浅谈英语长句的汉语翻译

　　浅谈英语长句的汉语翻译浅谈英语长句的汉语翻译浅谈英语长句的汉语翻译
　　〔Abstract〕TheaimofthisessayistotellushowtotranslateEnglishlongsentencesintoChinesecorrectlyandprecisely。ItcontainsthecomparisonbetweenEnglishandChineselongsentences，anddefinesEnglishlongsentence。ThecommontypesofEnglishlongsentencesareclassifiedintheessay，anditalsoexplainswhyandwherelongEnglishsentencesareusedrespectively。Inthethirdpartoftheessay，weproposesthestepsandmethodsintranslatinglongEnglishsentence。Inconclusionpart，wepointsoutthekeytobecomeagoodtranslatoristoreadandpracticeasmuchaspossible，andalsomentionsthesimilarwaysintranslatingChineselongsentencestoEnglish。
　　〔KeyWords〕longsentences；understanding；expressing；translating
　　【摘要】本论文主要是向大家介绍如何准确到位的将英语长句翻译为中文。作者比较了中英文句子结构和表达的不同特点，同时对英语长句作了定义，对常见的几种英文长句作了说明，并且分别介绍了英语长句发生的原因和背景。在论文第三部分作者提出了翻译英语长句的步骤与方法。在结论部分，作者指出成为一个好的译者关键是多读多练，同时也提出了将中文长句翻译成英文相似的方法。
　　【关键词】长句；理解；表达；翻译
　　1。Introduction
　　EnglishChinesetranslationisaprocesswhichrequiresadetailedanalysisoftheoriginalsentencesinsuchaspectsasmeaning，structureandlogic，andwhich，asaresult，needsalongtimeofpracticetoperfect。However，translationismademoredifficultandcomplexbyfrequentappearanceoflongsentencesinthetwolanguages。Inthisessay，wediscusshowwecandevelopskillsinlongsentencetranslation。Whatisalongsentence？Alongsentenceisonewithseveralattributives，subordinateandadverbialclauses，whichareinterdependentonandlinkedtoeachother。Longsentencesarecharacterizedbyfrequentuseofattributiveandadverbialclauses，compoundstructure，parenthesisanddanglingstructure。Besides，whatmakeslongsentencesdifficulttotranslateisthefactthatChineseandEnglishmenhavedifferentthinkinghabit，whichnaturallyleadstotheirdifferencesinwaysofexpressionandsentencestructure。Thus，theemphasisofthisessayisonacomparisonbetweenthestructuresofEnglishandChinesesentences。ReasonswhythisessayisonacomparisonbetweenthestructuresofEnglisharealsodiscussed，andthetypesofarticleswherelongsentencesfrequentlyappearareshowntothereaders。Thepriorityofthisessayisgiventothesteps，whichshouldbetaken，andthemethodstobeusedinlongsentencetranslationandviceversa。
　　2。ComparisonbetweenEnglishandChinesesentences
　　2。1CommontypesoflongsentencesinEnglish
　　Generally，therearevarioustypesoflongsentences，whicharedifferentinstructures。
　　2。1。1Sentenceswithattributiveclauses〔1〕P565583
　　Onecommontypeoflongsentenceisonewithattributiveclauses。Whatisanattributiveclause？Anattributiveclauseisoneusedafteranountomodifythenoun。Attributiveclauses，althoughsharingthesimilarityofbeingmodifiers，aredifferentaccordingtotheirrelationshipwiththemainclause，andcanbepidedintoseveraltypes。
　　（i）。Attributiveclausesuggestingcauseoreffect
　　Animportanttypeofattributiveclauseistheonesthatsuggestcauseoreffect。Intranslatingalongsentencewiththistypeofattributiveclause，therelationshipoftheattributiveclausewiththemainclausewhetheritisthecauseoreffectofthemainclauseshouldbedeterminedfirst。Then，basedonitsfunction，aproperconjunctivewordshouldbechoseninordertoshowthereadertherelationshipofthetwoclauses。
　　ThereasonfordeterminingtherelationshipfirstisthatEnglishisalanguagewhichusesalargenumberofdifferentstructurestoshowtherelationshipbetweenclauses，whileinChinesesentences，wordsareemployedshowthereaderstherelationshipbetweenclauses。〔2〕P120Touseanexampletoclarifytheprocess，
　　（1）Theimprovementinhishealthresultedfromthephysicalexerciseshedideverymorning。
　　Inthissentence，theattributiveclauseishedideverymorning。Afterreadingthesentence，wecanfindoutthatthefactthathedidexerciseseverydayisthereasonforhisimprovementinhealth，thus，inEnglishChinesetranslationweshouldchoosetheChineseequivalenceofbecausetobeusedbeforetheattributiveclausetosuggesttherelationshipbetweentheattributiveandthemainclause，ThisEnglishsentencecanbetranslateinChinese，因为他每天早晨都锻炼，所以身体好了很多。
　　（ii浅谈英语长句的汉语翻译浅谈英语长句的汉语翻译浅谈英语长句的汉语翻译）。Attributiveclausesuggestingtime
　　Attributiveclausesometimesisusedtoshowthemainclause。Intranslatingthistypeofattributiveclauses，ananalysisoftherelationshipbetweenthemainandattributiveclausesisnecessarysoastochooseaproperChineseequivalenceofthewordwhen，afterorbefore。
　　（2）Atseven，hewentuptolookatJohn，whowassleepingatthattime。
　　Inthissentence，theattributiveclausewhowassleepingatthattimecanberegardedasthetimewhentheactioninthemainclausetookplace。Asaresult，weshouldtranslatetheattributiveclauseasatimeadverbialclause，andtheChineseequivalenceofthewordwhenshouldbeputbeforetheattributiveclausetosuggestthetime。
　　（iii）。Attributiveclausesuggestingtransitionturn
　　Attributiveclausecanalsobeusedtosuggesttransitionturn。Inthiscase，theChineseequivalenceofthewordbutshouldbeputbeforetheattributiveclauses。Considerthefollowingsentence，
　　（3）Hedidn’twanttoseehiswife，who，unexpectedly，camebackaftertwodays。
　　Afterreadingthissentence，itiseasyforustofindoutthattheattributiveclausewho，unexpectedly，camebackaftertwodaysshouldberegardedasaturningpointofthemainclause，soitisequaltothissentenceinmeaningHedidn’twanttoseehiswife，butshecamebackaftertwodays。Thus，intranslatingthissentence，weshouldputtheChineseequivalenceofthewordbutbeforetheattributiveclause。TheuseofadverbialclausescanalsoresultinlongEnglishsentences。Adverbialclausesarethoseusedtosuggesttime，placeorreasonofthemainclauses。Adverbialclausescanbeputeitherbeforeorafterthemainclauses，andthespecificrelationshipbetweenthemainclauseandtheadverbialclausecanbeeasilyidentifiedbecausetherelationshipisclearlysuggestedbythedifferentwordusedbeforetheadverbialclause。〔3〕P563Forinstance，anadverbialclausebeginningwiththewordwhennaturallysuggeststime，andonewiththewordbecauseimpliescause。Comparedwithattributiveclause，adverbialclauseisgenerallyeasiertotranslate。IntranslatingtheEnglishsentenceintoChinese，theadverbialclausesaremostlyputaheadofthemainclausesinChinese。Wecanlookatthefollowingsentences，
　　（4）Pleaseturnoffthelightwhenyouleavetheroom。〔4〕P140
　　Intranslatingthissentence，weshouldputtheadverbialclausewhenyouleavetheroombeforethemainclauseaccordingtothecommonwayofexpressioninChinese。
　　2。1。3Compoundsentence
　　Compoundsentencesareoftenlongsentencesbecauseacompoundsentenceusuallyincludestwoclauses。What，however，makescompoundsentencesdifferentfromotherlongsentencesisthatthetwoclausesineachcompoundsentenceplayanequallyimportantroleinthesentence。Compoundsentencesusuallysuggestasequenceofactionsthattakeplaceoneafteranother，andthewordsmostlycommonlyusedtoconnectthetwoclausesinacompoundsentenceareandandbut。〔5〕P483
　　（5）Sheworkedhard，butshefailedinthefinalexam。
　　Afterreadingthissentence，themeaningisquiteapparenttousbecausethestructureofcompoundsentencesisthesameasthatofmostChinesesentences。Naturally，intranslatingcompoundsentences，wejustneedtotranslateitwithoutchangingthestructureoftheoriginalsentence。
　　2。1。4Parenthesis
　　ParenthesisisanotherattributiontolargequantitiesoflongsentencesinEnglish。InanEnglishsentence，theparenthesiscanbeaword，aphrase，orasentence，andbeforetranslatingthesentenceweshouldfirstfindouttherelationshipoftheparenthesiswiththemainsentenceanditsfunctioninaneffortthatthetranslatedversioncomplieswiththeChinesewayofexpression。〔6〕P612616
　　（6）Hegetsupearlyeverymorning，whetheritissummerorwinter，todoexercises。
　　Similarly，intranslatingthissentence，puttheparenthesiswhetheritissummerorwinteratthebeginning，followedbythemainsentenceHegetsupearlyeverymorningtodoexercises。
　　2。2DifferencesinEnglishandChinesesentencestructures
　　2。2。1Differenceinwaysofthinking
　　Differentpeopleshavedifferentwaysofthinking，sotheirlanguages，whichareusedtoexpresspeople’sthoughts，arealsodifferent。
　　InEnglish，resultsareusuallygivenaheadofthecauses，whileinChinese，causesappearbeforetheireffects。ThisisbecauseChinese浅谈英语长句的汉语翻译浅谈英语长句的汉语翻译浅谈英语长句的汉语翻译peopleputemphasisonthenaturalorderoftheverbsaccordingtothetimetheactionstakeplace。Forexample，
　　（7）Tragediescanbewritteninliteraturesincethereistragedyinlife。生活中既有悲剧，文学作品就可以写悲剧。〔7〕P199
　　Andlookatthisexample，
　　（8）Hebegantoreadabookafterhavingsupper。
　　Afterreadingthissentence，wecanidentifythattheactionhavingsuppertakesplacebeforetheactionreadabook，butinthesentence，thelatterisputbeforetheformer。SointranslatingEnglishsentencefirstcarefullyfindoutthetimesequenceoftheverbs，andthenputthemintoChineseaccordingtothetimesequence，asistheChinesewayofexpression。
　　2。2。2Differenceintheuseofprepositions
　　R。Banderusedtosay：Aprepositionmaybedefinedasaconnectingwordshowingtherelationofanounorsubstituteforanountosomeotherwordinthesentence。PrepositionsappearconstantlyinEnglishspeechandwriting。Likethesentences，
　　（9）Theanycolorsofarainbowrangefromredontheoutsidetovioletontheinside。彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。〔8〕P5051Englishsentencescannotwithoutpreposition，butChinesesentencesarenotuseoromitpreposition。
　　2。2。3Differenceinrelativepronoun
　　RelativepronounisaveryimportantpartinEnglish，butinChinesethere’renosuchwordsasrelativepronouns。Relativepronounsarefrequentlyusedinsubordinateclauses，suchasobjectsubordinateclauseandattributiveclause。Incomparison，pronounsareusedinsteadofrelativepronouns。
　　（10）SheturnedtoTom，whowaswatchingTV。她转向汤姆，而他正在看电视。
　　2。2。4DifferentorientationsofChineseEnglishsentences
　　Chineseischaracterizedbyitsemphasisonmeaning，whileEnglish，onthecontrary，paymuchmoreattentiontostructureandlogicofthesentence。Areader，whilereadingaChinesesentenceorarticle，musttryhardtofindoutitsmeaning，butthemeaningofEnglishsentencesismuchclearerbecauseitsstructuremakesthemeaningquiteclear。〔9〕P5358
　　（1
　　1）Hesteppedrightinafterthem，likeitornot，andhewasdeterminedthatnothingasprettyasgoodmannersshouldkeephimfromachanceofenlightenment。他不管人家欢迎不欢迎，紧跟着他们走了进去。什么礼貌不礼貌，他顾不得这一套了。他决心不错过这个机会，把心里的问题弄明白。
　　AdetailedcomparisonbetweentheabovetwosentenceswillshowhowtheEnglishsentences，ingeneral，differfromeachother。
　　2。2。5Differentrelationofclauses
　　AnotherbigdifferencebetweenEnglishandChinesesentencesliesinthemorefrequentuseofclausesinEnglishthaninChinese。ThestructureofanEnglishsentencecanbecomparedtoagrapevine，whichmeansthatmanywordsinaEnglishsentencehavetheirownclause。Incontrast，thewordsinatypicalChinesesentencedon’thavetheirclauses，butappearintimesequence，eachplayingequallyimportantroleintheChinesesentence。〔10〕P43
　　（1
　　2）Lily，whoisaveryactivegirlatschool，becomesquietassoonasshearriveshome，whichmakesherparentsquitepuzzled。莉莉在学校里非常活跃，但一回到家却变得很安静，这让她的父母感到很迷惑。
　　IntheaboveEnglishsentences，therearetwoattributiveclausestomodifytwosegmentsinthesentence，whileintheChinesesentence，allthesentencesareequallyimportantandcomeoneafteranotherintimesequence。
　　3。StepsandmethodsinlongEnglishsentencetranslation
　　LongsentencesmakeupalargeportioninEnglish，andthereareseveralreasonsforitsfrequentappearance。
　　3。1ReasonsforfrequentappearanceoflongEnglishsentences
　　3。1。1Frequentuseofmodifiers
　　ComparedwithChinese，modifiersaremuchmorefrequentlyusedinEnglish，suchasattributiveclauses，adverbialclausesandappositives。ButinChinese，thespecificnounsarenotmodified，butareexplainedbyemployinganotherindependentsentence。
　　（1
　　3）Thesestudents，whorarelydoanyhouseworkathome，willserveaswaitersintherestaurantneartheschool，whichdrawsalargenumberofcustomerseveryday。
　　Themainstructureofthissentenceisthestudentswillbewaitersintherestaurant，butthesentenceismadelongbytheuseoftwoattributiveclauses，oneofwhichistomodifythewordstudents，andtheotherofwhichtherestaurant。ButinChinese，thissentencewillbeputasfollowed。这些学生在家几乎不做家务，而他们将要到学校附近的一家餐馆去当侍者，而这家餐馆每天食客云集。WecanseethatthesingleEnglishsentenceisseparatedintothreeclauses，eachexpressingaspecificmeaningwithoutempl浅谈英语长句的汉语翻译浅谈英语长句的汉语翻译浅谈英语长句的汉语翻译oyinganysubordinateclauses。ComparedwithChinese，inwhichverbsarearrangedintimesequence，Englishsentencesaremuchmorecomplexwiththeuseofvariousclauses，parenthesis，appositivesandprepositions。ChinesestudentsusuallyfindithardtoidentifythemainstructureoflongEnglishsentences，soitisnecessaryandquitehelpfultolearnthesegmentsthatmakethesimplesentenceslong。〔11〕P61
　　（1
　　4）He，insteadofstandingback，walkedforwardtofacetheaccuser，withotherslookingathiminastonishmentaswellaspuzzlement。
　　ThisisatypicallongEnglishsentencewithcomplexstructures。AstudentwithoutathoroughknowledgeofEnglishgrammarisboundtofailtounderstanditsmeaning。Tounderstandlongsentences，astudyofEnglishgrammarisrequired，andalargeamountofreadingofalltypesofarticlesinEnglishisalsoveryhelpful。
　　3。2Typesoflongsentenceswriting
　　Inordertoknowbetterhowtotranslatelongsentences，itisnecessarytoknowthetypesofwritingswherelongsentencesaremostfrequentlyused。Generally，longsentencesfrequentlyappearinofficialdocuments，scientificreports，andnewspapers。
　　（i）。Lawdocuments
　　Thereasonwhylongsentencesarefrequentlyusedinlawdocumentsisthatlongsentencesaremoreformalcomparedwithshorterones，andofficialdocumentsmustbewritteninaformaltoneandstyle。Forexample，（ii）。Scientificdocuments
　　Longsentencesalsomakeupalargeportioninscientificdocument，suchastechnologyspecifications。Wecanlookthetypicalexample。
　　（1
　　6）Butitisrealizedthatsuppliesofsomeofthemarelimited，anditisevenpossibletogiveareasonableestimateoftheirexpectationoflife，thetimeitwilltaketoexhaustallknownsourcesandreservesofthesematerial。〔13〕P6
　　（iii）。Newspapers
　　Newspapersusuallyarequiteabundantinlongsentences，butnotallkindsofarticlesinnewspapersarelongsentenceoriented。Onlyformaltypesofarticles，suchasarticlesaboutpolitics，economy，sports，economyandcultureusealotoflongsentencesnormally。Forexample，
　　（1
　　7）TheChinaBandingRegulatoryCommission（CBRC）alsosaidonFridaymorereformmeasuresareinthepipelinethisyear，includingpressingaheadwithjointstockreformsoftheIndustrialandCommercialBankofChina（ICBC），broadeningreformsofruralcreditcooperationandinitiatingkeyreformmeasurestothepostalsavingssystem。〔14〕P4
　　ThereasonforfrequentappearanceoflongsentencesinEnglishhasbeenanalyzed。ThenwhatarethecommonwaysoftranslatinglongsentencesinEnglish？
　　Regardlessofwhichkindsofarticlescontainlongsentences，therearecommonstepsandmethodsintranslatinglongEnglishsentences。Generally，thestepstakenshouldbe，first，understandingthestructureandmeaningofthesentencecorrectly，and，second，expressingoutthesamemeaninginChineseinanaturalwayofexpression。
　　3。3StepsintranslatinglongEnglishsentences
　　Thestepsthatshouldbetakenintranslationareunderstandingandexpressing。Astrictadherencetothisprinciplewouldbesuretomakethetranslationprocessmucheasier。
　　3。3。1Understanding
　　Understandingisthefirstandalsothemostimportantstepintranslationoflongsentences。Aslongsentencesareusuallyquitehardtounderstandbecauseoftheirbeingcomplex，correctunderstandingoftheoriginalsentenceisdirectlylinkedtocorrecttranslationwithoutchangingthemeaningoftheoriginalsentence。TounderstandalongEnglishsentencethusrequiresananalysisofthemainstructure，theexactmeaningofspecificwordsthattendtobemisunderstood，distinguishingthemainclausesfromthesubordinateclauses，identifyingthelogicofdifferentsegmentsineachclause，and，finallyandmostimportantly，findingoutthecorrectmeaningofthesentence。〔15〕P13
　　（i）。Findoutthetrunkofthesentence
　　（1
　　8）Eachcommentfromher，whichseemedquitedisappointingtoeveryoneelse，madeTom，however，veryexited。
　　ThemainstructureofthissentenceiseachcommentmadeTomexited。Ifreaderscanseparatethemainstructurefromtheoriginalsentence，thenthemeaningofthisseeminglycomplexlongEnglishsentencebecomesquiteclear。
　　（ii）。Analyzethemeaningofimportantwords
　　Afterfindingoutthemainstructure，whatthetranslatorshoulddoistoidentifythecorrectmeaningofthewordsthatseemtohavesomedifferentmeanings。InEnglish，therealsoexistsomewordsthatmayhavedifferentmeaningsaccordingtothecontextinwhichthewordsareused。Thus，thetranslatorneedstoidentifythemeaningofthewordsinthesentence。Themostefficientwayistoconsultthedictionarytofindoutthedifferentmeaningsawordmayhaveandthedifferentcircumstancesthewordisusedaccordingtotheirmeaning。Thisstepisespeciallyimportantinunderstandingthemeaningoftheimportantwordsinthesentences。
　　（1
　　9）Heheardagirlcryingoutside。
　　Inthissentence，thewordwhichhastwowaysofunderstandingisthewordcrying。Asweknow，thewordcryhastwomeanings：onebeingtheactionofsheddingtears，andtheotherbeingtheactionofshouting。Tofindoutwhichisthecorrectmeaningofthewordcryinthissentence，thereaderneedstotakethewholecontextintoconsiderationbecausethespecificmeaningofaworddependsonthewholecontext。
　　（iii）Identifysubordinateclause
　　Afterfindingoutthemainstructureandmeaningofthewordsinasentence，subordinateclausesmustalsobeidentifiedtofindouttherelationbetweenthesubordinateclausesandthewordsandthemainclause。Asisknown，eachsubordinateclausehasitsownfunction，eithertomodifyaspecificword，ortoindicateitsrelationwiththemainclause。Whetherasentenceiswellandappropriatelytranslatedlargelydependsonwhetherthesubordinateclauseisthoroughlystudied。
　　（20）Heopenedthebookthathisfathergavehimasagiftathisthirteenthbirthday。
　　Themainclauseofthissentenceisheopenedthebook，andthathisfathergavehimasagiftathisthirteenthbirthdayisanattributiveclausetomodifythebook。Sothemainclauseshouldfirstbetranslated，andthentheattributiveclauseshouldbetranslatedinanotherclauseorsentencetofurtherintroducetothereaderthesourceofthebook。Thus，thesentenceshouldbetranslatedasfollowed。他打开了那本书，那本书是他爸爸在他13岁生日时作为礼物送给她的。
　　（iv）。Getthegeneralideaofthesentence
　　Thereasonwhywedon’ttendtochangethemainideaoftheoriginalsentenceisthatwedon’ttendtochangethemainideaoftheoriginalsentenceinthetranslatedversion。Eventhoughareadermaynothaveanydifficultyinunderstandingthemeaningofeachofthewordsinasentence，hemayfindithardtofindoutthemainideaofthesentence，thusmakingitimpossibleforhimtotranslatethesentencecorrectly。
　　Ingeneral，understandingisthefirststepthatshouldbetakenintranslatinglongsentences。Toachievecorrectunderstandingofthesentences，areadermustbegoodatEnglishgrammar，befamiliarwithvarioustypesofEnglishsentencesandafairlylargevocabulary。
　　3。3。2Expressing
　　Afterunderstandingthemeaningandstructureoftheoriginalsentence，thenextsteptobetakenistoexpressthemeaninginthetargetlanguageinarationalway。AfterreadingtheEnglishsentence，thereaderneedstoidentifythefunctionofeveryword，phrase，andclause，andthenputthesesegments，accordingtotheirfunction，intheproperplaceinconformationwiththegrammaticalrules，wayofexpressionandthinkinghabitofChinese。Forexample，attributiveclausesareusedasmodifiersofnouns，buttheyshouldbeputbeforethenounratherthanafterthenoun。Foranotherinstance，timeadverbsareoftenputattheendofasentence，whileintheChineselanguage，thetimeadverbsshouldbeputatthebeginningofasentence。Similarly，inEnglish，nouns，ratherthanverbs，aremorefrequentlyusedtoindicateanaction，sointhetranslatedChineseversion，thenounshouldbetransformedintoaverb，asverbsarefrequentlyusedinChinesethannouns。
　　（2
　　1）Hebecameangrierasthenoisedidn’tstop。
　　Afterreadingthesentence，weknowthatasthenoisedidn’tstopisthereasonforthefacthebecameangrier。InChinese，thereasonisusuallyfirstgivenbeforetheaffectedinconformationwithtimesequence，sothereasonshouldbeputbeforetheeffectinChinese。Thus，thetranslatedversionshouldbe，
　　噪音没有停止，这让他更生气了。
　　3。4MethodsintranslatinglongEnglishsentences〔18〕P149158
　　Besidesknowingthestepstakenintranslatinglongsentences，moreimportant，perhaps，istomasterthemethodsandskillsintranslatinglongsentences。ZhangPeijiinhisbookACourseinEnglishChineseTranslationshowshisopinionintranslatinglongEnglishsentences。
　　3。4。1Obversetranslation
　　AlthoughEnglishandChinesesentencesaredifferentinthewayofexpression，somesentencesinEnglisharethesameinwordorderandwayofexpressionasChinesesentences。Thus，intranslatingthesesentences，theoriginalwordorderneednotbechanged，makingthetranslationprocessrelativelyeasier。
　　（2
　　2）BeforeIhadmydinner，Iwentouttoseewhethermyunclehadcomeback。
　　Inthissentence，beforeIhadmydinnerisatimeadverbialclause。InChinese，thetimeadverbialclauseisusuallyputatthebeginningofthisadverbialclause。InChinese，thetimeadverbialclauseisusuallyputatthebeginningofasentence，sothetranslatedversionofthisadverbialclausedonotneedtobechangedtoanotherposition。Thus，thetranslateversionshouldbe吃饭之前，我出去看看叔叔有没有回来。
　　（2
　　3）Heknockedatthedoor，and，havingheardnosoundfrominside，begantoshout。
　　Inthissentence，therearethreeverbs：knock，hear，andshout。Afterreadingthissentence，wecanfindoutthatthethreeverbsarearrangedintimesequence，asisthewayverbsarearrangedinChinesesentences。Thus，whentranslatingthissentence，thewordorderneednotbechanged，anditshouldbetranslatedasfollowed：他敲了敲门，听到里面没有声音，就开始喊。
　　3。4。2Reversetranslation
　　MostofEnglishsentenceare，becauseofthethinkinghabitofEnglishmen，differentinwordorder，phraseorderorclauseorderfromChinesesentences。SomesentencesarecompletelyreversedaccordingtoChinesegrammar。Translatingthesesentences，asaresult，requiresthetranslator，first，toputthereversedsegmentsinthenormalorderbasedonChinesegrammar。Thisiscalledreversetranslation。
　　（2
　　4）Hepickedupthebookhismothergavehim。
　　Thissentencecontainsanattributiveclausetomodifythenounthebook，butweknowthatinChinese，modifiersaregenerallyputbeforethenounitmodifies。So，inthetranslatedsentence，theattributiveclauseshouldbeputbeforethenoun。However，thereisanexception。Iftheattributiveclauseistoolong，itisnotpropertoputthetranslatedclausebeforethenoun。Thisisbecause，ifthustranslated，thetranslatedversionwouldsoundtooawkwardbasedonChinesegrammar。Thedetailsofthiskindoftranslationwillbediscussedlater。
　　So，thetranslatedversionoftheaboveexampleis他拿起了妈妈给他的那本书。
　　3。4。3Reverseandobversetranslation
　　SomesentencesinEnglishcontainboththesegmentsthatarethesameinwordorderasChineseandthosesegments，whicharedifferent。So，intranslatingthesesentences，theformershouldbetranslatedbyusingobversetranslation，andthelattershouldemployreversetranslation。Bothreverseandobversetranslationshouldbeemployedtotranslatedifferentpartsofthesentence。
　　（2
　　5）AsTomisatpresentwritingareport，thebookyougavehimshouldbeofmuchhelptohim。
　　Inthissentence，AsTomisatpresentwritingareportisanadverbialclauseindicating浅谈英语长句的汉语翻译浅谈英语长句的汉语翻译浅谈英语长句的汉语翻译thecause，andthebookyougavehimshouldbeofmuchhelptohimistheeffect，sothesentencestructureingeneralisthesameasaChinesesentence。However，thissentencealsocontainsanattributiveclauseusedtomodifythenounbook。Ashasbeendiscussedbefore，theattributiveclauseshouldbeputbeforethenounitmodifies。Inthiscase，bothobverseandreversetranslationisusedintranslatingthissentence。Thetranslatedsentenceis他正在写报告，所以你给他的那本书一定对他有帮助。
　　MostofthelongsentencesinEnglishareofthistype，thatis，requiringbothobverseandreversetranslation。So，itisrequiredofthetranslatortofirstanalyzethestructureofthesentenceandthenunderstandthemeaningofthesentence。TheneststepistotranslatethesentenceinthecorrectorderandinthecommonwayofexpressioninChinese。
　　3。4。4Componenttranslation
　　Componenttranslationisgenerallyusedinattributiveclausetranslation，providedthattheattributiveclauseisrelativelytoolongtobeputbeforethenouninthetranslatedversion，andontheconditionthattheattributiveisnotsocloselyrelatedtothemainclauseinmeaning。Generally，theattributiveclausecanbetranslatedasaseparatesentencefromthemainclause，oritcanbetranslatedasanadverbialclause。
　　（2
　　6）Hedecidedtogotothemarket，whichwasfarfromhishome，sohetookataxi。
　　Inthissentence，theclause，whichwasfarfromhishomeisusedtomodifythenounthemarket，butitisnotsocloselyrelatedtothemainclauseinmeaning。Rather，itcanberegardedasaturningpointinthesentence，soitcanbeseparatedfromthemainclause。Sothetranslatedversionis他决定去那个市场，而那个市场离他家很远，所以他打了车去。
　　（2
　　7）Hechoosetheredonewhosecolorheliked。Inthissentence，theattributiveclausewhosecolorhelikedcanberegardedasthereasonwhyhechoosethered，sotheattributiveclausecanbetranslatedasanadverbialclauseindicatingreason。Thetranslatedversionis他选了那个红的，因为他喜欢那种颜色。
　　（2
　　8）Heleftatoneo’clocklastnight，whenalltheothersweresleeping。Inthissentence，theattributiveclauseisusedtoindicatethetimewhenheleft，sothisclausecanberegardedasatimeadverbialclause。Besides，intranslatingthissentence，atransitionalwordcanbeusedtolinkthetwoclausestomakethewholesentencenatural。Thetranslatedversioncanbe他是昨天晚上1点走的，那时候，其他人都在睡觉。
　　Itcanbeseen，inthetranslatedsentence，thetransitionalphrase那时候isusedtoconnectthetwoclauses，makingthewholesentencesoundnatural。So，inaword，attributiveclausesthathavecloserelationwiththemainclauseshouldbetranslatedandputbeforethenounasmodifiers，andthoseattributiveclausesthatarenotusedtomodifythenounandwhicharenotsocloselyrelatedtothemainclauseshouldbetranslatedasadverbialclauses。
　　3。4。5Translationbyrearrangementoftheoriginalsentence
　　TherearesomesentencesinEnglish，especiallyinlawdocumentsandtechnologydocuments，whichhaverathercomplexsentencestructures，which，withoutathoroughstudyofthestructure，wouldbetoodifficulttotranslate。Inthiscase，thewholestructureoftheEnglishsentencemustbechangedinorderthattheChineseversionshouldcomplywithChinesegrammaticalrules。Thiskindoftranslationisachievedbyrearrangementoftheoriginalsentence。
　　（2
　　9）PetrahadbecometheleaderofthegirlsassoonasshesnappedoutofheroriginaldepressionatcomingtoPrague。
　　ThissentencecontainsfourverbscometoPrague，depress，snapoutofthedepression，andbecametheleader。InChinese，thefourverbsshouldbearrangedintimesequence，sotheorderoftheverbsshouldbecometoPrague，depress，snapoutandbecometheleader。Sothetranslatedversionshouldbe佩德到了布拉格，原是满怀抑郁，后来变得开心起来，就立刻成了女孩子们中间的领袖。
　　（30）Icouldn’tbeataboywhohadn’tgotarelationintheworldandwhosefatherhadlefthimtomebecausehethoughtI’dbekindtohim。
　　Inthissentence，therearetwoattributiveclausestomodifythenountheboy，andthere’sanadverbialclauseindicatingthereasonofthesecondattributiveclause，and，what’smore，where’sanobjectsubordinateclauseI’dbekindtohim。HowcanweputtheseclausesinChinesesentences？
　　Afterreadingthewholesentence，wefindoutthattherearefourmeaningsinthissentence，andweshould，asusual，putthesemeaningsintimesequence。Thus，theordershouldbe：first，hehadn’tgotarelationintheworld；second，hethoughtI’dbekindtohim；third，thefatherlefthimtome；fourth，Icouldn’tbeataboy。So，thet浅谈英语长句的汉语翻译浅谈英语长句的汉语翻译浅谈英语长句的汉语翻译ranslatedversionis：一个举目无亲的孩子，而且他父亲当初是认为我会待他好才把孩子托给我的，我总不能打他吧。
　　So，thegeneralprincipleintranslatinglongEnglishsentencewithcomplexstructureistoanalyzethestructureofthesentence，understandtherelationbetweentheclauses，understandthemeaning，rearrangethesentencestructureandexpressthemeaningoutingoodChineselanguage。
　　TheabovearethegeneralmethodsthatshouldbeusedintranslatinglongEnglishsentencesintoChinese。Agoodtranslator，however，shouldbeabletousethesemethodsincombinationwhenevernecessary。
　　4。Conclusion
　　EnglishChineselongsentencetranslationis，ingeneral，quitedifficultforeventhemostexperiencedtranslators，somuchpracticeisneededbeforeatranslatorcanreallybeateasewithlongsentencetranslation。However，itshouldbepointedoutthat，onlypracticeisnotenough。Besidesalotofpractice，agoodtranslatorshouldalsoreadasmanyaspossibleEnglishandChinesebooksinallfieldsinordertobefamiliarwithalltypesofsentencestylesandacquireafairlylargescopeofknowledge。
　　Inthisthesis，wehavediscussedthestepsandmethodsintranslatinglongEnglishsentencesintoChinese，however，infact，thestepsandmethodsoftranslatinglongChinesesentencesintoEnglisharethesameasthoseinEnglishChinesetranslation。Thereforeabriefdiscussionwillbeprovidedhere。
　　Understandingandexpressionare，similarlythetwostepstobetakeninChinesetoEnglishtranslationoflongsentences。Tounderstandthecorrectmeaningandstructureofthesentencerequiresthetranslatortoanalyzethemainstructureofthesentence，tofindouttherelationsoftheclauses，andtogetthegeneralideaofthesentence；ExpressionmeanstoexpressthemeaninginanaturalwayinEnglish。Afterunderstandingtheoriginalsentence，thetranslatorshouldrearrangetheclausesandmodifythetranslatedversiontomaintaintheoriginalstyleofthesentence。
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