在SLS规划单中，2039年进行火卫一载人登陆为正式登火作准备？

　　本文来源NSF，作者克里斯·格布哈特，双语对照
　　随着美国宇航局继续成熟一项任务，并支持其备受瞩目的是人类登陆火星的架构路径，宇航局正在研制的重型升降SLS火箭现在将承担主要的太空运输任务，其飞行速度将迅速提高，旨在支持人类到2033年前往火卫一的任务，到2039年将发射到火星表面。
　　向火星进化：
　　十多年来，美国宇航局一直在努力开发后续车辆 该机构公认的航天飞机轨道飞行器机队。
　　最初，美国宇航局的目标是从航天飞机计划过渡到星座计划，至少首先，星座计划将看到单独的运载火箭 船员（第一）和货物（第五号）
　　As NASA continues to mature a mission and support architecture path toward its much heralded endeavor of landing humans on Mars, the agency’s under-development heavy lift SLS rocket now stands to take on a primary space transportation role via a rapidly increasing flight rate designed to support human missions to Phobos by 2033 and to the surface of Mars by 2039.
　　Evolving toward Mars:
　　For over a decade, NASA has been hard at work developing the successor vehicle to the agency’s universally recognized Shuttle Orbiter fleet.
　　Initially, NASA aimed to transition from the Shuttle Program to the Constellation Program, which would have seen, at least at first, separate launch vehicles for crew (Ares I) and cargo (Ares V).
　　然而，2007年正在考虑一种阿瑞斯四型火箭，该变种将把两枚运载火箭合并成一个单一的配置。
　　尽管如此，资金缺口、关键报告以及美国政府内部政党的变革导致星座计划于2010年初垮台——火箭 和猎户座胶囊 一起。
　　2010年4月的一次会议随后修改了星座计划所有方面的彻底取消，以保持猎户座乘员舱的活力和正在开发中 - 虽然它的名字正式从猎户座船员探索车改为多用途船员车辆， 最初遗漏了 ＂猎户座＂ 的名字， 以努力使胶囊远离星座计划。
　　＂猎户座＂后来被添加到名称，使其成为猎户座多用途船员车辆。
　　However, an Ares IV variant was under consideration in 2007 which would have combined the two launch vehicles into a single configuration.
　　Nonetheless, funding gaps, critical reports, and a political party change within the US government led to the downfall of the Constellation Program in early 2010 – rocket and Orion capsule in all.
　　A meeting in April 2010 subsequently modified outright cancellation of all aspects of the Constellation Program to keep the Orion crew module alive and under development – though its name officially changed from the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle to the Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, with the initial omission of ＂Orion＂ from the name in an effort to distance the capsule from the Constellation Program.
　　＂Orion＂ was later added back into the name, making it the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle.
　　2011年9月，美国宇航局随后宣布了确定其空间发射系统（SLS）的火箭结构.
　　尽管在液体燃料核心舞台上带有阿波罗时代的油漆方案，使火箭的图像与星座计划的阿瑞斯五号和阿瑞斯四号建筑保持距离，但 SLS 是两个想法的初始融合 - a 重型升降机（HLV） 能够发射只是人类的任务，人类的使命和货物，或只是货物任务到太空。
　　自2011年以来， 美国宇航局继续完善猎户座，SLS，以及该机构对21世纪最具有开创性和最著名的使命的总体方法：第一个人类降落在另一个星球上。
　　In September 2011, NASA subsequently announced the rocket architecture that would define its Space Launch System (SLS).
　　Despite bearing an Apollo-era paint scheme on the liquid fueled core stage to distance the rocket’s image from that of the Ares V and Ares IV architecture of the Constellation Program, the SLS is an initial blend of the two ideas – a Heavy Lift Vehicle (HLV) capable of launching just human missions, human missions and cargo, or just cargo missions to space.
　　Since 2011, NASA has continued to refine Orion, SLS, and the agency’s overall approach to what will be the seminal and most-famous mission of the 21st century: the landing of the first human beings on another planet
　　虽然受到一些人的批评，但美国宇航局对涉及一个多步骤、分阶段计划的众多变量进行了紧张、深思熟虑和缓慢的研究，以获得人类前往这颗红色星球所必需的具体知识集。
　　但通过这一切，SLS航班的数量需要承担 人类火星任务 没有认真讨论，鉴于SLS的前两次飞行之间的三年缓慢引进率， SLS的生存能力和飞行速度越来越受到关注.
　　现在，根据 美国宇航局从 2015 年 7 月 29 日起的 ＂可进化的火星运动： Sls 可进化 TIM 的状态更新＂ （L2），不仅有目标日期 福博斯 和 三月 已确定人类特派团，但还确定了SLS支持此类任务所需的飞行速率和启动运动。
　　到 2033 年为火卫一执行 Sls 任务， 到 2039 年和 2043 年为火星执行 Sls 任务：
　　根据 SLS 可进化 TIM（技术交换会议）演示文稿的状态更新，可在 L2 上下载，美国宇航局希望在2030年代中期将人类安置在火星系统中 2033年船员任务到火卫一的当前参考点， 2039年到火星表面，并在2043年进行人类火星表面的第二次飞行任务。
　　while criticized by some, has seen NASA proceed through an intense, thought-out, and slow-moving study of numerous variables involving a multi-step, phased program to gain specific knowledge sets deemed necessary for human trips to the red planet.
　　But through all this, the number of SLS flights needed to undertake human missions to Mars was not discussed in earnest, and given the SLS’s slow introduction rate of three years between its first two flights, there has been growing concern as to SLS’s viability and flight rate.
　　Now, according to NASA’s ＂Evolvable Mars Campaign: Status Update to SLS Evolvability TIM＂ from 29 July 2015 (L2), not only have target dates for Phobos and Mars human missions been identified, but the needed flight rate and launch campaigns of the SLS to support such missions have also been identified.
　　SLS missions for Phobos by 2033 and Mars by 2039 and 2043:
　　According to the Status Update to SLS Evolvability TIM (Technical Interchange Meeting) presentation, available for download on L2, NASA hopes to place humans in the Martian system by the mid-2030s, with current reference points of crewed missions in 2033 to Phobos, in 2039 to Mars’ surface, and in 2043 for the second human Mars surface mission.
　　正如演示文稿所指出的那样，＂SLS/猎户座的发射速度为每年一个，在试验场是可持续的。
　　重要的是，这似乎是 SLS 最初缓慢飞行速度的具体参考。
　　多年来，目前的规划文件一直将SLS的第一个任务——未拧开 IN-1 航班， 2017/2018， 与EM-2，SLS和猎户座的第一个人类使命，至少要到2021年才会发生。
　　EM-3随后被提及为此后某个时候发生的名义任务，可能要到2023年。
　　这种缓慢推出一个备受期待和期待的HLV和船员胶囊是令人担忧的，不仅从首次亮相的角度来看，而且从 SLS 未知且不确定的启动市场.
　　然而，随着美国宇航局的近期Cis-lunar行动开始成形，人类对火星系统任务的远距离规划凝固，这些担忧可能被证明是徒劳的——在＂可进化的火星运动：SLS可进化性TIM演示的状态更新＂中显示了2018年至2046年总共41次SLS飞行，以建立和支持人类火卫一和火星表面任务。
　　火星发射序列：
　　总之，可进化的火星运动演示不仅为SLS，而且为其他EEV（进化消耗性运载火箭）和任务制定了一个飞行序列，这些任务将建立在最终的2033年人类火卫一任务、2039年人类火星表面任务和2043年后续火星表面任务中。
　　As noted by the presentation, ＂An SLS/Orion launch rate of one per year is sustainable in the Proving Ground.＂
　　Importantly, this appears to be a specific reference to SLS’s initially slow flight rate.
　　Current planning documents have, for years, baselined SLS’s first mission, the uncrewed EM-1 flight, for 2017/2018, with EM-2, the first human mission of SLS and Orion, not occurring until at least 2021.
　　EM-3 had subsequently been mentioned as a notional mission occurring sometime thereafter, potentially not until 2023.
　　This slow rollout of a much heralded and anticipated HLV and crew capsule was worrisome not just from a debut standpoint but also from an unknown and uncertain launch market for SLS.
　　However, these concerns could prove to be for naught as NASA’s near-term Cis-lunar operations begin to take shape and long-range planning for human missions to the Martian system solidify – with current projections shown in the Evolvable Mars Campaign: Status Update to SLS Evolvability TIM presentation showing a total of 41 SLS flights from 2018 through 2046 to build-up to and support human Phobos and Mars surface missions.
　　Launch sequence to Mars:
　　In all, the Evolvable Mars Campaign presentation lays out a flight sequence for not just SLS but also for other EELVs (Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicles) and missions that will build toward the eventual 2033 human Phobos mission, 2039 human Mars surface mission, and 2043 follow-up Mars surface mission.
　　该已确定的运动的开始， 猎户座的 EFT-1 航班，于2014年12月5日举行，并定于2016年跟进 夜火星固定着陆器 和奥西里斯-雷克斯小行星样本返回任务。
　　InSight 和 OSIRIS-REX 计划分别于 2016 年 3 月和 9 月从佛罗里达州范登堡和卡纳维拉尔角空军基地发射阿特拉斯五型火箭。
　　然后，这些机器人前体任务将遵循 2018年，SLS首次在未拧开的EM-1环流导航试飞中亮相，其I座，70t配置.
　　The start of that identified campaign, the EFT-1 flight of Orion, took place on 5 December 2014 and is set to be followed in 2016 by both the InSight Mars stationary lander and OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample return missions.
　　InSight and OSIRIS-REx are both slated to launch aboard Atlas V rockets from Vandenberg and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, FL, in March and September 2016, respectively.
　　These robotic precursor missions would then be followed in 2018 with the debut of SLS – in its Block I, 70t configuration – on the uncrewed EM-1 circumlunar navigation test flight.
　　然后，美国宇航局将把操作从 SLS 转移到 EELV， 阿特拉斯五世，两个 德尔塔四重 2020年的任务： 火星2020表面漫游车 （好奇心的加强表弟）和 ARRM（小行星重定向机器人任务）。
　　火星2020号火星车任务将在7月至9月的窗口内发射。2020年到达火星，2021年到达火星。
　　此次ARRM任务计划于2020年12月发射，待资金批准后，将为未来2020年代中期SLS载人飞行任务铺平道路，该小行星将返回月球轨道。
　　NASA would then shift operations away from SLS and away from its go-to EELV, Atlas V, for two Delta IV Heavy missions in 2020: the Mars 2020 surface rover (Curiosity’s beefed up cousin) and the ARRM (Asteroid Redirect Robotic Mission).
　　The Mars 2020 rover mission would launch in a window extending from July-Sept. 2020 and reach Mars in 2021.
　　This ARRM mission, slated to launch – pending funding approval – in December 2020, would pave the way for the future mid-2020s SLS crewed mission to the redirected asteroid that ARRM will bring back to a lunar orbit.
　　不久之后，即2021年， SLS和猎户座将开始他们的第一个船员任务，EM-2 Cis-月球人类飞行的SLS块IB，105t变种。
　　此时，SLS 区块 IB 将承担一系列 Cis-lunar 任务的年度不停飞行速度，直至 2027 年。
　　2022年，这一年度飞行将是共同体现的EM-3任务（与船员猎户座任务加上 向西斯-月球空间交付初始 Cis-Lunar 居住舱载货元件).
　　此外，2022年美国宇航局还将使用另一枚德尔塔四号重型火箭发射火星月球探测器任务。
　　然后，2023年和2024年将看到EM-4和EM-5任务的单一表现的Cis-lunar飞行，然后在2025年共同表现的EM-6任务之前， 这将执行小行星重定向载人任务。
　　2026年和2027年将进行EM-7和-8，这是迄今确定的最后一个新兴市场特派团。
　　Shortly thereafter, in 2021, SLS and Orion would embark on their first crewed mission, the EM-2 Cis-lunar human flight on the SLS Block IB, 105t variant.
　　At this point, the SLS Block IB would undertake a non-stop once annual flight rate for a series of Cis-lunar missions through 2027.
　　In 2022, this annual flight would be the co-manifested EM-3 mission (with a crewed Orion mission coupled with the delivery of the Initial Cis-Lunar Habitation cargo element to Cis-lunar space).
　　Additionally, 2022 would also see NASA use another Delta IV Heavy rocket to launch the Mars Moon Explorers mission.
　　Then, 2023 and 2024 would see single manifested Cis-lunar flights for the EM-4 and EM-5 missions before the co-manifested EM-6 mission in 2025, which would perform the Asteroid Redirect Crewed Mission.
　　EMs-7 and -8, the last of the EM missions identified to date, would follow in 2026 and 2027.
　　至此，SLS Block II 将于 2028 年首次亮相，届时 SLS 的发布量将大幅提升至 3 次。
　　新的SLS块II变种的第一个任务将在2028年上半年飞行，并启动 探路者进入下降着陆（EDL）飞船到火星进行人类飞行EDL操作的试飞。
　　此时，SLS 航班数量和每个任务 （火卫一或火星）将因美国宇航局选择的两个拟议火星转移飞行器选项中的哪一个而有所不同.
　　无论如何，此时执行 SLS 航班的累积数量 火卫一和人类对火星的前两次任务将保持不变，在32，只有飞行序列和有效载荷的这些航班进行选择特定的变化。
　　At this point, SLS Block II would debut in 2028 with a massive ramp up of SLS launches to three that year.
　　The first mission of the new SLS Block II variant would fly in the first part of 2028 and launch the Pathfinder Entry Descent Landing (EDL) craft to Mars on a test flight for human flight EDL operations.
　　At this point, the number of SLS flights per year and per mission (Phobos or Mars) would vary depending upon which of two proposed Mars Transfer Vehicle options NASA chooses.
　　Regardless, the cumulative number of SLS flights needed at this point to perform the Phobos and first two human missions to Mars would remain the same, at 32, with only the flight sequence and payload of those flights undergoing option-specific changes.
　　在第一个选项下，一系列 9 SLS 发布（2028 年至 2033 年之间） Phobos任务需要另外一次猎户座的SLS飞行，在2035年将火卫一的宇航员返回太空后返回地球。
　　因此，根据选项一，Phobos 任务所需的 SLS 航班总数为 10 架次。
　　随后将进行另外11次SLS飞行（2034年至2039年间），进行首次人类火星表面飞行任务，随后在2042年对猎户座进行一次SLS飞行，从Cis-lunar空间返回第一批火星表面乘员组，共进行12次SLS飞行。
　　此外，第二次人类火星表面任务需要9次SLS飞行（2038年至2043年之间），2046年还需要一次SLS飞行，才能将第二个火星表面乘员从Cis-lunar空间返回地球，总共进行10次SLS飞行。
　　根据第二种选择，Phobos 2033任务只需要8次SLS飞行，而第一次人类火星表面战役则总共需要14次SLS飞行任务。
　　第二次火星表面任务需要同样数量的SLS战斗，10次。
　　Under the first option, a series of 9 SLS launches (between 2028 and 2033) would be needed for the Phobos mission – with one additional SLS flight of Orion needed in 2035 to return the Phobos crew to Earth after they return to Cis-lunar space.
　　Thus, the total number of SLS flights needed for the Phobos mission under option one stands at 10.
　　Another 11 SLS flights (between 2034 and 2039) for the first human Mars surface mission would then take place, followed by one SLS flight of Orion in 2042 to return the first Mars surface crew from Cis-lunar space – for a total of 12 SLS flights.
　　Moreover, 9 SLS flights (between 2038 and 2043) would then be needed for the second human Mars surface mission, with one additional SLS flight in 2046 needed to return the second Mars surface crew to Earth from Cis-lunar space – for a total of 10 SLS flights.
　　Under the second option, just 8 SLS flights would be needed for the Phobos 2033 mission, while a total of 14 SLS missions would then be needed for the first human Mars surface campaign.
　　The same number of SLS fights, 10, would be needed for the second Mars surface mission.