TheEmbodimentofTotalitarianism

　　KeyWords：inequality，totalitarianism，interferenceoftheCommunistParty，inpidualfreedom
　　Abstract：GeorgeOrwell’spoliticalsatireNineteenEightyFourhasbeenregardedasoneofthemostinfluentialliteraryworksinthetwentiethcenturyanditmainlyembodiestotalitarianism。ThereasonwhytotalitarianismcomesoutisthatOrwellleftLondonforSpanishtoparticipateintheSpanishCivilandhewitnessedtheSpanishRepublicanGovernmentwhichmadehimdisllusionedaboutthefutureofCommunism。HeworshippedMarxistin1936。However，StalinistsstartedtohuntdownAnarchists，andOrwellhadtoescapewithhiswifefromthechaos。ThewarmadehimunderstandthedifficultsituationoftheSocialisistMovement。Ontheotherhand，in1939，GermaninvadedPolandandSovietUnion’spolicieswerebleak。Orwellbecameevenmoreconcernedwiththetotalitarianistproblem。TheEmbodimentofTotalitarianisminNineteenEightyFourisasfollow：Firstly，thePartymakesfulluseofthoughtpoliceandothermeanstocontralpeople’sfreedomanddeprivethemofwhattheydeserve。Secondly，theCommunistPartymaintainsinequalitybymaintainingtheclassdistinction。Thirdly，thoughtpoliceandthespyingequipmentsuchastelescreenistointerferpeople’sprivatelives，forexample，theCommunistPartytriesitsbesttopreventWinstonandJuliafrombeinginloveandstopsonmotherrelationship。ThepurposefortheembodimentoftotalitarianismistowarnthecomingtotalitarianratherthantopredictanditisOrwell’sworkNineteenEightyFourthatsharpensthereader’seyessothattheycanseethesedangers。
　　论文关键词：不平等；极权主义；共产党的干涉；个人自由
　　内容摘要：乔治。奥威尔的政治讽刺小说《一九八四》被认为是二十世纪最有影响的文学作品之一。这部小说主要体现的是极权主义思想。极权主义思想之所以在这部小说中得到体现是因为奥威尔亲自参加过西班牙内战，亲眼见到了西班牙共和国的统治，逐步破灭了他对共产主义未来的幻想；另一方面，1936他崇拜马克思主义，但那些斯大林主义者排除异己，奥威尔和他的妻子不得不逃避这场灾难。这场战争使奥威尔意识到社会主义形式的艰难。另一方面，1939年，德国法西斯入侵波兰，苏联的政治一片黑暗。这些使奥威尔更加关注极权主义问题。极权主义在《一九八四》主要体现在如下几个方面：第一，党充分利用思想警察和其他手段来其他手段来控制人们的自由，剥夺本属于他们的权利；第二，党维持等级差异来维护不平等；第三，思想警察和间谍工具如电视屏幕来干涉人们的私生活，列如，党尽力阻止温斯顿和朱丽的爱情以及温斯顿和他母亲之间的母子情。奥威尔之所以在《一九八四》中体现极权主义是因为他要向世人警告即将到来的极权统治而不是预测。是奥威尔的《一九八四》使读者檫亮眼睛来看清楚所存在的危险。
　　Introduction
　　AsOrwellsmasterpiece，NineteenEightyFourisoftentermedasthemostfamousantiutopiannovelinthetwentiethcentury。Publishedin1949，thenovelwasaninstantsuccesslikeOrwellsotherfamouspoliticalfableAnimalFarm，foritrevealsaserioussocialproblemofthattimehethreatofimminentTotalitarianism。
　　Inthisantiutopiannovel，Orwelldidachievetwomajoraims：onewastoattacktheevilofdespotismandtotalitarianism；theotherwastoenlightenpeoplespoliticalconsciousness。ThegreatnessofNineteenEightyFourliesinthefactthatitremindspeopleoftheimportanceofpolitics，anditeveryonetohisorherpartinsociety。Asaresultitmakesusthinkaboutwhatweforgrantedinourweareresponsiblenotonlyforourownfatebutalsoforthedailylife，beawarefateoftheworld。
　　Labeledasoneofthethreemostimportantantiutopiannovelsofthetwentiethcentury（theothertwoareZamiatinsWeandAldusHuxleysTheBraveNewWorld），NineteenEightyFourdescribesthemosthorriblefuture。PeopletendtoignoretheliteraryachievementsinthebookduetoitsstrongandstressedpoliticaltoneandplainlanguageHowever，inNineteenEightyFourOrwellillustratesthesubtlechangeoftheprotagonistWinstonsmentality。AndheusedthetechniqueofstreamofconsciousnessinWinstonsdiary。HealsoemployedsuspensetograbreadersinteresttomakeNineteenEightyFouraninterestingnovel，insteadofapoliticalnovelaspeoplewouldthink。Besides，allthesufferingsandtortureWinstonhasgonethrough，allhisvainefforttostaysaneinaninsaneworld，andthefinaltragicendingofthenovelgiveitanaestheticvalueofagreatliterarywork。Foralltheseabovereasons，NineteenEightyFourisprofoundnotonlyinpoliticalideas，butalsoinliteraryachievements。Orwellperfectlyblendedhispoliticalpointofviewandmodernliteraryperspectivesandtechniquesintothisnovel。
　　CriticismsandliteraryreviewsonNineteenEightyFourfallintomanycategoriesaccordingtodifferentanglesorapproaches。Itisimpossibletolistallofthemhere。
　　Firstly，somecriticistsapproachthenovelusingthearchetypalmethodandFreudspsychoanalysis。
　　ThecentralconflictoftheinpidualsrebellionagainsttheStatereenactstheChristianmythofmansfirstdisobedience，AdamsagainstGod。Forineachnovelthereisagodfigure，theembodimentoftheState，whodemandsabsoluteadorationandobedience。AndineachthereisanAdamlikeprotagonistwho，forloveofanEve，defiesthisgodbyassertinghisinstinctualfreedomandthusfallsfromtheutopianisticnewEden。ThismythicconflictAdamrebellingagainsttheatavistgodfigureisafictionalmanifestationofthepsychicconflictthatFreudpositedbetweentheinpidualandsociety。ThisquotationshowsthatGormanBeauchamptriestocomparethethemesoftwodystopiannovelsbyusingarchetypalcriticism。HeobservestherewereaGodlikefigureandanAdamlikefigureineachnovel。AndhefurtherillustratestheconflictbetweenthetwofiguresastheonebetweentheinpidualandcommunitybyreferringtoFreudstheory。
　　Secondly，somecriticismsstudythenovelfromthehumanistpointofview。CanadianScholarAnthonyStewartwritesinhisdissertationGeorgeOrwell，doublenessandtheValueofDecency：Orwellteachesushowtoseewhatiscommonbetweenusourcommonhumanity。Hisinstructionistotreatoneanotherdecently，asbefittingthathumanity。Inordertoaccomplishthisgoal，wemustbeabletoseeourselvesdoubly，thatis，toseeourselvesandourowninterestsbutalsotoseetheseinrelationtotheselvesandinterestsofothers。Theabilitytoseetheworldfromotherthanonesownperspectivewasforhimacrucialandlifelongpursuitandfindsexpressioninmuchofhiswriting。〔1〕Inthiscase，OrwellsmajorworksincludingNineteenEightyFourarestudiedfromhumanisticperspective。Stewartstressestheinterpersonalrelationshipstoillustratethehumanistandinpidualistneedsofheroes，likeWinstonandJuliainNineteenEightyFour。
　　Fourthly，someothercriticismsapproachthebookbycomparingcontemporarypoliticalissueswiththesocialproblemsreflectedinNineteenEightyFour。
　　Asaradicalwriter，Orwellwasdeeplyinfluencedbydemocraticideas。TheseideasarepermeatedthroughoutNineteenEightyFour。ThecriticismsIhavereadonNineteenEightyFourseemnottohaveincludedsystematicandthoroughstudyonthisaspectofthebook。Thus，itisthepurposeofthisdissertationtointerpretthedemocraticandhumanistviewsOrwellimpliedinthebookinanattempttoshowhowatotalitarianreigncouldharmthewelfareofthepeopleinanimaginedfutureworld。
　　SinceOrwellhimselfisconsideredoneoftheforemostcommentatorsonliteratureandpoliticsinthetwentiethcentury，〔3〕thepresentdissertationwillbebasedonmanyofOrwellspoliticalessaystodoaninterpretationofNineteenEightyFour，soastorevealtheprofoundthemeofthenovel，namely，totalitarianism。
　　Itwillbetheargumentofthepresentthesisthat：Orwellwasanidealist，arealist，andaskepticatthesametime。Hehassometimesbeenlabeledasanticommunist。Butactuallyhewassomewhatparadoxical，forhewasononehandradicalbutontheotherhandreservedandskepticofrevolution。Hesometimesthoughtrevolutionsandsocialreformswerefutilesincetheydidnotbringequalitycloserinthesociety。ThusOrwellwasnotspecificallyananticommunist；hesimplewasagainstalltheregimesthatsuppresshumanity。Beinganidealistandskepticatthesametime，itwasalltoonaturalforhimtoactlikethat。Heneveracceptedideasandtheorieswithoutquestioningandscrutinizing。Communismdefinitelywasonceidealifithadnotturnedouttobethetoolsoftherulingclassinsomecountriesinhistime。HecriticizedmanyleftwingintelligentsiasforhesawthroughthattocarryoutsuchatheoryasCommunismwouldmeanmuchmoreencumbrancesinrealitythaninpublishedwritings。Asocietyundertheadministrationofsocialistorcommunistpartytillfacestheoldproblem：therewillalwaysberulingclassandruledclass。Theoligarchyofsocietyisalmostimpossibletobewipedout，nomatterwhotheruleris。〔4〕
　　1。TheBackgroundofTotalitarianism
　　Orwellwentthrougharadicalleftisttoaratherconservativeandneutralhumanistduringhislifetime。Theembodimentoftotalitarianismiscloselyconnectedwiththeeventshewentthoughandthesocityhegrewupin。Itwillbenecessarytostudythewriter’slifeexperienceandthesocialconditionofthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcenturytobetterunderstandtotalitarianisminthenovel。
　　1。1OrwellsLifeExperience
　　ThelifeofGeorgeOrwellispackedwithawidevarietyofactivitiesandexperiences，whichareconsciouslyreflectedinNineteenEightyFour
　　In1936，OrwellleftLondonforSpain，toparticipateintheSpanishCivilWar。Hejoinedanindependent，nonStalinist，Marxistgroup。WhenStalinistsontheirownsidestartedtohuntdownAnarchists，Orwellescapedwithhiswifefromthechaos。ThewarmadehimunderstandthedifficultsituationofSocialistmovement。Andhetastedcrueltyandsordidnessofwar。Butaboveall，thefinaldefeatofthisjustwarandcomplicatedinnerstrugglesforpoliticalpowerhewitnessedinSpanishRepublicanGovernmentmadehimdisillusionedaboutthefutureofCommunism。Thisperiodwasaturningpointinhispoliticalstance。HewroteinWhyIWrite：TheSpanishwarandothereventsin193637turnedthescaleandthereafterIknewwhereIstood。EverylineofseriousworkthatIhavewrittensince1936hasbeenwritten，directlyorindirectly，againsttotalitarianismandfordemocraticSocialism。〔6〕ThisindicatesthatatthetimehemightbesuspiciousofCommunism，whichistheultimateversionofSocialism。ButhestillfirmlybelievedindemocraticSocialismtobeasolutiontosocialinjusticeandinequality。
　　In1939，GermansinvasionofPolandstartedWorldWar1IwiththefastapproachingofNaziarmyandthechangeofSovietUnionspolicies，Orwellbecameevenmoreconcernedwiththeproblemoftotalitarianism。Hewasworriedaboutthefutureoftheworldandthefateofhumansociety。
　　Underthesocialcircumstancesofthattime，itwasnearlyimpossibletogetanypublicityintheEnglishpressforatruthfulaccountofwhatwashappeninginCatalonia。BecauseitwasatimewhentheintellectualseverywherewerebleatingStalingood，Hitlerbad。WhenhewasstrugglingtotellthetruthanddisclosethelieshappenedinSpain，hisfellowpeoplehadbeenusedtothecorruptionofrevolutionaryidealsandtheeviloftotalitarianhabitsofthought。Hehadnochoicebutonlythroughthewayofpoliticalsatiretotellthetruthandletpeopleknowwhattheyshouldknow。ThisreflectshisdebtstoSwiftspoliticalsatireGulliversTravel。WhenhefirstreadGulliversTravelattheageofeight，heloveditsomuchthathereaditformanytimes。HistwomasterpiecesAnimalFarmandNineteenEightyFourjustbeganforhimthereandthen，thankstohisbloodyexperienceinSpainandhisreadingexperienceduringhischildhood。
　　1。2TheSocialConditionintheFirstHalfofTwentiethCentury
　　Duringthefirsthalfoftwentiethcentury，BritainImperialismwasinitsdecline。Theworldhadbeeningreatturmoil，fullofbigsocialupheavals。TheFirstandSecondWorldWarsbrokeout。AftertheWorldWar11，manyWesternintellectualswentthroughaperiodofdisillusionment一theylosttheiridealsandwonderedwherethesocietywasgoing。Theyweredisheartenedaboutthereality，andtheyfeltpessimisticaboutthefuture。Nevertheless，mostofthemdidnotgiveuptheirpursuitforbetterfutureofhumansociety。TherewasalsothehardtimeoftheGreatDepression。Scientificdevelopmentincludedthestartofwomen’sparticipationinpoliticalaffairs；importantideologicalmovementsincludedNaziaggressionandtheSovietUnion’sestablishment。
　　2。TheEmbodimentofTotalitarianisminNineteenEightyFour
　　WhenonethinksofallthepeoplewhosupportorhavesupportedFascismonestandsamazedattheirpersity。Theyareallpeoplewithsomethingtolose，orpeoplewholongforahierarchicalsocietyanddreadtheprospectofaworldoffreeandequalhumanbeings。ForOrwell，ahierarchicalsocietywasonewheretheprospectofaworldoffreeandequalhumanbeingswasnotpossibleandthetotalitariangovernmenttryitsbesttointerferepeople’sprivatelives。Theembodimentoftotalitarianismisexhibitedbyrestrictinginpidualfreedom，maintaininginequalityandinterferenceofthegovernmentintopeople’sprivatelives。
　　2。1RestrictingInpidualFreedominNineteenEightyFour
　　Forahumanbeing，freedomincludesphysicalfreedomandspiritualfreedom。Thetwoarelimitedtoanunimaginableterribleextentin。NineteenEightyFour。Totalitarianismgoessofarastointrudepeopleslastandmostfreedomthefreedomofthought。ToremainasanormalandsaneinpidualistheprotagonistWinstonsdesire。However，underthecontroloftotalitarianism，inpidualfreedomisnotpossible。
　　TheprotagonistWinstondoesnotwanttogiveuphisabilityofseriousthinking。Despitethefactthatheisquiteclearifhewritesa。diary，hewill。beconsideredtohavecommitthoughtcrime；hechoosestodoit，whichmeansdeathsoonerorlater。Becauseheknows：
　　Hewasalonelyghostutteringatruththatnobodywouldeverhear。Butsolongasheutteredit，insomeobscurewaythecontinuitywasnotbroken。Itwasnotbymakingyourselfheardbutbystayingsanethatyoucarriedonthehumanheritage。Hewentbacktothetable，dippedhispen，andwrote：
　　Tothefutureortothepast，toatimewhenthoughtisfree。，whenmenaredifferentfromoneanotheranddonotlivealonetoatimewhentruthexistsandwhatisdonecannotbeundone。
　　Fromtheageofuniformity，fromtheageofsolitude，fromtheageofBigBrother，fromtheageofdoublethinkgreetings！〔7〕
　　ForWinston，theaimofwritingadiaryisnotarevoltinthetruesense。Hejustwantshisdiarytohelphimremainsaneinaworldwhere：everyoneseemsinsaneandoutofcontrol。Andbystayingsanehecancarryonthehumanheritage，whichmeansmenspursuitoftruthduringthelonghumanhistory。TheageofWinstonisanageofuniformityandsolitude，whichmeanseveryoneshouldbeorthodoxunderthecontrolofthestateandbealienatedfromeachother。ManypeoplehavevaporizedinNineteenEightyFour，soWinstonisaloneintryingtobesane。Butunderthepressureofthoughtpolice，theyhavenowaytounitetogether。Peoplewithsanitywillfeelaslonelyasthoughtheyweredesertedonaforlornisland。
　　Itisnaturalandhumanethatinpidualsmaintaindifferencefromoneanotherandtobeemotionallyconnectedwithfamilyandfriendsisofhumannature，too；butthetotalitariangovernmenthasforcedpeopletoabandonthesenaturalneeds。Partymembersaretreatedaspartsofabigmachine。Deprivedoftheabilityofthinkingandjudging，theyhavenodignityofbeinghuman。Insomeaspect，theycannotevenenjoythefreedomofawildanimal，sincetheycannotdowhattheywantandcannotgowheretheylike。TheyliveandbreatheforhesakeoftheParty。Tosomeextent，theyareeveninferiortodomesticanimals，fornotonlythefreedomoftheiractionislimited，butalsothefreedomoftheirthinkingiscontrolled。Whattheyhaveispatheticallythedeepestpartintheirmindwhichcanescapefromthesurveillanceofthoughtpolice。Thefreedomtheyhavehasbeennarrowedtotheutmost。Orwellgaveusagraphicdepictioninthefollowing：
　　Hetookatwentyfivecentpieceoutofhispocket。There，too，intinyclearlettering，thesamesloganswereinscribed，andontheotherfaceofthecointheheadofBigBrother。Evenfromthecointheeyespursuedyou。Oncoins，onstamps，onthecoversofbooks，onbanners，onposters，andonthewrappingofacigarettepacketeverywherealwaystheeyeswatchingyouandthevoiceenvelopingyou。Asleeporawake，workingoreating，indoorsoroutofdoors，inthebathorinbednoescape。Nothingwasyourownexceptthefewcubiccentimetersinsideyourskull。〔8〕
　　HerewecanalsoseethatBigbrotherislikeasemigodfigureinOceania。Agreatamountofpropagandaispermeatedintopeopleslives。Personalitycultisusedasamanipulativemethoddocontrolpeoplesminds。ThesewerefeaturesoftheSovietUnionatthattime。OrwellsawRussiawentfurtherandfurtherawayfromegalitariananddemocraticSocialismasthedictatorshipgottighter。
　　TheessentialfreedomWinstonbelievesinisthefreedomofpursuingtruth。Hewritesinhisdiary：Freedomisthefreedomtosaythattwoplustwomakesfour。Ifthatisgranted，allelsefollows。〔9〕
　　ThePartyisagreatliarinthescenethatitisdeterminedtodeceivepeopleoutofwhattheyshouldenjoyanddeprivethemofwhattheydeserve。Todothistheyhavetodenytruth。Whenpeoplearestillabletostrugglefortruth，thegovernmentiscurableandthereisstillhopefortheimprovementofsociety。Ifpeopledonothavethechancetocomplain，iftheyhavenorightstosaynotoliesandinjustice，therewillbenofreedomatall。
　　2。2MaintainingInequality
　　Equalitybetweenpeopleisthemostbeautifulwishofhumanbeings。Nevertheless，theabsolutesenseofequalitywillneverbefulfilled。TheruleoftherealitywillalwaysbeSurvivalofthefittest。Civilizationsometimescoversthisproblem，sometimesamendsit，orwhitewashesit，butthereisnowaythatwecangetridofit，solongastheworldisaperseoneand。peoplearedoingmoreandmoredifferentjobsassocietydevelops。Nevertheless，theprogressofcivilizationshouldproveitselfamoreequalonebynarrowingthegapsbetweenpeoplesincomesandtheirlivingconditions。
　　Whatishumanity？Almosteverybodywantstobehigherinsocialstatusandricherthanothers。Thisleadstocompetitionsandfights。Tomakethemajoritysatisfied，equalityisthebestwaytobalancemanysocialconflictsbetweenclasses。Thusitisanessentialpartofthedemandsofhumanity。Humannatureiscomplicated。Selfishness，kindnesstoothers，sympathy，jealousy。。。areallaspectsofhumanity。Amatureandhumanesocietyshouldatleasttakesomemeasurestodiminishinequalitybetweenclasses。
　　TheInnerPartyofOceaniausespatriotismasanartificetodistractpeoplefromfocusingonimportantsocialproblemssuchasinequalityandclasshatred。InNineteenEightyFourthewarsbetweenthethreegreatpowersarenolongerameanstograbinterestabroad，buttomaintaintheclassdistinction。
　　InthebookthatOBriengivesWinston，itintroducesthetheoryandpracticeoftheoligarchicalcollectivisminOceania。ThebookisassumedtobewrittenbyEmmanuelGoldstein，whoistheenemyandtraitoroftheParty，butactuallyitiswrittenbysomeInnerPartymembersandOBrienisoneofthewriters。Inthebookitsystematicallyanalyzesthestructureofthesociety。Itpointsoutthefactthattherehavebeenthreeclassesintheworldsincealongtimeago，andtheessentialstructureofsocietyhasalwaysbeentheHigh，theMiddleandtheLow。Revolutionsandsocialchangescannotshakethisstructure。TheHighandtheMiddledonotwanttheworldtobeanequalone，sinceitisnaturalforpeopletowishtobebetteroffthanothers。Whattheytryistostaywheretheyareorclimbtohighersocialstatusifpossible。Itisonlythewishofthetobeequalwiththeothertwoclasses。Butwhenpeopleareinthebottomofthesocialstructure，thewishtobeequalisalmostnaive，sincedayandnighttheygothroughsomuchtoilthattheyhavenoenergyandtimetodwellontheproblemofinequalityandhowtheycanshakeoffthebondageoftheirbadfate。Whenopportunitycomes，andtheMiddleclassthinkitistheirtimetobecometheHigh，theywilluselibertyandjusticeasslogansoftheirrevolutiontoattracttheLowtotheirside。Nevertheless，thesearejustslogansratherthanthetrueaimofrevolution。
　　Theselfishnatureofhumanbeingsoughttobethecauseofthedevelopmentoftotalitarianism。WhentheeliteoftherulingclassgettolearnthelessonsofthepreviousHighclassofhowtheyhavebeenoverthrown，theywilltryeverymeanstoavoidsuchmistakesastheirpredecessorsmadetoremainthehigherclass。OBrienisatypicalrepresentationoftheeliterulingclassinOceania。Heandothersmakeasystematicstudyofthehistoryandlawsofsocialclassdistinctionsanddeliberatelymakeeffortstocrushthepossibledangerousthoughtsanddeeds。Theyareveryclearaboutthepurposeoftheireveryaction。Thustheyarestrongerandmorepowerfulthananypastrulers。HereOrwellmadepredictionsforthepossibledirectionsofthedevelopmentoftotalitarianism。InthefollowingpassagefromOBriensbook，Orwellfurtherillustratedtheproblemofinequality：
　　Ofthethreegroups，onlytheLowarenevereventemporarilysuccessfulinachievingtheiraims。Itwouldbeanexaggerationtosaythatthroughouthistorytherehasbeennoprogressofamaterialkind。Eventoday，inaperiodofdecline，theaveragehumanbeingisphysicallybetteroffthanhewasafewcenturiesago。Butnoadvanceinwealth，nosofteningofmanners，noreformorrevolutionhaseverbroughthumanequalityamillimeternearer。FromthepointofviewoftheLow，nohistoricchangehasevermeantmuchmorethanachangeinthenameoftheirmasters。
　　HerewecanseethatOrwellsomewhatpessimisticabouttheequalityproblem。Heapparentlythoughtthattherewasnotanyimprovementinequalityduringthelongcourseofhumanhistory。Hemightattributethistotheselfishnatureofhumanbeings。However，hewenttoofartosaytherewasnoimprovementatall。AdvanceinwealthwilldefinitelyhelptoimproveequalityaccordingtoOrwellsownbelief。Ifnot，thetotalitariangovernmentinOceaniawouldnothavetodeliberatelydestroythesuperfluousmaterialwealthbyhavingwarwithothercountries，becausewealthisafundamentalassurancethatthedreamofequalitycanbecometrue。
　　2。3InterferenceoftheCommunistPartyintoPeople’sPrivateLives
　　Havingcertainprivacyinone’slifeshouldbeconsideredafundamentalandselfevidenthumanright。WhileundertotalitarianregimeasisdescribedinNineteenEightyFour，privacyisnotpossibleforPartymembers。Andpeople’sprivatelivessuchasrelationship’swithfamilyandlovebetweenmenandwomen，areallintrudeduponbythoughtpoliceandspyingequipmentliketelescreen。
　　Inthenovel，alltheinterpersonalrelationshipsseemabnormal。Thisisbecausetheintrusionandinterferenceofthegovernmentintopeoplesprivatelives。Throughevolution，humanbeingsevolvedextremelysubtlefeelingswhileretainingsomeanimalstraits。However，therulersofOceaniaadoptsomemeasuressuchasAntisexLeaguetocontrolPartymembersprivatelives。Thus，Partymembersbecomesoulslavesdeprivedofnormalhumanfeelings。
　　2。3。1TheCommunistPartyControllingWinston’sLovewithJulia
　　LongingforwomensloveindicatesWinstonsanimalinstinctaswellasspiritualneedasanormalandselfconscioushumanbeing。HeandJuliasrelationshipisgoingthroughaprocessofchangingfromsimplesexualimpulsetotrueloveastheyseeeachothermoreandmore。Thisindicatesthatashumanbeings，itisonlynaturalforpeopletohavenormalphysicaldesiresandneedforspiritualcommunicationsofahigherlevel。
　　JuliaspassiverevoltdeepensthetragicsenseofthestorytosomeextentWinstonisallbyhimself，ashehasnoonetoturnto，andnocomrade。TheonewhotrulyunderstandshimisnothisloverandaccompliceJulia，buthisenemyOBrien。ThisalsoshowsOrwell’slimitationinunderstandingwomen。JuliasrevoltismostlyarousedbyoppressionofthePartyonpeoplesphysicalliberty。Itissomewhatblind。Shedoesnotcare。aboutseriousandprofoundquestionsconcerninghowaregoverned，wheretheworldisgoingandwhythesocietyislikethis，etc。Nevertheless，shefallsasleepwhileWinstoniseagerlyreadingthebookthatrevealsmanyessentialsecretsabouthowandwhytheyarebeingoppressedtoher。Juliadoesnotbotheraboutcaringforotherpeoplesfate。Shedoesnottakethetroubleofthinkingaboutquestionsconcerningthefutureandthepast。OtherthaninstinctivelyavoidinggettingcaughtbythoughtpoliceandgettingfoodandshelterthatsheandWinstonneed，shedoesnotthinkaboutpoliticalproblemsasWinstondoes。Shejusthasnointerestinpoliticsbecauseshefailstoseethecloserelationbetweenpoliticsandpeopleswelfare。
　　WinstonwantstoknownotonlywhatTotalitarianismis，butwhyTotalitarianismcameintobeing。ButJuliadoesntgiveitasecondthought。HersimplicityandcarelessnessshowedinthefirsttwopartsofthebookmakeherfinalbetrayalofWinstonsoundonlyreasonable。OBrientellsWinstonthatShebetrayedyou，immediatelyunreservedlyIhaveseldomseenanyonecomeovertoussopromptly。〔10〕
　　Loveisakindofhigherlevelforhumanfeelingsthansexinstinct。WhenWinstonfinallysaysDoittoJulia，itmeanshehasgivenuphispursuitofloveduetohisinstinctofprotectinghimself。ThePartydemandsitspeopletobehumansdeprivedoffreethinking，humanfeelingsandphysicaldesires。ThePartydoesnotwantasocietyofpersity。WhatitwantsmostistorulepeoplethroughobscurantismandcoercionandmakethemservetheneedsoftheParty。ThewaythePartyrulesthepeopleisjustlikeafarmerraiseshispoultry。Hetakesoutwhatheneedsfromhispoultrybutdoesnotgivethemwhattheyneedlikefreedomandwelfare。Thelivesofhispoultryareonlytoservetheselfishneedsofthefarmer。
　　InNineteenEightFour，whenWinstonandJuliaarefacedwithchoicesbetweengivinguporholdingtheirfaith，theybotheventuallymakechoicesthatareagainsttheirwill。PeoplethathavegrownupundertherulingofthePartydonothavetheabilitytosacrifice。ThePartycandestroyonescouragetosacrificeoneselfbyusingextremelycrueltortures。
　　2。3。2TheCommunistPartyControllingWinton’sLoveforHisMother
　　Winstonsvaguememoryabouthismotherandfamilyshowshisgraduallydeepenedunderstandingoflove，whichhelpshimtocometorealizethatprolesaremorehumanethanPartymembersbecausetheycareabouteachother。Winstonsattitudetowardsproleschangesasthenoveldevelops。Atthebeginninghethinksprolesaresomewhatinferiortoothers，owingtotheirlowersocialstatusandpooreducationalbackground。However，deprivedofhumanfeelings，intelligentpeoplelikeOBrienarenotworththetitleofhuman。Theyarejustbrutalanimals。
　　Winstonhasavaguefeelingthathismothersacrificesforhim。Thebookdoesnottellushowshedoesit。However，whatOrwelltriedtoimplyhereisthecontrastbetweenpeopleinthepastandpeopleinthepresent。Suchsacrificejustdoesnotexistinthepresenttime。
　　Winston’smotherisincontrastwithJuliaandWinston，asaboy，whoareselfishfortheirownneeds。Butshesharessomesimilaritywiththeproles。Bothsheandprolesareloyaltoprivatefeelings。
　　TheterriblethingthatthePartyhaddonewastopersuadeyouthatimpulses，merefeelings，wereofnoastound，whileatthesametimerobbingyouofallpoweroverthematerialworld。WhenonceyouwereinthegripoftheParty，whatyoufeltordidnotfeel，whatyoudidorrefrainedfromdoing，madeliterallynodifference。Whateverhappenedyouvanished，andneitheryounoryouractionswereeverheardofagain。Youwereliftedcleanoutofthestreamofhistory。Andyettothepeopleofonlytwogenerationsagothiswouldnothaveseemedallimportant，becausetheywerenotattemptingtoalterhistory。Theyweregovernedbyprivateloyaltieswhichtheydidnotquestion。〔11〕
　　Apparently，Orwellplacedloveabovematerialthings。Tosacrificeoneselffortruthfulfeelingisthemostheroicexpressionofonespursuitofidealandlove，andistheextremeembodimentofhumanityforthepursuitofbeautyandperfection。However，inOceania，thereisnopossibilitytosacrificeforonesideal，noexistenceofbeautifulthings。Everywherewasimbuedwiththetriumphofdespotismoverhumanity。
　　Tobecaredaboutandtocareaboutotherstobelovedandtoloveismostpeopleswish，thusitshouldbeoneaspectofhumanity。。ItplacestheloveforBigBrotherabovealltheotherloves，suchastheinterpersonallovesforonesspouse，forfamily，forfriends，andsoon。InfactitforbidslovesotherthantheloveforBigBrother。
　　3。ThePurposefortheEmbodimentofTotalitarianism
　　NineteenEightyFourisawarningratherthanaprediction。〔12〕Indeed，NineteenEightyFourisatruthfulrecordoftheeraofpostwarausterity，severerationing，unpreparedbombdamage，shabbiness，wearinessandshortagesofsuchthingsasrazorbladesandcigarettes。Itwouldnothavehorrifiedsomanypeopleiftheyhadnotinwardlyagreedthattheterrorsdescribedinitwerepossible。TheunconventionalpopularitysinceitspublicationalsoreflectsOrwellsprofoundinsightintothepostwarworld。AsapaperbackithassoldovertenmillionsthroughouttheEnglishspeakingworldandexistsintwentythreeotherlanguages。Alloftheseprovetruthispower。
　　ThebadtasteofsyntheticfoodandbeveragesallwithabrandVictorydescribedinthenovelmusthaveimpressedthereadersdeeply。HetookdowntheshelfabottleofcolorlessliquidwithaplainwhitelabelmarkedVICTORYGIN。Itgaveoffasickly，oilysmell，asofChinesericespirit。Winstonpouredoutnearlyateacupful，nervedhimselfforashockandgulpeditdownlikeadoseofmedicine。Thestuffwaslikenitricacid，andmoreover，inswallowingitonehadthesensationofbeinghitonthebackoftheheadwitharubberclub。HetookacigarettefromacrumpledpacketmarkedVICTORYCIGARETTESandincautiouslyhelditupright，whereuponthetobaccofelloutontothefloor。〔13〕
　　Theheroofthenovel，WinstonandhisloverJuliaworkfortheMinistryofTruthwhosefunctionistofalsifythepastinaccordancewiththeneedsofpresentpolicy。Thus，whenOceaniasuddenlyshiftsalliances，becomingtheallyofEurasiaandtheenemyofEastasia，withwhichithasbeeninallianceagainstEurasia，theMinistryofTruthfalsifiesallpastrecordstoshowthatOceaniahasneverbeenanallyofEastasiaandneveranenemyofEurasia。Itseemsridiculous，buttopeoplewhohavesufferedfromthisrealkindofpropaganda，itisrealtothem。In1937，JapansFascistmilitarytroopinvadedthecapitalofChinaandmassacredoverthreehundredthousandChineseciviliansandsoldiers。Buttoday，Japanesegovernmentstillrefusestoadmitthehistory。InJapaneseschooltextbookspeoplecannotfindthephraseNanjingMassacre。Onceliespassintohistory，theyoungergenerationwilleasilyacceptthelieswithoutanysuspicion。
　　Inthenovel，Julia，morethantenyearsoldyoungerthanWinston，isreadytoaccepttheofficialmythology，simplybecausethedifferencebetweentruthandfalsehooddoesntseemimportanttoher。WhenWinstontellsJuliathatthePartyistellingliestopeoplebysayingthePartyinventsairplane，thefactstrikesherastotallyuninteresting。HeargueswithherabouttheswitchingofallianceofOceania。Buttheissuestrikesherasunimportant。Whocares？shesaysimpatiently。〔15〕Itseemsthatthe。longertheliesexistandarerepeatedlytoldtopeople，themorepeoplewillacceptthelies。ThecaseistrueinJapan。
　　OrwellhimselfhadatasteofpoliticalpropagandaforhehadworkedforBBCfortwoyearsduringtheSecondWorldWar。Hedidntlikethejobatallandresignedatlast。HedescribedtheBBCatmosphereassomethinghalfwaybetweenagirlsschoolandalunaticasylum。〔16〕WhatirritatedhimaboveallabouttheBBCwasthefeelingoffrustrationengenderedbybureaucraticchangesofcourse。Oneisconstantlyputtingsheerrubbishontheairbecauseofhavingtalkswhichsoundtoointelligentcancelledatthelastmoment。。。〔17〕TheBBC，withitsmultifariousdepartments，memosandcanteen，wherethewartimestewwasnodoubtthin，maywellhaveservedasOrwellsmodelfortheMinistryofTruthinNineteenEightyFour。
　　ItisthroughOrwellsvividdescription，vigorousintuitionandclearvisionthatgreatdangersoftotalitariandictatorshiphavebeenexposed。Indeed，thesedangersareeverywhere。Itishisworksthatsharpenthereaderseyessothattheycanseethesedangers。
　　Conclusion
　　Theworldhassufferedalotfromtheruleoftotalitarianism。Thereweretwocatastrophicworldwarsinthefirsthalfof20thduringwhichhumancivilizationsdeclinedanddecayed。ThegloomyrealitywhichOrwellfacedforcedhimtomakethenightmarelikewarningtostirpeopleuptoavoidtheabyssinfrontofthem。HisprofoundobservationsofthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcenturyandhisvividdescriptioninNineteenEightyFourbestowthenovelaspecialkindoffictionalfactualstyle，whichmakesitthebestillustrationfortheembodimentoftotalitarianism。
　　AlthoughNineteenEightyFourwaswrittenmorethanhalfacenturyagoandthepresentworldsituationismuchmoreprosperousandpeacefulthanthattimeaspeaceanddevelopmenthasbecomethemainthemesofthecontemporaryworld，wehavetoadmitthatsince1948anticultureandantihumanismhavebeengaininggroundwithavirulencewhichevenOrwellwasunabletogaugeduetohisownhistoricallimitation。Atomicterrorhasnowreachedthelevelofcrisisandisthreateningnotonlytodestroyourbodiesbutalsotodamageourminds。Thedrasticenergycrisisandsoaringupoilpricestriggeredoffundeclaredwar，whoseimplicationsaremorethanjusteconomic。Ontheinternationalplane，thewarsofliberationfrom1948onward，thedeclineoftheoldcolonialpowers，theestablishmentofnewgeopoliticalandmilitaryhegemonies，theriseofoverahundrednewnationsandthehugechallengesofdevelopmentareraisingformidableproblemsofjusticeandevenofpuresurvivalfortheworldcommunity。
　　Mankindhasnochoice，fromnowonitmustlivewithnuclearweapons，anendangeredgeneticheritage，andathreatenednaturalenvironment。Wheredangergrows，themeansofsalvationgrowaswell。Yet，thehumanhistoryhasprovedthatwehavethepowertocorrectmisguideddevelopmentandtotestournewapproaches。ThehorriblescenesdescribedinNineteenEightyFourdidnotbecomerealityintheyearof1984。Nevercantheybeallowedtobecomerealityinthefuture。
　　Notes
　　〔3〕GeorgeOrwell。TheCompleteWorksofGeorgeOrwell〔M〕。London：SeckerandWarburg，1998；54。
　　〔4〕周映虹。人性与极权主义的冲突〔J〕。北京：北京语言大学，2006：26。
　　〔6〕乔治。奥威尔。我为什么要写作〔A〕。董乐山（翻译）。奥威尔文集〔C〕。北京：中国广播电视出版社，1997：95。
　　〔8〕奥威尔，249。
　　〔9〕奥威尔，349。
　　〔10〕奥威尔，531。
　　〔11〕奥威尔，434。
　　〔13〕奥威尔，401。
　　〔15〕奥威尔，510。
　　〔17〕PerterLewis。TheRoadto1984〔M〕。London：HeinemamQuixotePress，1981：87。
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