从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译

　　从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译
　　〔Abstract〕DomesticationandforeignizationarethetermsbroughtupbyanAmericanscholarL。Venutitodescribethetwodifferenttranslationstrategies。Theformerreferstotranslationinwhichatransparent，fluentstyleisadoptedinordertominimizethestrangenessoftheforeigntextfortargetlanguagereaders，whilethelatterdesignatesthetypeoftranslationinwhichatargettextdeliberatelybreakstargetconventionsbyretainingsomethingoftheforeignnessofthesourcetext。Translation，generallyspeaking，isnotonlyatransitionbetweendifferentlanguages，butalsotransferringinformationofcultureinthesourcelanguagetothatinthetargetlanguage。Andthenatureoftranslationisculturalcommunication。Since1980s，manyscholarsputforwardtheirownopinionsupondomesticationandforeignizationunderthelightofculturaltranslation。Intheiropinion，thefundamentaltaskoftranslationistotransfertheoriginalcontentsandculturescompletelyintothetargetlanguage。Duringtranslation，translatorsshouldconsidernotonlydifferencesbetweenlanguagesbutalsothosebetweencultures。Therefore，translatorsshouldputmoreemphasisonforeignization。TakeChineseidiomsforexample。Sincetheexchangesamongdifferentcountriesandregionsbecomemoreandmorefrequent，translatorsshouldputmoreemphasisonforeignizationintranslatingChineseidiomsintoEnglish。Duringtranslation，translatorsshouldfacsimileasmuchaspossibletheculturalfeaturesandconnotationsofChineseidioms。Inthisway，EnglishpeoplecanknowmoreandbetteraboutChinaandreallycontactwiththesophisticatedChineseculture。Meanwhile，tosomeextent，foreignizationcanhelptospreaduniqueChineseculturalmessageandevenhelptoenhanceculturalcommunicationbetweenChinaandforeigncountries。
　　〔KeyWords〕domestication；foreignization；culturaltranslationtheory；Chineseidioms
　　【摘要】归化与异化是两种不同的翻译策略。译界有许多学者对此发表了许多的观点。归化与异化之争由来已久，从古至今，从西方到中国，归化与异化都是学者译者们争论的热门话题之一。翻译基本上是一种语言转换活动但又不是一项纯粹的语言转换活动，它还牵涉到种种非语言因素，特别是牵涉到种种文化因素。翻译不仅是语言层面更是文化层面上的一种活动，其本质是文化交流。自20世纪80年代后，许多学者针对归化与异化提出了应该从文化角度来审视二者的观点。孙致礼在《翻译的异化与归化》中提到：翻译的根本任务是准确而完整地传达原作的‘思想’和‘风味’。在翻译中，译者不仅要考虑语言的差异，还要密切注视文化的差异，力求最大限度地保存原文所蕴涵的异域文化特色。如果不是万不得已，特别不宜归化，而要尽可能真实地传达出来。归化主要表现在‘纯语言层面’，在‘文化层面’上则应力求最大限度的异化。以汉语习语为例，在当今跨文化交流不断发展的趋势下，译者在翻译中应多从文化的角度考虑，适度加以应用异化策略及其方法，尽可能重现汉语习语的文化特征及内涵，让西方人更多更好地了解中国，接触中华民族博大精深的文化，同时也有利于传播中国独有的文化气息，进而有利于实现中国与世界各国进一步交流。
　　〔关键词〕归化；异化；文化翻译观；汉语习语
　　1。Onculturaltranslationtheory
　　Culturaltranslationisdiscussedinthebroadcontextofculture。Itincludesananalysisofthesurfaceanddeepstructuresofcultureandlanguage，andtheexaminationoftheinternalcontextbetweencultureandtranslationaswellastheobjectivelawspertainingtotheirinteraction。Inlate1980s，manyscholarsbegantogivetheirownopinionsontranslationfromtheperspectiveofculture。UmbertoEcoconsideredthattranslationequalstoculture，thatistosay，thetranslationactivityisakindofculturaltransportation。LambertandRobynsheldthattranslationshouldbetreatedasnotonlyanactivitybetweentwolanguagesbutalsoacommunicativeactivitybetweentwocultures。Nidapointedout：foratrulysuccessfultranslation，biculturalabilityismuchmoreimportantthanbilingualability〔1〕p70。Somescholarssuggestedthatculturebutnottextshouldberegardedasthetranslationunitandtranslatorsshouldpaymoreattentiontocultureduringtranslation。Tosomeextent，thoseviewsbecamesymbolsofformationofculturaltranslationtheory。
　　Differentcultureshavedifferentfeatures。Cultureindicatesanation，regionorarace’sfeature。Andthecommunicationofdifferentculturesneedstranslation。Translationistheproductionandintermediumofculturalcommunication。Translationreflectsthefeaturesofbothcultureswhenonelanguageandcultureistranslatedintoanother。Andtheaimoftranslationistotransferthesourcecultureintothetargetculture〔2〕p24。WangZuoliangpointedout：Thedifferencebetweentwoculturesisthemostdifficultthingintranslation，sotranslatorsshouldhaveagoodknowledgeofboththeforeigncultureandthenativeculture。Themoretranslatorsunderstandtheculturalinformation，themorepossiblytheycanmasterthelanguageandreproducetheoriginalculture。HanZimanviewedthatthefeaturesofculturehaveaneffectonthewholetranslationactivitiesandtheviseversaisalsotrue〔3〕p116。Therefore，thetransferenceofculturalinformationshouldplayakeyroleintranslation。
　　Inthebroadcontextofculture，translationmeansnotonlyonelanguagebeingtransferredintoanotherbutalsoacommunicationbetweentwocultures。A从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译ndthepurposeoftranslationistopromoteculturalcommunication。Translationisakindofculturalactivitythattranslatorsreproducetheoriginalcultureinthetargettext。Culturalinformationbutnotlanguageistheobjectoftranslation。Duringtranslation，translatorsshouldtranslatethe‘form’and‘essence’oftheoriginallanguageintothetargetlanguagedirectlyandexactly。i。e。，translationshouldreservetheculturaldifferenceandreproducetheoriginal‘foreignness’asmuchaspossible〔4〕p37。Here，‘foreignness’meansthattranslationshouldkeepasmuchaspossibletheculturalfeaturesandinformationofthesourcetext〔5〕p136。Allinall，inculturaltranslation，translatorsshouldtakecultureintoconsiderationandreconstructthesourcecultureasmuchaspossibleintothetargetlanguageduringtranslation。
　　2。Domesticationandforeignizationunderthelightofculturaltranslation
　　2。1TheoriginanddefinitionofdomesticationandforeignizationForforeignization，SchuttleworthandCowiedefineditasatermusedbyVenutitodesignatethetypeoftranslationinwhichatargettextisproducedwhichdeliberatelybreakstargetconventionsberetainingsomethingoftheforeignnessoftheoriginal。Venutiregardeditasachallengingstrategytodomesticationanditseffectistoregisterthelinguisticandculturaldifferenceoftheforeigntext，sendingthereaderabroad。〔9〕p21Intranslation，translatorsshouldreservethelanguageandculturefeaturesofthesourcetext；therefore，readersofthetargettextcanfeelsomestrangenessofothercultures。Fromtheexplorationanddiscussionmentionedabove，nowwecansumupdomesticationandforeignizationinthisway：theyaretwodifferenttranslationstrategiesusedbytranslatorsaccordingtodifferentaspectssuchasthedifferencebetweentwolanguagesandcultures，translationpurpose，typeoftext，intentionoftheauthorandreadersofthetargetlanguageetc。Domesticationholdsthattranslationshouldbeinaccordancewiththetargetlanguageandcultureandgetridofthebarriersasmuchaspossiblesoastomeetthetargetlanguagereadersdemands；foreignizationviewsthattranslationshouldreservetheculturalfeaturesofsourcelanguagesoastoenrichthetargetlanguageandcultureandmeetthetargetlanguageread从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译ers’demandofstrangeness。Domesticationandforeignizationisapairofcomplementarytranslationstrategiesthatdon’trejectagainsteachother〔11〕p68。
　　2。2Foreignizationorientedstrategyunderthelightofculturaltranslation
　　Generallyspeaking，domesticatingtranslationgivesthereadermoreconvenienceandsavesthereadermuchtime。Intheglobalinformationage，convenienceandbriefnessbecomemoreandmoreimportant。Tosomeextentinformationismoneyandtimeismoney。Soitseemsthatweshouldusedomesticationstrategyasmuchaswecanintranslation。However，generallyspeaking，foreignizingtranslationgivesthereadermoreinformationthanthedomesticatingone。Fromtheperspectiveofinformationtheory，onlynewinformationisusefulinformation。Ifthetranslationcanonlyprovideoldinformation，itisnotsovaluable。Supposingthesourcetextandthetargettextconveythesameinformation，thetargetreaderstillgetsomethingnewifwhatheorshereadsisaforeignizedtranslation。Meanwhile，withthedevelopmentofhightechnologyandtheimprovedmeansofcommunication，moreandmorepeoplewanttolearnforeigncultureandknowledgeandinassimilatingandlearningforeignlanguageandculture，foreignizationisusefulandessential。InChina，withthepolicyofreformandopeningstotheworld，Chinacommunicatesmorefrequentlywithforeigncountries。MoreandmoreforeignerstakegreatinterestinChinesecultureandurgentlywanttoacquireChinesecultureknowledge。Itisforeignizedtranslationthatcanmeetthisneedmuchbetter。Thereasonsareasfollows：
　　First，thenatureofforeignizationdeterminesthatitsdealingwiththeelementswithobviousculturalfeaturesinthesourcetextshouldinevitablyresultsinbringingsomenewexpressionsandculturalconnotationsinthetargettext，i。e。，bringingsomeforeignness。Sinceexchangesamongdifferentcountriesbecomemoreandmorefrequently，nowadays，manysortsoflanguagesattainenrichmentstosomeextent。Andforeignizationtranslationplaysanimportantroleintheprocess。Forexample，termsandexpressionslikeInternet，Gene，blueprint，killingtwobirdswithonestone，crocodiletearsenrichedChineseandqigong，taijiquan，kongfu，typhoon，tofuetc。enrichedEnglish。Andtranslatorsuseforeignizationtomakemanyforeignwordsgraduallybeacceptedandextensivelybespreadtothepublic。Insomeway，foreignizationisbeneficialforabsorbingnewelementsofforeignlanguage。Oncetheywereaccepted，expressionsofthetargetlanguagewouldbeenrichedandcommunicationfurtherpromoted。
　　Inaddition，thegapsamongdifferentcountriesbecomesmallerandsmallerbecauseoffrequentinternationalcommunicationinpolitics，economics，culture，etc。Andglobalizationisalsobecomingthetendencyofsocialdevelopment。Therefore，knowingmoreaboutforeigncountriesbecomesaninevitablepartoflife。Foreignizationisbeneficialnotonlyforintroducingnativeculturetoforeignersbutalsoformakingnativepeoplebefamiliarwithforeigncultures。Inthisway，peoplefromdifferentcountriescancommunicatewitheachotherbetter。Forexample，if铁饭碗and下海aretranslateddirectlyintoironricebowlandtojumpintotheseaofbusiness，thetranslationsreservetheimageaswellasthemeaningofthesourcelanguage。Meanwhile，theuniqueChineseculturehasbeenintroducedtoEnglishreaders。TakeanEnglishidiomtopaintthelilyasanotherexample。Ifitistranslatedinto多此一举，thesymbolicmeaningoflilyinwesterncountrieswouldnotbeknowntotheChinese。Soitisbettertotranslateitinto为百合花上色sothatChinesepeoplecanknowthesymbolicmeaningoflilyandsomemoreaboutwesternculture。3。IntranslatingChineseidiomsintoEnglish，foreignizationshouldbetheleadingtranslationstrategy
　　3。1ForeignizationishelpfultoreproduceChinesecultureintranslatingChineseidioms
　　ChineseidiomsmainlycomefromChineseancientfables，fairytales，historicaleventsandallusions。TheybearrichandcolorfulChineseuniqueculture。SincetheopendoorpolicyhasbeenissuedandculturalcommunicationbetweenChinaandforeigncountriesbecomesmoreandmorefrequent，ChineseculturehasbeengraduallyunderstoodandacceptedbymoreandmoreforeignersandChineseidioms，asonepartofChineseculture，alsohavebeenappreciated。Therefore，thetranslationofChineseidiomsbecomesanimportantpartoftranslationofculture。IntranslatingChineseidiomsintoEnglish，translatorsshouldreserveChinesecultureandreproduceitintargettexts。Andtranslatorsshouldchooseforeignizationasthefirsttranslationstrategy，forforeignizationishelpfultoreproducetheculturalfeaturesandinformationofChineseidiomsintranslation。Thatistosay，intranslatingChineseidiomsintoEnglish，translatorsshouldreserveasmuchaspossibletheculturalfeaturesofChineseidiomsandtranslatetheconnotationsofthemaswell。IftranslatorschoosedomesticationintranslatingChineseidiomsintoEnglish，itwouldbeunlikelyforEnglishreaderstocontactwiththeculturalflavorofChineseidioms。Meanwhile，itwouldnothelptoretainChinesecultureandpromoteculturalcommunication。
　　Take巧媳妇难为无米之炊asanexample。IfitistranslatedintoEventhecleveresthousewifecan’tmakebreadwithoutflour。ChineseculturalfeatureshavefailedtoberetainedthoughEnglishreaderscanunderstanditeasily。Inthisway，EnglishreaderswillnotknowwhatricemeanstoChinesepeopleandeventhinkthatbreadisthemainfoodofbothChineseandthemselves。Ifso，itwillnotgoodforcommunicating。Therefore，theidiomshouldbetranslatedintoEventhecleveresthousewifecan’tcookamealwithoutrice。Inthisway，theculturalconceptofriceisreservedandtheculturalfeatureoftheidiomisreproduced。Hereisanotherexample，穷棒子闹翻身是八仙过海各显神通。ItcanbetranslatedintoThewaywepoorfolkstrytoemancipateourselves，isjustlikethewaytheEightFairiescrossedtheseaeachdisplayinghisowntalent。〔14〕p143144Inthisway，theimageoftheEightFairieshasbeenreservedandtheconnotationsofiteachdisplayinghisowntalenthasbeentranslated。Ofcourse，translatorscanaddanextraexplanationtointroduce八仙toEnglishreadersforknowingmoreabouttheidiom，i。e。，TheEightFairiesistheeightimmortalsofTaoisminChinesefolklore。
　　Perhaps，somepeoplewilldoubtthatEnglishreadersmayhavedifficultyinunderstandingandevenmisunderstandsomeidiomsiftheyaretranslatedinthisway，fortheculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishreallyexist。Inmyopinion，translatorsshouldnotbeworriedaboutit。TheyshouldbelieveinthewisdomandimaginationofEnglishreaders。Furthermore，ittakestimeforonetoachieveunderstanding。Withthedevelopmentofculturalcommunication，misunderstandingwilldisappearandEnglishreaderswillfinallyacceptit。Therefore，translatorsshouldputtheemphasisoncrossculturalcommunicationandtrytoreservetheculturaldifferencesandreproduceasmuchastheuniqueculturalfeaturesofChineseidioms。
　　3。2SeveralcommonlyusedtechniquesofforeignizationintranslatingChineseidioms
　　3。2。1Literaltranslation
　　InthetranslationofChineseidioms，literaltranslationmeansthatintheconditionofnotinvadingtheEnglishculturalconventionsandnotcausingthemisunderstand从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译inganddisassociations，translationshouldcompletelypreservetheimage，figurativeandculturalfeaturesofChineseidiomsinordertopursuetheconformityofboththecontentsandexpressions〔15〕p70。
　　Chineseidioms，asweknow，containoneofthedeepestculturesofChinese。Itbearslotsofculturalfeaturesandmessage。Therefore，translatorsshouldhaveadeepknowledgeofChineseidiomsbeforedoingtranslation。WiththecorrectunderstandingofChineseidioms，translatorsshouldtranslatetheidiomswiththeguideofculturalreproduction，thatistosay，translatorsshouldretainculturesoftheidiomsintoEnglish。Duringtranslation，translatorsshouldtranslatenotonlytheimageandmeaningoftheidiomsbutalsotheculturalconnotations。
　　（1）七嘴八舌withsevenmouthsandeighttongues
　　TheChineseidiom七嘴八舌maybetranslatedintohavealoosetongue。Ifso，Englishreadersmayknowthemeaningeasily。However，theycannotperceiveparticularwayChinesepeopleusetodescribenoisy。Ifitistranslatedintowithsevenmouthsandeighttongues，Englishreadersmaytakemuchmoreinterestinitandtrytounderstandwhatsevenmouthsandeighttonguesreallymeans。Inthisway，notonlywilltheyfindoutitsmeaningsoonerorlater，theyalsocanreallylearnmoreaboutChineseculture。
　　（2）东风压倒西风theeastwindsubduedthewestwind
　　东风压倒西风，itisusuallytranslatedintotheeastwindsubduedthewestwindortheeastwindprevailsthewestwindvialiteraltranslation。Here，theimageof东风and西风hasbeenkeptintranslation。MaybesomepeopledoubtthatEnglishreaderscannotunderstandit，forthewestwindinEnglandisdifferentfromthatinChina，andtheymaynotknowwhattheeastwindis。Infact，reservingtheimageof东风，西风istocarryoutthedifferencebetweenChineseandEnglish。Becauseofthedifference，weneedcommunication，andwiththecommunication，EnglishreaderscanreallyknowwhattherealChinesecultureiscontainedintheidiom。Therefore，translating东风压倒西风directlyintoEnglish，fromtheviewoftranslationofculture，isacceptableandnecessary，forthewholemeaning，imageandculturebehindithavebeenreservedandspreadintranslation。
　　（3）一寸光阴，一寸金aninchoftimeisaninchofgold
　　Inaddition，translatorsshouldtranslatenotonlythedenotationsbutalsotheconnotationsofChineseidioms。一寸光阴，一寸金shouldbetranslatedintoaninchoftimeisaninchofgold。Here，goldisoneofthemostpreciousmetalsinChina，sotimeisgold。Butinwesterncountries，peoplethinkmoneyisthemostimportantarticleinlife。ThereisasayinginEnglish：timeismoney。Infact，themeaningofthetwosayingsisthesame。However，aninchoftimeisaninchofgoldisabettertranslation，fortheculturalinformationof一寸光阴一寸金canbetransferreddirectlyandfaithfullyintoEnglishandthefeaturesofChineseculturehasbeenreproducedintranslation。
　　Fromtheexamplesmentionedabove，wecanseethatliteraltranslationisthefirstchoiceoftranslatingChineseidioms，foritcannotonlyreservetheimage，styleandmeaningofChineseidiomsbutalsoreconstructChineseculturalfeaturesandinformationasmuchaspossible。
　　3。2。2Literaltranslationwithanote
　　Fromtheviewofculturaltranslation，translationistopromotethecommunicationofculture，soduringtranslatingChineseidiomstranslatorscantranslatetheidiomsdirectlyfirstandthenplusanotetopresentthereadersthestorieslyingbehindtheidiomssoastoenhanceunderstanding。Tosomeextent，itwillmakeEnglishreadersknowmoreaboutChineseculturequicklyandclearlyandeventakemoreinterestsinChinesecultureexistsbehindtheidioms。ThiswillbealsohelpfultopromoteculturalcommunicationbetweenChineseandEnglish。Hereareafewexamples：
　　（4）难道这也是个傻丫头，又像颦儿来葬花不成？因又自笑道若真也葬花，可谓东施效颦了；不但不为新奇，而是更是讨厌（DreamoftheRedChamber，Chapter
　　3hr4）。
　　东施效颦DongShiimitatingXiShi
　　Here，东施效颦shouldbedirectlytranslatedintoDongShiimitatingXiShiinordertoletEnglishreaderstrulycontacttheimageoftheidiom。Afterthat，translatorsmaygiveasimpleintroductionabout东施效颦。i。e。，DongShiimitatingXiShi，whichisaZhuangzisstoryofthebeautifulXiShisuglyneighbor，whoendeavorstoimitatethelittlefrownthatpeopleranfromherinterror。Inthisway，EnglishreaderscanknownotonlywhoDongShiandXiShiarebutalsowhattheidiomreallymeans。Inthisway，Chineseculturecanbereproducedclearlyintranslation。
　　（5）叶公好龙LordSheh’sloveofdragons
　　叶公好龙，hereitcanbetr从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译anslatedintoLordSheh’sloveofdragonsandaconciseexplanationcanbeaddedafterit：Shehwassofondofdragonsthatheadornedhiswholepalacewithdrawingsandcarvingsofthem，butwhenarealdragonheardofhisinfatuationandpaidhimavisit，hewasfrightenedoutofhiswits。
　　（6）破镜重圆abrokenmirrormadewholeagain
　　破镜重圆shouldbetranslatedintoabrokenmirrormadewholeagain。However，Englishreadersmayfeelpuzzledaboutthemeaningandcannotunderstandwhyabrokenmirrorcanbewholeagain。Soashortnoteisneeded：IntheNorthernandSouthernDynastieswhentheStateofChen（A。D。5575
　　8hr9）wasfacingitsdemise，XuDeyan，husbandoftheprincess，brokeabronzemirrorintohalves。Eachofthemkeptahalfastokensincasetheywereseparated。Soonafterwards，theydidlosetouchwitheachother，butthetwohalvesofthemirrorenabledthemtobereunited。Inthisway，theidiom’sdeepermeaningcanbeknownexpressively。
　　3。2。3Literaltranslationwithadditionalremarks
　　Thiskindofmethodisdifferentfromtheaboveone。Insomeway，theimagesandculturalmeaningsofidiomscanbedirectlytransferredintoEnglishduringtranslation。Additionalremarksusuallyembodiesinphases，oneortwoshortsentences。
　　（7）目不识丁onedoesnotrecognize丁，oneofthesimplestcharacterinChinese
　　Somepeopleconsiderthatthecharacter丁shouldbetranslatedintoABC。However，丁reflectstheuniqueChinesecharacterculture。IfitistranslatedintoABC，theexactmeaningof丁andtheculturebehinditcannotbereconstructedexplicitlyinEnglish。Ontheotherhand，forthesakeofmakingEnglishreadersunderstandandknowmoreaboutChinesecharacters，abriefillustrationisneededhere。Thecharacter丁isaverysimpleonefortheChinese。Byexplaininginthisway，thereadercangettheconnotationwhileperceivingtheimageofChinesecharacter。
　　（8）泥菩萨过河theclayidolfordingtheriver
　　泥菩萨过河itisaspecialChineseidiom。Translatorscanfirstlytranslateitdirectlyintotheclayidolfordingtheriver。Suchatranslationpreservesthevividfeatureoftheidiom。Andsecondly，translatorsshouldpulseanadditionalremarktoexplaintheexactmeaningoftheidiom，i。e。，itismorethanonecandotosavehimselffromdisaster。Inthisway，thefeaturesofChineseculturecanberetainedintranslationandEnglishreadersalsocanappreciatethewholeidiombetter。
　　（9）临时抱佛脚toembraceBuddha’sfeetinone’shourofneedtoseekhelpatthelastmoment
　　Inwesterncountries，manypeoplebelieveinChrist。Therefore，theycannoteasilyunderstandwhat临时抱佛脚reallymeansifitistranslatedintotoembraceBuddha’sfeetinone’shourofneed。PerhapstheywouldbeconfusedaboutwhatBuddha’sfeetis。Soashortexplanationisnecessarilyaddedafterit，thatis，toseekhelpatthelastmoment。Byillustratinginthisway，theycanunderstandtheidiommoreexactly。
　　3。2。4Literaltranslationpulsingfreetranslation
　　Sometimes，inordertoexpressmoreexactlyandeffectivelyaboutChineseidioms，translatorsmaychoosefreetranslationasasecondarytooltotransfertheconnotationsofChineseidiomsmorecompletely。Ofcourse，translatorsshoulduseliteraltranslationfirsttopreservetheimageandexpressionsoftheidiomsandthentakefreetranslationintoaccounttoreproducetheculturalconnotationsofChineseidiomsmorecompletely。Examplesareasfollows：
　　（10）风餐露宿bravingthewindanddew
　　Here风and露canbetranslateddirectlyintowindanddew，but餐and宿herecannotbetranslatedstraightintoEnglishcounterpartshaveamealandstayovernight。Therefore，translatorshavetotranslate餐and宿intobraving。Suchatranslationnotonlypreservestheoriginalfeaturesbutalsomaketheconnotationsacceptedcompletely。
　　（1
　　1）戴着斗笠亲嘴，差着一帽子it’slikekissinginstrawhelmetsthelipsarefarapart！
　　WecanseefromtheexamplethattheformerpartistranslateddirectlyintoEnglish，andthelatterone差着一帽子，wecannottranslateitbyliteraltranslation。Chinese斗笠isdifferentfromEnglishhatsorcaps。Thestrawhelmetshavewideredgesthanhatsandcaps。Andtwopersonswearinghelmetsmaybeseparatedfarawaywhileitwouldnothappenwhentheywearhatsorcaps。Therefore，ifitistranslatedintoseparatedbyahat，Englishreaderswillfailtounderstandwhy。Inthiscase，wecantranslateitintoEnglishbyfreetranslation，thatis，thelipsarefarapart！
　　3。2。5Rhetoricaltransference
　　ManyChineseidiomscontai从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译nnotonlyrichculturalinformationbutalsobeautifulrhetoric。Duringtranslation，translatorsshouldnotonlypreservetheimages，expressionsandculturalconnotationsbutalsotaketherhetoricmethodsintoconsideration。WhenwereadsomeChineseidioms，weappreciatenotonlythecontentsbutalsotheexcellentrhetoric。Therefore，translatorsshouldhavemuchknowledgeaboutthesefeaturesofChineseidiomsandtrytotransfertherhetoricasmuchaspossible。
　　（1
　　2）嘴上无毛，说话不牢downylipsmakethoughtlessslips
　　毛and牢，arerhymedwordsandthereisajingleinthephrase。WhenitistranslatedintoDownylipsmakethoughtlessslips，lipsandslipsarealsorhymedwordsandsuchatranslationreservestherhetoriceffectaswellastheform。
　　ThesefivekindsoftranslationskillsarechosenaccordingtothestrategyofforeignizationtranslationintranslatingChineseidiomsintoEnglish。Fromtheviewofculturaltranslation，theyareusefulandproperskillsfortranslatorstoreproduceChinesecultureintranslationandtheyarehelpfulfortranslatorstospreadChineseculture。Insomeway，theyarebeneficialforpromotingcommunicationbetweenChineseandEnglish。
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　　〔7〕同〔6〕
　　〔8〕同〔6〕
　　〔9〕同〔6〕
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　　〔15〕同〔1〕
　　〔16〕陆小玲。论翻译中的文化差异和文化再现〔J〕。陕西师范大学学报，2003，S2P