23．hurry up! there’s _________ time left. a. few b. a few c. little d. a little 24．--- could i have some milk? --- certainly. there’s ________ in the bottle. a. little b. a little c. a few d. few 25．you can’t see many of the stars in the sky because __________ are too far away. a. they b. their c. them d. theirs 26．lei feng asked _________ for return when he helped others. a. everything b. nothing c. anything d. something 27．--- is it your ticket? --- no, _________ is in my pocket. it’s ________. a. mine; her b. my; his c. mine; hers d. my; hers 28．can you tell me ________ she is waiting for? a. why b. whose c. whom d. which 29．miss brown will teach ________ english next term. a. us b. we c. our d. ours 30．there is _________ in today’s newspaper. a. new anything b. new something c. anything new d. something new
　　数词
　　一、本周内容概述 表示数目和顺序的词叫数词。数词可分为基数词和序数词两类。
　　二、重点知识归纳及讲解 （一）基数词 基数词用来表示数目，或者说表示数量的词叫基数词。最基本的基数词如下表所示。 1 one 11 eleven 100 a hundred 2 two 12 twelve 20 twenty 1000 a thousand 3 three 13 thirteen 30 thirty 1，000，000 a million 4 four 14 fourteen 40 forty 10，000，000 ten million 5 five 15 fifteen 50 fifty 100，000，000 a hundred million 6 six 16 sixteen 60 sixty 1，000，000，000 a billion 7 seven 17 seventeen 70 seventy 8 eight 18 eighteen 80 eighty 9 nine 19 nineteen 90 ninety 10 ten 说明： 1．13—19是由个位数加后缀-teen构成。注意其中13、15的拼写是thirteen和fifteen。 2．20—90由个位数加后缀-ty构成，注意其中20—50的拼写分别是twenty, thirty, forty 和fifty;80的拼写是eighty。 3．其它非整十的两位数21—99是由整十位数加连字符＂-＂，再加个位数构成。如： 81 eighty-one。 4．101—999的基数词先写百位数，后加and再写十位数和个位数。如： 691 six hundred and ninety-one。5．1000以上的基数词先写千位数，后写百位数，再加and，最后写十位数和个位数。 如：5893 five thousand eight hundred and ninety-three。 在基数词中只有表示＂百＂、＂千＂的单位词，没有单独表示＂万＂、＂亿＂的单位词，而是用thousand（千）和million（百万）来表达，其换算关系为：1万=10 thousand;1亿=100 million; 10亿=a thousand million=a billion。 7．多位数的读法： 1）1000以上的多位数，要使用计数间隔或逗号＂，＂。即从个位起，每隔三位加一个间隔或逗号。第一个间隔或逗号前是thousand（千），第二个间隔或逗号前是million（百万），第三个间隔或逗号前是a thousand million或a billion(十亿)。 2）每隔三位分段以后就都成了101—999。读的时候十位数（或个位数）的前面一般要加and。如： 888，000，000读作：eight hundred and eighty-eight million。 （二）、基数词的用法 1．基数词的复数形式表示大量的 的数目。 在这种情况下，表示单位的基数词(hundred, thousand, million, billion)不能在词尾加-s。 例如： two hundred students 二百个学生 five thousand years 五千年 2．基数词的复数形式表示大量的 的数目，在这种情况下，表示单位的基数词词尾加-s，要与of短语连用。 3．基数词在句中的作用 基数词的作用相当于名词和形容词，它在句子中可充当主语，宾语，表语和定语。 例如： three and five is eight. 3+5=8 主语 表语 how many oranges do you want?你要多少桔子？ i want eight. 我要八个。 宾语 there are eight boats in the lake. 湖里有八条小船。 定语 （三）序数词 表示顺序的词，叫序数词。序数词用来表示数词顺序。除特殊情况外，序数词一般都由相应的基数词加后缀-th构成。 请见下表： 第一到第十 第十一到第十九 第二十以上 first eleventh twentieth second twelfth thirtieth third thirteenth fortieth fourth fourteenth fiftieth fifth fifteenth sixtieth sixth sixteenth seventieth seventh seventeenth eightieth eighth eighteenth ninetieth ninth nineteenth hundredth tenth thousandth 说明： 1．英语中表示第一、第二、第三的序数词属特殊形式，要注意它们的拼写。 2．表示＂几十＂的序数词通常是将基数词词尾y变成i再加上后缀-eth。 3．其余的二位数序数词是以相应的整十基数词加个位序数词。如：fifty-first（第五十一）。 4．少数序数词拼法不规则，如：fifth（第五），eighth（第八），ninth（第九），twelfth（第十二）等。 注意： 1．序数词可缩写为阿拉伯数字加序数词最后两个字母。 例如： 第一：(the) first=1 st 第二：(the) second=2 nd 第三：(the) third=3 rd 第五：(the) fifth=5th第九十七：(the) ninety-seventh=97 th 第一百零一：(the) one hundred (and)first=101st2．编了号的事物要用基数词表示顺序，但是基数词要后置。 例如： 第一课：lesson one 第三十二页：page 32 第305房间：room 305 第12路公共汽车：bas no.12 五、序数词的用法 序数词和基数词一样，也能起名词或形容词作用，在句子中作主语、表语、宾语和定语。例如： the first is bigger than the second. 第一个比第二个大。 主语 give me the first. 把第一个给我。 宾语 she’s often the first to go to school. 她经常第一个去上学。 表语 we’re going to learn the eighth lesson. 我们将要学习第八课。 定语 六、年、月、日和时间的表达法 1．年份用基数词表达，分两位一读，年份前用介词in。 例如： 1999 nineteen ninety-nine XX two thousand XX two thousand and one 2．月份的第一个字母要大写，有些月份名称有缩写形式。 例如： 一月january(jan.), 二月february(feb.), 三月march(mar.), 四月（apr.）,五月may, 六月june, 七月july, 八月august(aug.)，九月september(sep.), 十月october(oct.), 十一月november(nov.), 十二月december(dec.)。 3．日期的表达要用序数词，读时前面要加定冠词the,介词要使用on。 例如： 在6月1日：on june 1 st 读作：on june the first. 年、月、日同时表达时，一般应先写月、日、后写年。 例如：
　　在XX年5月4日：on may 4 th, XX。 4．年代用基数词的复数表示。 例如： 20世纪90年代：nineteen nineties 21世纪20年代：twenty twenties 5．时间表达法：时间可用顺读法或倒读法两种方式表达。 例如： 顺读法 倒读法 5：00 five (o’clock) 6：18 six eighteen eighteen past six 12：15 twelve fifteen fifteen (a quarter) past twelve 4：30 four thirty half past four 5：50 five fifty ten to six 6：45 six forty-five a quarter to seven 注意： 1）表示整点时间，直接用基数词表达，后边可接o’clock (也可不加)。表达＂几点几分＂时，绝不能用o’clock。 2）表达＂15分＂或＂45分＂时，常用quarter（刻）。 3）在倒读法中，如果钟点不过半，须用＂分钟数+past+钟点数＂的形式；如果钟点过半，则用＂差多少分钟数+to+全钟点（下个钟点数）＂的形式。 例如： 8:20 twenty past eight 8:40 twenty to nine 6．分数的表达法 1）分子用基数词，分母用序数词。分子大于1时，分母用复数。 2）小数的读法：小数点前面的数按照基数词的读法，小数点后面的数按照数本身读，小数点读point。
　　例如： 0.38 zero point three eight 96.89 ninety-six point eight nine 3)百分数，在数词后加percent。 例如： 15%读作：fifteen percent 60%读作：sixty percent 7．表示语数 1）…几倍大小（长短，数量）=…几倍（或分数）+the size(length, amount)。 例如： the earth is forty-nine times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。 2）…比…几倍=…倍数（或分数）+形容词（副词）比较级+than+被比部分。 例如： his house is three times bigger than mine. 他的房子比我的房子大三倍。 3）…是…倍=…倍数（或分数）+as +形容词+as +被比部分。 例如： this factory is four times as big as that one. 这个工厂是那个工厂的四倍。 8．表示约数 1）＂多于＂用more than或over。 例如： the street is over(more than) 500 metres long. 这条街有500多米长。 2）＂小于＂用less than。 例如：three are less than 30 people in the classroom. 教室里不到三十人。 3）＂或…以上＂用or more。 例如： the building can hold 5000 people or more. 那座建筑物可容纳5000人或5000人以上。 4）＂或…以下＂用or less。 例如： we can finish the work in two weeks or less. 我们可以在两周内或不到两周完成这件工作。 5）＂大约＂用about, around, nearly等。 例如： the box weighs about 50 pounds. 这箱子重约50镑。
　　6）＂左右＂用or so. 例如： in the past ten years or so, they have changed a lot. 在过去的十年里，他们改变了许多。
　　三、随堂监测a组 i. 写出下列基数词相应的序数词： 1. one __________ 2. two _________ 3. three _________ 4. five ________ 5. eight __________ 6. nine _________ 7. twelve _________ 8. twenty __________ 9. thirty-one __________ 10. forty-four ___________ 11. fifty-seven ____________ ii. 把下列短语译成英语： 1. 第12课 ________________________ 2. 304号房间 _______________________ 3. 半小时 ________________________ 4. 每日三次 _______________________ 5. 第25页 _______________________ 6. 20世纪90年代 ___________________ 7. 4路公共汽车 _____________________ 8. 第15中学 _____________________ 9. 21世纪 _________________________ 10. 两吨半 ______________________ 11. 差一刻三点 _____________________ 12. 第二册 ________________________ 13. 在他五十几岁时 ___________________ 14. 二年级八班 ____________________ 15. 10:45 _____________________________ 16. 第十五单元 ____________________ 17. 第三册第十三课 _______________________ 18. 三分之一 __________________ 19. 三百英镑 _________________________ 20. 1994年3月22日 __________________
　　四、随堂监测b组 iii. 选择填空： 1. 333 reads ___________. a. three hundred and thirty three b. three hundreds and thirty-three c. three hundred and thirty-three d. three hundred thirty-three 2. the _______ month of the year is february. a. one b. first c. two d. second 3. the beautiful skirts are on show in the shop, jane likes _______. a. the ninth b. the nineth c. nine d. ninth4. it took me _______ to finish my homework. a. a half and two hour b. two hour and a half c. two and a half hour d. two and a half hours 5. december is the _______ month of the year. a. twelve b. twelveth c. twelvieth d. twelfth 6. tom bought ______ for himself yesterday. a. two pairs of shoes b. two pair of shoe c. two pair of shoes d. two pairs shoes 7. there are _______ seconds in a minute. a. fourty b. forty c. sixteen d. sixty 8. lin tao gets up at ______ in the morning. a. half past six b. six past half c. past half six d. half six past 9. december ______ is christmas. a. twenty-five b. the twenty-fifth c. the twentieth-five d. twentieth-fifth 10. there are _____ stars in the universe. a. millions b. million of c. millions of d. million 11. monday is the _______ day of the week. a. two b. second c. three d. third 12. mr. black left here _____ ago. a. half a hour b. half an hour c. an half hour d. a half hours 13. there are _____ students in their school. a. nine hundred b. nine hundreds c. nine hundred of d. nine hundreds of 14. there are _____ words in the text of the _____ lesson.a. hundred of, fifth b. a hundred of, fiveth c. hundreds of, fifth d. hundreds of, fiveth 15. we had learned about _____ english words by the end of last term. a. nine hundreds and forty-five b. nine hundreds of and forty-five
　　c. nine hundred and forty-five d. nine hundred and fourty-five iv. 中考题集： 1. about ______ people are in the people’s park at weekends. a. two hundreds b. two hundreds of c. two hundred d. hundred of 2. the water behind the three gorges dam (三峡大坝) should be _____higher than downstream (下游). a. sixty-five meter b. sixty-fifth meter c. sixty-five meters d. sixty-fifth meters 3. in our school several _____ students are able to search the internet for useful information now. a. hundred of b. hundreds for c. hundred d. hundreds 4. i was 8 years old when my father was 31. this year my father is twice my age. how old am i? a. 21 b. 22 c. 23 d. 24 5. when was the prc founded? it was founded on _______. a. july 1, 1921 b. october 1, 1949 c. august 1, 1927 d. may 1, 1922 6. look at the menu:
　　snackshamburger $ 2.60 orange juice $1.20 hot dog $2.15 coffee $1.00 ice cream $2.00 coke regular $0.75 popcorn $1.00 large $1.00 jeff wants to buy a hamburger, a large coke and ice cream. how much will he pay? a. five dollars and sixty cents. b. five dollars and thirty-five cents.c. three dollars and sixty cents. d. two dollars. 7. --- how many workers are there in your factory? --- there are two _______. a. hundreds b. hundred c. hundred of d. hundreds of 8. the film star is going to spend ______ dollars on a new dress for the coming party. a. three thousands b. thousands of c. thousand of d. three thousands of 9. there are ______ doctors and nurses working hard in that hospital. a. thousand b. two thousand c. two thousands d. two thousands of 10. --- how many teachers are there in your school? --- ________, but i’m not sure. a. hundreds b. hundred c. hundreds of d. one hundred 11. i think ______ lesson is the most difficult in this book. a. five b. fifth c. the fifth d. fifteen 1. _______ travelers come to visit our city every year. a. hundred of b. hundreds of c. five hundreds d. hundred 2. the games of ______ olympiad in XX will be held in the city of beijing. a. 29 b. the 29 c. 29th d. the 29th3. fan zhiyi’s transfer to dundee football club at the end of last year aroused ______ chinese people’s interest.a. thousand of b. thousand c. thousands of d. thousands
　　4. about ______ films were shown during the 5th shanghai international film festival. a. two hundred of b. two hundreds of c. two hundred d. two hundreds 5. --- do you have enough men to carry these chairs? --- no. i think we need ______ men. a. another b. two others c. more two d. two more 6. --- can you write the number eight five thousand, six hundred and twenty-six? --- yes, it is _____________. a. 85662 b. 85626 c. 58662 d. 58626 7. there’re ______ students in our grade. a. hundreds of b. three hundreds of c. three hundreds d. three hundreds’ 8. ______ of the workers in this factory is about two hundred, _______ of them are women workers. a. the number, first third b. the number, one third c. a number, half d. a number, three quarters 9. _______ germans come to visit china every year. a. thousands of b. thousands c. thousand of d. two thousands
　　动词（i）
　　重点知识归纳及讲解 一、概述 动词是表示动作或状态的词。句子中的谓语成分是由动词充当的，谓语通常是句中不可缺少的成分，因此动词是英语词类中最重要的一种。动词可以通过本身的变化来表示动作发生的时间以及说话人的语气、态度等。1．动词的种类 动词按其词义和在句中的作用可以分为：行为动词（或称实义动词）、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。详见下表： 动词分类 特征 例词 例句 行 为 动 词 vt./vi. 表示动作或状态。有完整的词义。能独立作谓语。按其带不带宾语、分为及物动词（带宾语）和不及物动词（不带宾语）help帮助（vt.） see看见（vt.） go去（vi.） fly飞（vi.） he often helps me. i can see a bird in the tree. planes can fly. 连 系 动 词 link v. 本身有词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须和表语一起构成谓语（名词性合成谓语） be是 look看起来 seem似乎 get变得 become变成，成为 he is an english teacher. they look the same. 助 动 词 v. aux. 本身无词义，不能独立作谓语，只能和实义动词一起构成谓语。可用来表示否定，疑问、时态、语态、语气等。 be; have; do; will; shall he doesn＂t speak english. we are playing basketball do you have a brother? 情 态 动 词 mod v. 本身有一定词义，但不完整。不能独立作谓语，只能和行为动词一起构成谓语，表示说话人的态度 can; many; must; need; dare; will; would; shall; should she can speak a little english. may i come in? we must go now. 注意： 1）行为动词又可分为及物动词（vt.）和不及物动词（vi.）两种。及物动词作谓语，后面必须跟宾语意思才完整。不及物动词作谓语，后面不能跟宾语，只有加上介词后才可接宾语。 2）英语中有些动词常常是既作及物动词又作不及物动词；既作连系动词工作及物动词。 例如： he speaks english very well. (vt.)
　　他英语讲得好。 he spoke at the meeting. （vi.） 另外，动词按其在句中能否作谓语，又可分为谓语动词（finite verb）和非谓语动词（non-finite verb）两大类。 说明： 谓语动词又称限定动词，非谓语动词又称非限定动词。 非谓语动词初中阶段主要学习动词不定式的用法。 2．动词的基本形式 英语动词有五种基本形式，即动词原形、过去式、过去分词、现在分词和第三人称单数形式。如：work—worked—worked—working—works。它们的构成及形式详见下表。 形式 构成 例词 动词原形 不带to的动词不定式形式（也就是词典中一般给予的形式） be, have, do, come 过去式与过去分词（规则变化） 1．在动词原形后加-ed 2．以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，先将y变为i再加-ed 3．以重读闭音节一个辅音字母结尾的动词，先双写结尾的辅音字母再加-ed work worked carry carried stop stopped 现在分词 1．在动词原形后加-ing 2．以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e再加-ing3．以重读闭音节一个辅音字母结尾的动词，先双写结尾的辅音字母再加-ing 4．少数几个以ie结尾的动词要变ie为y，再加-ing read reading write writing swim swimming die dying 第三人称单数形式 1．在动词原形后加-s 2．以ch, sh, s, o, x结尾的动词后加-es 3．以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，先将y变为i，再加-es 4．以元音字母+y结尾的动词后加-s run runs teach teaches wash washes go goes pass passes try tries stay stays说明： 1）词尾-ed在清辅音后读[t]；在浊辅音和元音后读[d]；在[t]和[d]后读[id]。  2）词尾-es或-s在[s ]、[z]、[t ]、[d ]后面读[iz]；在清辅音后读[s]；在浊辅音及元音后读[z]；在[t]，[d]后读[ts]、[dz]。 3）不规则动词的过去式与过去分词则要根据不规则动词表逐渐记住。 二、动词的时态 在英语中，由于谓语动作发生的时间不同，或表达不同时间存在的状态，谓语动词都要发生相应的变化。这些动词的变化形式就叫做动词的时态。 初中阶段主要学习，掌握以下八种时态。 1．一般现在时 1）构成 动词一般现在时，除主语为单数第三人称以外，谓语动词一律用原形，若主语为第三人称单数，则谓语动词的词尾应发生变化（加-s或-es）。另外be和have有特殊的人称变化形式。 详见下表： 动词to be 动词to have i am a student you are a student he (she) is a student. we (you, they) are students i have a pen. you have a pen. he (she) has a pen. we (you, they) have pens. 2）用法 a．表示经常发生的动作、行为或存在的状态。 常用的时间状语有：often, usually, always, every day等。 i go to school every day except sunday. 除了星期日，我每天上学。 there are fifty students in our class. 我们班上有五十个学生。 b．表示主语的身份或特征。 his father is a doctor. 他的父亲是医生。 tom is tall. 汤姆个子高。 c．表示一种客观事实或普遍真理 the earth is round. 地球是圆的. the sun is bigger than the moon. 太阳比月亮大。 d．在条件状态从句和时间状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。 if you don＂t go soon, you＂ll be late. 如果你不快去的话，你就要迟到了。 i will wait for you until you come back. 我将一直等到你回来。 2．一般过去时
　　1）构成 一般过去时其谓语动词使用动词过去式形式。 肯定式 否定式 疑问式 一般动词 i (you, he, she, we, they) worked there. i (you, he, she, we, they) did not work there. did you (i, he, she, we, they) work there? be动词 i (he, she, it) was there. we ( you, they) were there i (he, she, it) was not there. we (you, they) were not there. was i (he, she, it) there? were you (we, they) there? have动词 i (you, he, she, we, they) had books. i (you, he, she, we, they) had not/ didn＂t have any books had i (you, he, she, we, they) any books?或did i (you, he ⋯)have any books? 2）用法 a．表示在过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, just now, upon a time, in 1989, in the old days, when i was at middle school等。 he left for beijing yesterday morning. 他昨天上午到北京去了。 she wasn＂t at home last night. 她昨晚上在家。 did you finish your work at four yesterday afternoon? 你昨天下午四点完成工作了吗？ b．表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。 i got up very early at that time.我那时总是起得很早。 mary always got up too late and never had enough time for breakfast when she was at middle school. 玛丽上中学时总是起得很晚，从来都没有足够时间吃早饭。 3．一般将来时 1）构成 动词一般将来时由助动词shall或will加动词原形构成。shall用于第一人称作主语，will用于第二、三人称作主语。除英国以外的说英语的国家，在陈述句中，即使在第一人称作主语时一般也使用助动词will，在英国现在也有这种趋势。在口语中，shall，will常缩写成i‘ll you＂ll, we＂ll等。在否定句中，will not缩写成won＂t shall not缩写成shan＂t。 肯定式 否定式 疑问式 i (we) shall / will go there i (we ) shall / will not go thereshall i (we) go there? you (he, she, they) will go there you (he, she, they) will not go there will you (he, she, they) go there?
　　2）用法 a．表示将要发生的动作行为或存在的状态。 常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如：tomorrow, next time, next year, in a few days等。 i＂ll go and see her next friday. 我下周五去看她。 he won＂t go there tomorrow morning. 他明天上午不到那儿去。 will you do it again? 你再做一遍好吗？ b．有时没有时间状语，根据上下文判断其谓语动作是将要发生的。 i don＂t know who will do it. 我不知道谁将做这件事。 don＂t worry, he will be there on time. 别着急，他会准时在那儿。 c．表示将来经常发生的动作。 from now on i＂ll get up early every morning. 从今以后，我每天早晨早起。 注意： 1）表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，除了用上述的一般将来时外，还可以用be going to 来表示。be going to这个结构表示：a．即将发生的动作；b．主语打算或准备要做的事；c．说话人根据已有的迹象判断即将发生的事。be going to 结构中的be随着句子中主语的人称而变化。 例如： we are going to learn english. 我们将学习英语。 how are you going to spend your holidays? 你们打算怎样度过假期？ look at these black clouds. i think it＂s going to rain. 看这些黑云，我想天要下雨了。 2）在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，一般将来时要用一般现在时代替。 例如： he will come to see you when he has time. 他有空时会来看你的。 they will ring you up as soon as they get back. 他们一回来就打电话给你。 4．现在进行时 1）构成 现在进行时由助动词be的人称形式加动词的现在分词构成。它的肯定式，否定式及疑问式的结构如下：肯定式 否定式 疑问式 i am working now. i am not working now. am i working now?
　　you are working now. he (she) is working now. we (you, they) are working now. you are not working now. he (she) is not working now. we (you, they) are not working now. are you working now? is (he, she) working now? are you (we, they) working now? 2）用法 a．现在进行时表示说话时谓语的动作正在进行。 who are you waiting for?你在等谁？ he knows that we are helping him now. 他知道我们现在正在帮助他 。 b．在现阶段正在进行的动作，但不一定说话时动作正在进行。 the students are working on the farm there days. 这些天学生们正在农场劳动。 c．有些动词的进行时态还可用来表示将来时。这类动词有go, come, leave, arrive, move, die等。 he is coming soon. 他不久就要来了。 mary is arriving here at 4 o/clock this afternoon. 玛丽今天下午四点到达这里。 注意： 1）表示状态或感觉的动词，如：know, love, like, want, hear, see, think等，一般没有进行时态，因为它们不能表示正在进行的动作。但是，如果词义发生变化，能表示一个正在进行的动作，也可使用进行时态。 例如： stop, i am thinking. 停下来，我正在想问题呢。 2）无法延续动作的动词，如：jump, begin, start, stop等一般不宜用于进行时态。但是，若想表示动作反复或即将发生，也可使用进行时态。 例如： he is jumping up and down. 他一下一下地跳个不停。 5．现在完成时 1）构成 现在完成时由have的人称形式加动词的过去分词构成。它的肯定式、否定式及疑问式如下：肯定式 否定式 疑问式 i (we, you, they ) have done it. he (she) has done it. i (we, you, they) have not done it. he (she) has not done it. have you (they, i , we) done it? has he (she) done it? 2）用法 a．表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态，对现在仍有影响。
　　she has been ill for three days. 她病了三天了。 he has already left. 他已经走了。 b．表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。 we＂ve known each other since we were children. 我们从小就认识。 注意： 在用already, always, yet, just, ever, never等副词作状语时，或者由for, since引起的短语作状语或状语从句时，句子的谓语动词常用现在完成时。 区别： 1）have (has) been to 与have (has) gone to have (has) been to +某地，表示到过某地，说明去过某地，说话时已经回来了。 have (has) gone to +某地，说明去某地了，说话时还没有回来。 例如： he has been to beijing three times. 他去过北京三次。 he has gone to shanghai. 他去上海了。 2）have (has) been to do sth. 还可以表示做过某事。have (has) gone to do sth.则表示去做某事了。 例如： he has been to see tom in the hospital. 他去医院看过汤姆。 he has gone to see tom in the hospital. 他到医院看汤姆去了。 3）have got虽然在形式上是现在完成时，却和have是相同的意思。 例如： have you got any book?=do you have any book? 你有书吗？ 6．过去进行时 1）构成 过去进行时由be动词的过去式加动词的现在分词构成。 2）用法 过去进行时主要表示过去某个时刻或过去一段时间正在进行的动作。过去进行时常与表示过去的时间状语如：then at that time, once, a moment ago等连用，或者用另一动作表示过去的时间。 例如： i was writing a letter at home at seven yesterday evening.我昨晚七点在家写信。 he was watching tv when i came home yesterday evening.
　　昨天晚上回家时，他在家看电视。 7．过去完成时 1）构成 过去完成时由助动词had加动词的过去分词构成。 2）用法 过去完成时表示过去某一时间以前或过去某一动作以前已完成的动作，即过去的过去。 为了更容易理解过去完成时的时间概念，使之与过去时有明显的区别，可见下面的时间示意图。 例如： i had learned eight hundred english words by the end of last year. （在过去某一时间之前） 到去年年底之前，我已经学会了八百个英语单词。 he had finished his work before i came here.（在过去另一动作之前） 在我来这儿以前，他已经完成了工作。 说明： 1）在包含when, as soon as, before, after, until等连词的复合句中，若主句谓语和从句谓语所表示的过去的动作是在不同时间发生的，那么，先发生的动作用过去完成时，后发生的动作用一般过去时。 例如： i told them after you had left. 你走后我就告诉了他们。 i had been at the bus stop for twenty minutes when a bus finally came. 我在公共汽车站等了二十分钟，汽车终于来了。 2）如果主句动作和从句动作紧接着发生，特别是连词为after或before时，由于连词本身很清楚地表明了动作发生的先后，两个动作此时都可使用一般过去时来表示。 例如： after we said good-bye to them, we left the village. 在和他们告别后，我们就离开了村庄。 8．过去将来时 1）构成 过去将来时由助动词should或would加动词原形构成。第一人称用should，其他人称用would。但目前在美、英等国也有第一人称用would的情况。 2）用法 a．过去将来时是个相对的时态，主要用于从过去某一时间来看将要发生的事情。常用在宾语从句中表示从句的动作发生在主句动作之后。 they said they would go to visit the second factory. 他们说他们将要去参观第二个工厂。 the teacher told us that there would be a concert the next tuesday. 老师告诉我们下周二将要有场音乐会。 b．过去将来时也可由＂was / were going to + 动词原形＂来表示。 she said she was going to see her uncle. 她说她要去看望她的叔叔。 c．有些动词的过去进行时也可表示过去将来时。这一用法与某些动词的现在进行时表示一般将来时的用法相同。 i didn＂t have much time to talk with you became i was leaving for shanghai in two hours. 我没有多少时间跟你谈话了，因为再过两个小时我就要动身去上海。 注意： ＂would+动词原形＂有时并不表示过去将来时，而表示一种客气的请求。 例如： would you please open the window? 请把窗子打开好吗？
　　三、随堂监测a组 单项选择： 1. look! there _________ some apples in that tree. a. is b. was c. are d. were2．we＂ll have to clean the plates before mother _________ home. a. will come b. is coming c. come d. comes 3．—will your mother _________ you if you _________ the english exam? —of course not. because i am trying my best. a. be angry with; don＂t pass b. be angry with; won＂t pass c. be angry to; don＂t pass d. be angry to; won＂t pass 4．i＂m sorry you＂ve missed the train, it _________ 10 minutes ago. a. left b. has left c. had left d. has been left 5. i don＂t think i _________ you in that dress before. a. have seen b. was seeing c. saw d. see 6. _________ you _________ to the radio? —no, you can turn it off. a. did; listen b. have; listened c. do; listen d. are; listening 7. —where＂s mr lee? i have something unusual to tell him. —you _________ find him. he _________ japan. a. may not; has gone to b. may not; has been to c. can＂t; has gone to d. can＂t; has been to 8. —i won＂t come to the party unless sue _________, too. —you mean if sue comes you＂ll come? a. will invite b. invites c. invited d. is invited9. the world _________. things never stay the same. a. changes b. is changing c. was changing d. will change 10. —excuse me, does mr smith＂s son live here? —he _________ live here, but he has moved. a. has to b. used to c. tried to d. happened to 11. the children planted more threes and flowers after they _________ greener china. a. joined b. took part in c. became d. were 12. —where＂s mr zhang? —he _________ london. a. has been to b. has been c. has gone d. has gone to 13. —do you know if he _________ to play basketball with us? —i think he will come if he _________ free tomorrow. a. comes; is b. comes; will be c. will come; is d. will come; will be
　　14. —may i speak to mabel, please? —sorry. she＂s _________ pairs. a. gone in b. been in c. gone to d. been to 15. my pen friend phillip _________ to see me from australia. he will be here soon. a. comes b. came c. has come d. is coming16. i won＂t go to the concert because i _________ my ticket. a. lost b. don＂t lose c. have lost d. is coming 17. —do you know jack well? —certainly, we _________ friends since ten years ago. a. were b. have made c. have become d. have been 18. —where is jim? —he ______ to the shop. he＂ll back in an hour. a. goes b. go c. has gone d. will go 19. —excuse me, look at the sign no photos! —sorry, i ________ it. a. don＂t see b. didn＂t see c. haven＂t seen d. won＂t see 20. jim＂s father said to him, ＂i hope you ________ what i ________ you to buy.＂ a. didn＂t forget; told b. not to forget; have told c. won＂t forget; have told d. haven＂t forgotten; will tell 21. i like my new bike. it ________ very well. a. rides b. is riding c. is ridden d. has ridden 22. a lot of trees ________ along the river last year. a. planted b. are planted c. were planted23. these books ________ out of the reading room. you have to read them here. a. must be taken b. can＂t take c. can take d. mustn＂t be taken 24. — whose cd player is this? —it＂s mine. it ________ me 800 yuan. a. took b. spent c. paid d. cost 25. —may i ________ you chinese-english dictionary? —sorry, i ________ it at home? a. borrow; forgot b. lend; left c. lend; forgot d. borrow; left 26. can you ________ a little french? a. say b....