解读简。爱的帝国主义意识

　　Abstract
　　Culturalaggressionisoneofthewaysthatimperialisticcountriesconquerthecolonies，astheproductionoftheculture；JaneEyreincludesmanyfactorsoftheimperialism。Inthemiddleof19thcentury，Britainbegantoexpandtotheoutsiderapidly，mostoftheBritishpeoplerevelinthedreamoftheWhiteMyth。Asoneoftherepresentsofideologicalnovel，JaneEyrewasinevitabletoadvancetotheculturalempire，andCharlotteBronte’sJaneEyreisoneofthemostimportantloopsinthenarration。Inthenovel，theantagonismbetweensuzerainandcolonies，thesuperiorityoftheempireanddiscriminationtothecoloniespermeatedthroughit。Theimperialisticflavourpervadedinit。FromVictoriatimeson，Britainbegantodevelopcolonization。Atthesametime，theculturalsourceofideologyplayedanimportantpart。JaneEyreincludestherecessivestructureoftheimperialisticconsciousness，exhibitsallkindsofculturalcharactersintheperiodoftheimperialism，andrevealstheconnectionbetweenthecultureandimperialism。
　　KeyWords
　　imperialism；colonialism；culture；feminism
　　摘要
　　文化战略是帝国主义国家控制殖民地的一种方式，作为文化的产物，lt；lt；简。爱gt；gt；包含了帝国主义的各种因素。19世纪中期的英国，以前所未有的速度向外扩张，人们普遍沉醉于白色神话的迷梦中，而作为意识形态表现之一的小说也在向文化帝国迈进。夏绿蒂。勃朗特的lt；lt；简。爱gt；gt；是其叙事链中举足轻重的一环。在这部小说里，宗主国与殖民地的对立，帝国的优越感和对殖民地的歧视都渗透其中，弥漫着十足的帝国主义味道。英国自维多利亚时代开始，就不断发展对外殖民事业。其中，作为意识形态的文化资源也起了举足轻重的作用。lt；lt；简。爱gt；gt；这部小说中也有着帝国主义意识的隐性结构，隐性话语，展示了帝国主义时代的种种文化上的特点，显示了文化和帝国主义之间的联系。
　　关键词
　　帝国主义；殖民主义；文化；女权主义
　　Introduction
　　JaneEyrewascreatedinthemiddleof19thcentury。Itisalwaysaclassicallovestoryinpeople’shearts。CharlotteBrontealsobecameveryfamousallovertheworldbecauseofit。JaneEyrewasfiguredasagreatwoman，whowaschaste，wellinformedandstrongwilled。Shelivedinthebottomofthesociety，sufferedenoughfromtribulations，however，shewasstubborn，aggressiveandbravetoseekforherhappinessandfairness。Soherspiritswasadmiredbypeopletoo。Peopleneverchangedsuchkindofthoughtthatitisjustalovestory，butafterreadingmanytimesthewritergotalotofnewviewsaboutit。Accordingtothecreatedtimeofthework，Britainbegantoexpandtotheoutsiderapidlyanddevelopcolonization。Andatthattimetheimperialisticcolonizationwasnotonlytheexpansionoftheterritoryandpillageofthesource，butalsotheideologicalcolonization。Atthattime，astheideology，theculturalsourceplayedanimportantpartinthecolonizationandintheimperialisticcondition，asoneofrepresentsofideologicalnovel，JaneEyrewasinevitablytoadvancetotheculturalempire。CharlotteBronte’sJaneEyrethatwascreatedinthisperiodimpliedstrongimperialisticcolour。Therearefulloftheantagonismbetweensuzerainandcolonies，thesuperiorityoftheempireanddiscriminationtothecolonies。Theimperialisticflavourinthisnovelexhibitedallkindsoftheculturalcharactersintheperiodoftheimperialism。AsoneoftherepresentativeworksintheperiodofBritishcolonization，JaneEyrewasaverygreatworkofthelovestories。Fromalovestorytothereflectionoftheimperialism，CharlotteBrontewasatpainsindeed，thelovewasdifficulttoescapefromtheaffectionoftheimperialisticconsciousnessbecauseintheperiodoftheimperialismpeople’slivewasrelatedwiththeimperialisticconsciousnessinsomedegree。
　　I。SomeTreatise0ntheImperialism
　　Intermsofthewidestmeaning，theimperialismreferstothestructureofsomeempire，soifsomecountryexpandeditscontroltooneormoreneighbouringcountries，theimperialismbecameonesideinthatperiod。Accordingtothecommonmeaning，EdwardSaidthoughttheimperialismwassomemetropoliscentreofthecontrolwhichruledthedistantpossessionitwasapractice，atheoryandaattitude，andthecoursewasalsodifferentfromcolonialismwhichindicatedmigrationandcolonizationinthedistantpossession。（EdwardSaid，55）Butgenerallyspeaking，thewordimperialismasapublicpolicywhichthroughthewayofthestratagemandpoliticstogettheadvantagesoftheeconomicsandconquerthecoloniesappeareduntil1880th。Beforethattime，thewordempire，especiallyinBritainindicatedaprocessthattheEuropeansexpandedtothecoloniesontheflagofbeneficentthecolonieswerenotoccupied，butaccrued。Inthemiddleof19thcentury，thewordimperialismwasdescribedforthegovernmentandthepolicyofNapoleonIIIwhoappointedtheemperorforhimself。Till1870，thewordwasusedintheBritishpartieswhoslanderedforeachother。Butafter1880，theimperialismbecameallkindsofpolitical，culturalandeconomicalreasonsamongEuropeancountries。Itwasobviouslyanaggressivepolicy。
　　Theimperialismisthatacountryconquersandrobstoanothercountry，fromRomeperiodtotoday，ithasaverylonghistoryandthemostobviousrepresentisthatthehistoricalpoweronitsbackistheplentyofthematerials，thewidemarkets，andthecheapestlaboursareneededbythecompetitiveeconomicalsystemofthewestcountries。Atthesametime，theideologysuppliedtheimportantsupporttotheimperialismandmadeitlaythefoundationontheculturalandpoliticaladvantagesoftheimperialisticcountries。Thestrongideologyandthebureaucracysystemmovingallovertheworldwasthereasonwhytheimperialismwasdifferentfromcolonialism。Theimperialismkeptupthekindofsystematichegemonybyalotofways，whichincludedtheslavery，thecivilisation，andmodernizationinthepolitics，law，religion，healthandeducation。AfterWorldWarII，theimperialismhadnewpatternswhichnotleanedtothehostility，operationandarmsraceofthecountriesinEurope，butaimedattheeconomicalrelationbetweenfirstworldcountryandthirdworldcountry。Thiskindofnewstageofthecolonialismbecametheresearchobjectofthepostcolonialismfinally。
　　II。TheDeepRelationsoftheImperialism，theColonialismandtheCulture
　　Thereisasimplewaytoexplainthecloserelationamongtheimperialism，colonialismandculture：makingphrasesrespectivelywiththewordculturebythewordsimperialismandcolonialism，twophraseshaveformedCulturalImperialismandCulturalColonialism。Thetwophrasescanexplainthedeeprelationamongtheimperialism，thecolonialismandthecultureverywell。
　　InordertogiveaperfectexplanationofCulturalImperialismtothelearningworld，therewerealotofsavantshadmadegoodexplanationsofCulturalImperialism。Theseexplanationsalsoembodythecloserelationsofthem。theymasteredCulturalImperialismaccordingtothemeaningthattheeconomicwasthepioneerandtheculturewastheaimanddefineditaccordingtothemeaningoftheculturewasthepioneerandservedfortheeconomicsandpolitics。SomesavantsthoughtthatCulturalImperialismwasmediumimperialismandsomeothersbelievedthatitwasanationalcultureinplaceofanotherone。HansJ。Morgenthauthoughtthatitwasapolicywhichisnotbythewayofconqueringtheterritoryandcontrollingtheeconomiclives，butconqueringandcontrollingpeople’smind。Accordingtohisideas，ifacountrycarriedoutthepolicyofCulturalImperialismtoconquerthemainpeople’smind，furthertorulethewholecountry，itwasbetterthanbythewayofmilitaryaffairs。
　　Fromabovethese，Icansaythatthecolonialismpermeatesineverystageofthecapitalisticdevelopment。CulturalColonialismisapolicythatthewestcountriesaggressundevelopedcountriesandmakethemlosethenationalculture；conquerthepeople’sheartsofthesecountriesandmakethesecountriesbecomethecoloniesandhalfcolonies。CulturalColonialismisaformofthecolonialism，butCulturalImperialismisabehaviourthatacountryforcestoanothercountryinculturalvalueidea，itisthesuccessionanddevelopmentoftheCulturalColonialismunderthenewhistory。
　　Theimperialisticconsciousnessneededtheculturetospreadandthecultureneededalotwaystospreadtoo。Asoneoftheways，thenovelplayedagreatroleinspreadingoftheimperialisticconsciousnessandCharlotteBronte’sJaneEyrewastherepresentativeworkofthekindofthenovel。
　　eImperialisticConsciousnessEmbodiedintheBackgroundofJaneEyre
　　Cultureaggressionisoneofthewaysthattheimperialisticcountriesconquerthecolonies，astheproductionoftheculture，JaneEyreincludesmanyfactorsoftheimperialism。
　　Inthemiddleof19thcenturyBritainbegantoexpandtotheoutsiderapidly，mostoftheBritishrevelinthedreamoftheWhiteMyth。Asoneoftherepresentsofideologicalnovel，JaneEyrewasinevitabletoadvancetotheculturalempire。CharlotteBronte’sJaneEyreisoneofthemostimportantloopsinthenarration。Inthenovel，theantagonismbetweensuzerainandcolonies，thesuperiorityoftheempireanddiscriminationtothecoloniespermeatedinitandpervadedpureandsimpleimperialisticflavour。
　　IV。MainIdeasoftheExplanationandAnalysisaboutJaneEyre
　　A。TheMadWomanintheAttic。
　　IntheJaneEyre，empireeaglewiththeWhiteMythhoveredintheairofCaribbeanthebirthplaceofBerthaMason。ShewasRochester’swifeandalsooneofthemostimportantcharactersinthenovel。Asthewomanbornincolony，BerthaMasonwasthevarietyinthehighsystemempire，theweddingbetweenRochesterandshewasnotaccordwiththebasicbenefitoftheempire。Forthepurenessoftheempire，theweddingshouldbeoversetandthevarietyshouldbeclearedofftoo。Inthisnovel，thecombatbeganwithJanebrokeintoThornfield，endupwithBerthaMason’sdestruction，theillegalfamilycomposedbyJaneandRochesterdefeatedthelegalfamilycomposedbyBerthaMasonandRochester。TheimperialisticideologyofferedreasonsforJane’sweddingwhichfromillegaltolegal。Inthesereasons，asfirstworldwomanJaneformedstrongcontrastwithBerthaMasonwhowasthirdworldwoman。
　　Asthesameasallthecolonialismofthetime，therewasatrendexistedinsuzerainBritainthatwasallthedespicablebehaviorofhumanbeingthattheyhadknownascribedtocolonial。IntheJaneEyre，BerthaMasonwasahumble，devilishandcruelCreole。InordertoconfirmCreole’struculence，throughnumerousdescriptions，thenovelrepeatedlynarratedtheclichthathagsatethemeatanddrankthebloodofhumanbeingintheWestIndies。JanearrivedatThornfieldbeforelong，sheexperiencedthefearinthemidnightandheardBerthaMasonslaughterThiswasademoniaclaughlow，suppressed，anddeeputtered，asitseemed，attheverykeyholeofmychamberdoor。Masoncame，Iheardthenceasnarling，snatchingsound，almostlikeadogquarrelling。InthecourseofrescuedMason，theauthoremphasizedpurposelyThefleshontheshoulderistornaswellascut。Thiswoundwasnotdonewithaknife：therehavebeenteethhere。ThelastnightbeforeJaneandRochesterwalkedintothechurch，CharlottefinallyletJanesawBerthaMason’sfaceinthedreamatthefirsttime，Itseemedawoman，tallandlarge，withthickanddarkhairhanginglongdownherback。Iknownotwhatdressshehadon：itwaswhiteandstraight；butwhethergrown，sheet，orshroud，Icannottell。Fearfulandghastlytome，Ineversawafacelikeit！Itwasadiscolouredfaceitwasasavageface。IwishIcouldforgettherolloftheredeyesandthefearfulblackenedinflationofthelineaments！Thefacewaspurple：thelipswereswelledanddark；theblackeyebrowswidelyroseoverthebloodshoteyes。ItremindedmethefoulGermanspectretheVampire。Inthenovel，CharlottedescribedBerthaMasonLikethisInthedeepshade，atthefartherendoftheroom，afigureranbackwardsandforwards。Whatitwas，whetherbeastorhumanbeing，onecouldnot，atthefirstsight。Itgrovelled，seemingly，onallfours；itsnatchedandgrowledlikesomestrangewildanimal：butitwascoveredwithclothing，andaquantityofdark，grizzledhair，wildasamane，hiditsheadandface。Undertheauthor’spen，BerthaMasoncouldnotbedistinguisheddifficultlythatsheeverwasawildbeastoraperson，evenwasawildbeastcoveredwithclothing，ledabestiallifeinhuman，sluttishandcrazy。
　　ComparedwithBerthaMason，Janewasshapedtoanewfemaleoftheempireinthenovelaggressive，strongandambitious。Shewaswellinformed，strongwilled
　　Andmilitantwhenshewasachild。Butmostimportant，thereconcealedanunusualheartunderhermediocrelook。Shelikedtodreamanddesiredpassion。Thetraceofthestrengthwascarvedonherfaceandthethoughtfliedtohereandtheretheentireworld。ThemindrippledTherockstandingupaloneinaseaofbillowandspray；thebrokenboatstrandedonadesolatecoast；thecoldandghastlymoonglancingthroughbarsofcloudatawreckjustsinking。ThesechimerasmadeJanedesiredtobecomefamous，shebelievedTherealworldwaswide，andthatavariedfieldofhopesandfears，ofsensationsandexcitements，awaitedthosewhohadcouragetogoforthintoitsexpanse，toseekrealknowledgeoflifeamidstitsperils。Inthenovel，Janecertainlywasfulloffight，struggledagainstthelifebravely，andsoughtaftertheidealsteady；shewastheknightoftheempireintheperiodofbloodandfire。（CharlotteBronte，3441）
　　Thesedescriptionsabove，theauthormadeanopponentrelation：theantagonismbetweenhumanbeingandthebeast，thelunaticandthebrain，theworldandthehell。Inthisantagonism，wecoulddiscernwesternintelligentsia’simperialisticconsciousness。Inthecourseofbuilttheculturalsystemforthemselves，theysubconsciouslyoppressedtheunknownvarietythatrelatedtoEurope。Therefore，thethirdworldwomenwerecolonizedconstantlyandbuiltapowerlessandhomogeneouscommunity。Theywereonlyactedasthepotentialvictimsofthespecialcultureandsocialeconomicsystemofthecolony。Comparedwithfirstworldwomen，theywereforeign。AsMemorandaMohanwhathepointedout，thisisanarrationofthedualcolonysothatmadeacontrastbetweenthejuvenilityofthirdworldwomenandthematurityoffirstworldwomen。Thirdworldwomenwerepoor，uncultured，andtraditionalandtheywerewillingtobeaconventionalhousewife。Butthewesternwomenwererich，educated，modernandtheycoulddecidewhatthingstheycoulddo。Theyalsocouldcontrolthesexandthebodyaboutthemselves。
　　Butthisargumentwaspulleddownbyfeministscompletely。VampireBerthaMasonwasnotonlylookeddownupon，butalsosympathized。ThemostfamousfeminismworkwasTheMadWomanintheAttic，itsauthorsweretwoAmericanfemalesavants，andtheywereGilbert，SandraM。andSusanGoober。Inthisbook，theythoughtthemadwomanwasjustasideoftheconcealment，angerandinsanityinJane’sheart。Bothofthemweresisterswhooppressedbythemale。ItwasRochesterforcedBerthaMasonwalkeduptothemadness。ButJ。Spivaksaidthattheculturalhegemonismwasproducedintheperiodofimperialism。Asufficientrewriteofliteraturecouldnotgettheflourishfromtherefractionandthefractureoftheimperialism，becauseitwaspretendedtobeajurisprudenceoftheprincipleandtheonlytruthbytheforeignthings。
　　BerthaMasonwasnotamadwomanactually，butshehadtobeinthenovelfortheaffectionoftheimperialisticconsciousnessofthetime。Shewasthevarietyinthehighsystemempire，sosheshouldbeclearedoff。Inthenovel，shewasdescribedtobeinhuman，sluttishandcrazy，evenawildbeastandtheempiredidnotneedawomanlikeher，sointheconditionoftheimperialisticconsciousness，BerthaMasonbecameamadwomanwasnotaccidental。
　　B。ReligionHero
　　AfterhoveredintheairofCaribbean，empireeaglefliedtoAsiaandlookedintothedistantIndiawiththeWhiteMyth。Atthistime，asthereligionhero，SaintJohnsallied。Hewasaraptorwhofilledwithcrazyreligiousdevotionalandventuresomespiritandcherishedagloriousdreamofimperialism。HesaidMyvocation，mygreatwork，myfoundationlaidonearthforamansioninheaven，myhopesofbeingnumberedinbandwhohavemergedallambitionsinthegloriousoneofbetteringtheirraceofcarryingknowledgeintotherealmsofignoranceofsubstitutingpeaceforwarfreedomforbondagereligionforsuperstitionthehopeofheavenforthefearofhell。Itisdearerthanthebloodinmyveins。ItiswhatIhavetolookforwardto，andtolivefor。；AshisdiscipleIadopthispure，hismerciful，andhisbenignantdoctrines。Iadvocatethem：Iamsworntospreadthem。Woninyouthtoreligion，shehascultivatedmyoriginalqualitiesthusFromtheminutegerm，naturalaffection，shehasdevelopedtheovershadowingtree，philanthropy。Fromthewildstringyrootofhumanuprightness，shehasrearedaduesenseoftheDivinejustice。Oftheambitiontowinpowerandrenownformywretchedself，shehasformedtheambitiontospreadmyMaster’skingdom；toachievevictoriesforthestandardofthecross。Somuchhasreligiondoneforme；turningtheoriginalmaterialstothebestaccount；pruningandtrainingnature。Butshecouldnoteradicatenature：norwillitbeeradicatedtillthismortalshallputonimmortality。ThevowlookedlikeChristianreligiosityandgoodness：helpedthebehindhandnationtoimprovetheirnationandsocalledwildculture。（CharlotteBronte，7890）Butinfact，itcausedbytheReligionexclusionism。ItwaswellknownthatChristianitywasastronglyexclusivereligionandtheChristiansoftenlookeddownupontheotherreligions。Inthecourseofexpandingtotheoutside，theythoughtthemselveshadtheobligationtoruleandrescuetheotherculture，andtookthemselvesattachedtothelanguagesystemoftheempiresothattheycouldclearawaythecolonialpeopletoresistthemandpreachthesalvationpoweroftheempire。
　　Ontheotherhand，therealwaysexistedthedualisticantagonismbetweenthesuzerainandcolonyintheideaofthewesterner：theempirewastheegoandcentreofthenoumenon，politicsandculture，butthecolonieswereforeign。Therefore，undertheauthor’spen，Indiawasafiendishareawhereonlyhadtheburningsunofeast，thedesertofAsiaandthebrutalclanandthecolouredweresavage，ignorantandsuperstitious，therenationwasinferioranditneededtobedomesticated。Throughthisdifference，thecolonistsfoundtherightreasonsforrobbedtheculturalsourcefromtheeasterncountriesandbuiltaculturalempireforthewesterncountries。AsEdwardSaidwhathesaidthatthereexistedanopponentlanguagepatternthatisthepolitics，economicandtheculturalideasofthesuzerainandthepoliticsandthecultureofthefringecountries，theyweredualisticantagonism。Inthispattern，thefringecountrieswereonlytheweakfoilofthestrongmythofthesuzerain。Facedtotheculturalhegemony，theyjustderogatedforthemselvesandthepowerpoliticsfabricatedakindofeastmythsoastorevealthesupremesuperiority。
　　Theauthordisparagedtheeastcountries，evendescribedthemmistakenly。ButtoSaintJohn，theauthorwasfilledwiththeaffirmationandrespect：hewasstrongandaustere，totheotherpeopleandhimself，healwaysinsistedtheconsistentprinciple。Becauseofthedutyofthepriest，hegaveupfellinlovewithMissOliverandthetemporallure，butdevotedhimselftothecivilizedcareeroftheempire。InthewildIndia，hishealthwasdestroyedandhislifewasalsothreatenedgreatly。However，hestillwasintrepidandfilledwiththezealofthepreacher。Hedidnotintendtoreleasetheemotionandinstinctsothatpeoplecouldgetfreefromthedegenerateandslavishstatusfromtheholycommandmentandrationalcontrol。Onthecontrary，heinsistedondoingtheascetic，selfregulating，difficultandcontinuousworksanddesiringtodieinthecourseofhisphilanthropy。Finally，whenSaintJohndied，theauthorthoughtthatheexploitedthewaytotheAsiafortheempireandpresentedthebeautifulanthemtoSaintJohnthroughJaneHeenteredonthepath
　　Fromthispart，insomedegree，wecouldfoundthatCharlotteBrontenotonlydidrevelinthephysicalbenefitoftheempire，butalsowasabsorbedintheculturalcareeroftheempirethatbythecentreofthereligionexpansion。Herideasaccordwiththeculturalexpansionstratagemoftheempireandshewantedtoprovetherightoftheimperialistic：madethehereticsbecomehumanbeings，treatedthemselveslikedthepurposes。
　　ComparedtoBerthaMason，SaintJohnwastheherooftheempireandhewasthepersonthattheempireneeded。Sointheconditionoftheimperialisticconsciousness，hewasthebestpioneeroftheempirewhofullofpassion，power，faithandpiety。
　　Conclusion
　　Cultureisastage，itisnotonlyanelegantandcalmsanctumbutevenpossiblebecomeabattlefield。Theculturesometimesrecordsthesecretsofalltheconflictsallovertheworld。Indeed，asthereflectionofimperialisticconsciousnessinculture，JaneEyrewasfilledwiththeworldconflictsofthattime。Itmainlyincludedtheconflictbetweentheempireandcolony，andformedaculturalbattlefieldbetweenthem。CharlotteBronteemphasizedagainandagainthathersuccessandfascinationwasduetoherdistinctiveinpiduality，strongpassionandabundantimagination。shethinktheworldthatshecreatedjustexistedinherheart。Buttheimplicitlanguageconditionofthesuzerainandtheimperialisticmentalityinherworkreflectedtheauthor’sidea。Asacitizeninthefirstcapitalisticcountryandbiggestcolonialsuzerainofthattime，theauthorwasfullofthepassionandambitiontobuildaculturalempireandcreatedaWhiteMyth。
　　Bibliography
　　〔1〕Ashcroft，BillandHelen，Tiffin。KeyConceptsinPostColonialStudies。London：Routledge，1998。
　　〔2〕Brooker，Peter。AConciseGlossaryofCulturalTheory。London：Routledge，1999。
　　〔3〕Boehmer，Elleke。ColonialandPostcolonialLiterature。Oxford：OxfordUniversityPress，1995。
　　〔5〕GayatriC，Spivak。ThreeWomensTextsandaCritiqueofImperialism；ThePostColonialCritic。NewYork：Routledge，1988。
　　〔6〕Innis，HaroldA。EmpireandCommunication。Toronto：UinversityofTorontoPress，1950。
　　〔7〕Said，Edward。CultureandImperialism。NewYork：VintageBooks，1993。
　　〔8〕Tomlinson，John。CulturalImperialism。London：Pinter，1991。
　　〔9〕Tomlinson，John。GlobalizationandCulture。Cambridge：PolityPress，1999。
　　〔10〕罗刚，刘象愚。后殖民主义文化理论〔M〕。北京：中国社会科学出版社，1996。
　　〔11〕穆尔吉尔伯特。后殖民批评〔M〕。杨乃乔等（译）。北京：北京大学出版社，1997。
　　〔12〕穆尔吉尔伯特。后殖民理论语境、实践、政治〔M〕。陈仲丹（译）。南京：南京大学出版社，1997。
　　〔16〕夏绿蒂。勃朗特。简爱〔M〕。黄源深（译）。南京：译林出版社，1994。