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2020届高考英语一轮复习精品学案重点词语辨析900例

  1.accuse / charge
  accuse 和charge都有"指责,控告"之意,有时可通用,但结构不一样。accuse不一定针对重大过失或罪行,其结构为accuse sb of sth。而charge一般用于重大过失或罪行,其结构为charge sb with sth,此结构还有"使某人负有……责任"之意。例如:
  例1:my father accused me of my being too careless. (父亲责备我太粗心。)
  例2:he accused me of neglecting my duty. (他指控我玩忽职守。)
  例3:he charged me with neglecting my duty. (同上)
  例4:jimmy was charged with murder. (吉米被控谋杀。)
  例5:he was charged with an important task. (他担负有一项重要任务。)
  2.add / add to / add up / add up to
  add:增加,把……加上。add…to…:把……加到。例如:
  例6:at the end of the party, we added another program.
  例7:you needn’t add any water to the medicine.
  add to:增添。指增添喜悦、悲伤、麻烦等。例如:
  例8:his coming added to our trouble. (他的到来给我们添了麻烦。)
  add up:加起来。例如:
  例9:have you added up all the numbers?
  add up to:总计。表示加起来的结果,无被动结构。例如:
  例10:all the numbers added up to 100.
  3.advise / suggest
  advise:建议,劝说。例如:
  例11:i advised (his) trying again. (= suggest)
  例12:i advised that we (should) try again. (= suggest,虚拟语气。)
  例13:i advised him to give up smoking.
  例14:i advised him not to smoke.
  例15:could you advise us on how to learn english?
  例16:could you give us some advice on how to learn english?
  suggest:建议,表明,暗示。例如:
  例17:we suggest having a meeting at once. (= advise)
  例18:we suggest that a meeting (should) be held at once. (= advise,虚拟语气。)
  例19:his pale face suggests that he is in poor health. (他那苍白的脸色表明他身体欠佳。)
  4.agree with / agree to / agree on
  agree with:同意,赞成(后接"人"或what从句作宾语);适合,适应;一致。例如:
  例20:i don’t quite agree with you.
  例21:nobody agreed with what he had said at the meeting.
  例22:the weather here doesn’t agree with most of us. (这里的天气我们多数人不适应。)
  例23:your words do not agree with your actions. (你的言行不一。)
  agree to:同意,赞成。指一方同意另一方的意见、建议、观点、想法等。例如:
  例24:john can’t agree to joe’s idea.
  agree on:对……达成共识。指双方或多方对某事取得一致意见。例如:
  例25:finally john and joe agreed on the plan.
  5.allow / permit / let / promise
  allow:允许,许可。指听任或默许,也可用来表示客气的请求。例如:
  例26:who allowed you to leave the camp?
  例27:smoking is not allowed here.
  例28:please allow me to introduce myself to you.
  permit:允许,许可。通常指正式的许可。例如:
  例29:he declared that he would permit me to do so.
  allow 和 permit 的含义虽然有所差别,但实际运用中两者常通用。
  let:允许,让。其后的宾语补足语应是不带to的不定式。一般不用于被动语态。例如:
  例30:don’t let this happen again.
  例31:this is not allowed to happen again. (不说:this is not let to happen again.)
  promise:答应,允诺。用于主动答应自己要做什么的场合。例如:
  例32:they promised an immediate reply.
  例33:he promised to start at once.
  例34:i promised him to see to the matter right away.
  (我答应他马上处理这件事。不定式to see to 是主语i发出的。)
  6.announce / declare
  announce:宣布,宣告。常指首次公开或正式宣布人们关心的某件事情。例如:
  例35:the government announced that the danger was past.
  例36:it was announced that the national science conference would soon be held in beijing.
  另外,要表达"向某人宣布某事",应用announce to sb sth。后接to sb的动词还有say,explain等。例如:
  例37:he announced to us the news and then said to us, "now let me explain to you in details."
  (他向我们宣布了这个消息,然后对我们说:"现在让我详细给你们解释吧。")
  declare:宣布,声明。指以正式的话语公开宣布某件事。例如:
  例38:the chairman declared the exhibition open. (主席宣布展览会开幕。)
  7.answer / reply
  answer:回答,回应。例如:
  例39:"tom!" no one answered.
  例40:please answer the door-bell. (请去开门。)
  例41:he answered that he knew nothing about it.
  例42:no one was able to answer him a word.
  reply:回答,答复。作不及物动词时,后需接to再接宾语;作及物动词时,后直接接that从句或what从句,或用于倒装句。例如:
  例43:he replied to me, "i need the answer to the exercise."
  例44:he replied that he would not go.
  例45:not a word did she reply.(她一句话也不应。)
  answer当名词用时,与reply一样,要接to。例如:
  例46:he made no answer / reply to his questions.
  8.appear / look / seem
  appear:显得,好像。有时含有表面上显得,而事实未必的意味。例如:
  例47:this kind of apples appears good, but in fact it tastes sour.
  (这种苹果看起来好,实际吃起来酸。)
  seem:好像。暗示判断有一定根据,往往接近事实。例如:
  例48:you seem to have made the same mistake again this time.
  (你这次似乎又犯了同样的错误。)
  例49:it seems that it is going to rain soon.
  look:好像。表示凭感觉作出的判断。例如:
  例50:what’s wrong with you? you look pale.
  例51:it looks like rain. (看来要下雨了。)
  9.argue / quarrel
  argue:辩论,争论。指提出理由或论据以支持或反驳某种意见或主张,着重说理。如:
  例52:what are you arguing about?
  例53:i argued with him the whole day.
  quarrel:争论,争吵,吵架。例如:
  例54:it’s unwise to quarrel with your boss about that. (为那件事同你老板争吵是不明智的。)
  10.arrive / reach / get
  arrive,reach和get都有"到达"的意思。arrive通常与介词at或in连用,它和reach是比较正式的用语;reach是及物动词;get通常与介词to连用,在口语中常用。arrive和get后接副词(如here, there, home等)时,不用介词。reach和arrive at还有"达成(协议),作出(决定)"的意思。例如:
  例55:when we arrived at the station, the train had left.
  例56:at five, they arrived in beijing.
  例57:the letter didn’t reach me until yesterday.
  例58:at what time did you get to the post office?
  例59:the two sides failed to reach / arrive at an agreement after several hours’ discussion.
  (几个小时的讨论后,双方还是没能达成一致意见。)
  11.ask / inquire / question
  ask:问(ask sb sth或ask sth of sb);请求(ask sb to do sth);要,索取(ask for sth)。例如:
  例60:may i ask you some questions?
  例61:why did he ask you to come again?
  例62:did he ask for anything?
  inquire:问,询问。它与ask同义,但是比较正式的用语;与into连用时,表示"查究,调查"的意思。例如:
  例63:i have inquired of him whether he could help me. (我已经问过他能否帮我。)
  例64:we must inquire into the matter. ( look into,我们必须调查此事。)
  question:提问,质问,审问,怀疑。例如:
  例65:at first the girls read a chapter from their books, and then the teacher began to question them.
  例66:i question whether he was once questioned by the police.
  (我怀疑他是否曾被警方审问过。)
  12.be about to do sth / be to do sth
  be about to do:即将,正要做……。不加任何时间短语。例如:
  例67:we were about to start when suddenly it began to rain.
  be to do:计划,约定;应该。例如:
  例68:we are to start tomorrow.
  例69:what is to be done next?(下一步做什么?)
  13.be careful of / be careful with
  be careful of:小心,当心,留神,注意。例如:
  例70:the public were warned to be careful of rats. (公众被警告要当心老鼠。)
  be careful with:细心,注意。指细心地处理或对付某人或某事。例如:
  例71:you’d better be careful with your work / pronunciation. (你得注意你的工作/发音。)
  14.be familiar with / be familiar to
  be familiar with:对……熟悉。例如:
  例72:most of us are familiar with the pop star.
  例73:john was very familiar with this kind of situation.
  be familiar to:对……来说是熟悉的;为……所熟知。例如:
  例74:the pop star is familiar to most of us.
  例75:this kind of situation was all too familiar to john. (=very familiar)
  15.be known for / be known as / be known to
  be known for:因……而出名。例如:
  例76:our town is known for its stones.
  be known as:作为……而出名。例如:
  例77:the town is known as a stone town.
  be known to:被……知晓,了解。例如:
  例78:the hot spring city is known to every one of them.
  16.be made of ( from / out of ) / be made into / be made up / be made up of
  be made of:由……制成。用于由产品可以看出原材料。例如:
  例79:the desk is made of wood.
  be made from:由……制成。用于由产品看不出原材料。例如:
  例80:paper is made from wood.
  be made out of:由……制成。例如:
  例81:the desk / paper is made out of wood.
  be made into:制成……。例如:
  例82:wood can be made into desks / paper.
  be made up:由……编成。例如:
  例83:don’t believe him; the whole story was made up. (别信他的,整个过程都是捏造的。)
  be made up of (=consist of):由……组成。例如:
  例84:this desk is made up of / consists of twelve pieces of wood.
  17.be tired of / be tired from / be tired out
  be / get tired of:对……厌倦。例如:
  例85:i am really tired of your words! (你的话我听腻了!)
  be tired from:因……疲倦。例如:
  例86:i was so tired from climbing the hill that i fell asleep the moment my head touched the pillow. (我爬山太累了,所以头一碰枕头/一躺下就睡着了。)
  be tired out:筋疲力尽。相当于be worn out。例如:
  例87:we were tired out when we climbed over the high mountain.
  18.believe / believe in / depend on
  believe:相信(指信某人的言语);认为(相当于be sure)。例如:
  例88:don’t believe him; he’s lying. (别听他的,他在说谎。)
  例89:i believe they’ll succeed in the end.
  believe in:信任(指胜任某人);信仰(指信仰真理、主张、宗教等)。例如:
  例90:don’t believe in him; he’s always lying. (不可信任他,他老说谎。)
  例91:i believe what she said, but i don’t believe in her. (我相信她所说的,但我不信任她。)
  例92:we must work, and above all we must believe in ourselves.
  (我们得工作,最重要的是我们得信任自己。)
  例93:most of them believe in god.
  depend on:信任(相当于believe in或trust);依靠(相当于live on);取决于。例如:
  例94:he is a man to depend on / believe in / trust. (他是个可信任的人。)
  例95:do you still depend on / live on your parents? (你还靠父母吗?)
  例96:everything depends on the weather tomorrow. (一切取决于明天的天气。)
  19.borrow / lend
  borrow:借,借用。指借入,不带双宾语。结构:borrow sth from sb。例如:
  例97:can i borrow your pen?
  例98:he borrows money from me frequently.
  lend:把……借给。指借出,可带双宾。结构:lend sb sth =lend sth to sb。例如:
  例99:could you lend me your pen?
  例100:will you lend your bike to me?
  20.bring / take / fetch / get / carry
  bring:带来。例如:
  例101:bring the book here tomorrow.
  take:拿走。例如:
  例102:don’t take the magazines out of the reading-room.
  fetch:去拿来。例如:
  例103:go downstairs and fetch me some water.
  get:去拿来。与fetch同义,但较口语化。例如:
  例104:she got him a good doctor. (她为他请来了一位好医生。)
  carry:携带。指随身携带,如捧、抱、扛、运等。例如:
  例105:he carried a bag of rice on his shoulder.
  例106:he often carries a pocket dictionary when he goes out.
  (他出门时经常带着一本袖珍词典。)
  21.build / put up / set up
  build:建设,建筑。常用于建造房屋、桥梁、道路等,也用于建设国家、城市等。如:
  例107:a new bridge was built in this village last month.
  例108:we are building a socialist country.
  put up:建设,搭建。侧重于搭盖临时性的建筑物;在现代英语中,可与build通用。还有"张贴,挂起,举起"等意思。例如:
  例109:they had to put up the tents before dark.
  例110:if you have any questions, please put up (=raise) your hands.
  例111:why not put up a notice on the wall there?
  set up:建设,创建。常用于创立组织、机构、团体、学校、工厂、公司等。例如:
  例112:another night school was set up. (又一所夜校建起来了。)
  例113:they set up a committee to look into the matter. (他们成立了委员会来调查这件事。)
  22.care / mind
  care:关切,忧虑,在乎。care about:在乎,关心。care for:喜欢,照顾。例如:
  例114:he failed in the exam, but he doesn’t seem to care (about it).
  (他没能通过考试,但他似乎一点也不在乎。)
  例115:tom doesn’t care what they say.
  例116:he cares about nothing but money. (他只在乎钱。)
  例117:would you care for another drink? (想再来一杯饮料吗?)
  例118:the children are being well cared for (=looked after).
  mind:当心,注意(用于肯定句);介意,反对(用于疑问句或否定句)。例如:
  例119:mind your own business.
  例120:would you mind my/me turning on the radio? (介意我打开收音机吗?)
  23.catch / catch up with
  catch:赶上。尤指赶车。例如:
  例121:he got up early in order to catch the first bus.
  catch up with:赶上。指经过努力赶上同类水平,与keep up with同义。例如:
  例122:we must double our efforts to catch / keep up with the developed countries.
  (我们必须加倍努力以赶上发达国家。)
  24.catch / seize / hold / catch hold of
  catch:抓住,捉住;赶上(车)。常指从空中抓住某物,或指捕捉等。如:
  例123:he caught the ball and shot the basket. (他抓住球,投篮。)
  例124:we caught lots of fish today.
  例125:i got up early so that i could catch the first bus.
  seize:抓住(指用力猛抓);捉拿,逮捕。例如:
  例126:it’s a pity that i didn’t seize the chance.
  例127:immediately the thief was seized and sent to the police station.
  hold:握住,手持,抱着。例如:
  例128:she was holding an umbrella.
  例129:at that moment i held him by the arm. (就在这一刻我抓住了他的手臂。)
  catch hold of:抓住,抓牢。指抓住某物不放手,相当于get hold of。例如:
  例130:be sure to catch hold of the rope.
  25.catch fire / be on fire / cause fire / set fire to sth / set sth on fire
  catch fire:着火(指自然着火,无被动结构)。be on fire:着火(指状态)。cause fire:起火(引起火灾)。set fire to sth / set sth on fire:放火,纵火(指人为的)。例如:
  例131:the store caught fire at 5:00 this morning, and it was on fire for nearly half an hour. nobody knows what caused the fire or who set it on fire / set fire to it. (商店早上5点着火,烧了近半个小时,没人知道是什么引起这场火灾或是谁放了这把火。)
  26.collect / gather
  gather:收集,聚集;采摘。指把零散的东西集中到一起。宾语通常可以是人,也可以是物。例如:
  例132:she is gathering wild flowers in the field.
  例133:please gather the students for me.
  例134:he wants to gather money for a motorbike. (他想攒钱买一辆摩托车。)
  collect:收集,集合。指精心地、有选择地收集;作为该意思时,其宾语只能是物。例如:
  例135:are you fond of collecting stamps?
  例136:they are collecting money for the kids in those poor areas.
  (他们正在为贫困地区的孩子们集资。)
  注意:作为不及物动词时,两者可以互用。例如:
  例137:we’ll gather / collect at the gate of the school at 8:00 a.m. tomorrow.
  27.compare with / compare to
  compare with:把……和……相比。例如:
  例138:can you compare this word with that one?
  compare to:比喻为,把……比作;把……和……相比。例如:
  例139:young people are usually compared to the rising sun. (年轻人常被比作初升的太阳。)
  例140:don’t compare your toys to / with others’ all the time.
  (别老是把你的玩具和别人的比。)
  compared to / with:比起来,与……相比。过去分词短语作状语,介词用to / with均可。例如:
  例141:compared to / with other people, you were indeed very fortunate.
  (比起其他人,你算够幸运的了。)
  28.contain / include
  contain:包含(全部),容纳。include:包括(部分)。例如:
  例142:senior book one contains twelve units, including two (units) chosen from the old textbook.
  例143:this atlas contains forty maps, including three of great britain.
  (这地图集含有四十幅地图,包括英国地图三幅在内。)
  例144:how much does this bottle contain? (这瓶能装多少?)
  29.cost / spend / pay / buy / charge / sell
  cost:花费,付出代价。通常以事物作主语,即sth+ cost + (sb) + 金钱、时间、劳力或其他代价。例如:
  例145:the book cost me $10.
  例146:careless driving cost him his life. (粗心驾驶使他付出了生命的代价。)
  spend:花费。主语是人,可以指花金钱,也可以指花时间。spend的用法:sb + spend +时间+ (in) + v-ing / sb + spend +金钱 (时间) + on sth。例如:
  例147:i spent $10 on the book.
  例148:i spent two hours (in) finishing the composition. 比较:
  例149:it took me two hours to finish the composition.
  pay:付款。例如:
  例150:i paid $10 for the book.
  buy:买。例如:
  例151:i bought the book for $10.
  charge:收费。例如:
  例152:they charged me $10 for the book. (买这本书,他们收我十美元。)
  sell:卖。例如:
  例153:they sold me the book for $10.
  30.cure / treat / heal
  cure:治愈(疾病),后常接介词of。例如:
  例154:the new medicine cured (him of) his heart trouble. (这种新药治愈了他的心脏病。)
  treat:治疗。强调用药物或医疗手段进行医治的过程,并不表示治疗的结果。后常接介词for。另外还有"对待"的意思,后常接as。例如:
  例155:it was difficult to treat patients (for their diseases) because of a shortage of medicine.
  (由于缺少药物,所以很难给病人治疗。)
  例156:he treats the orphan as his own son. (他把那个孤儿当作自己的亲生儿子看待。)
  heal:治愈(外伤)。例如:
  例157:it took three months for my arm to heal properly.
  31.die of / die from
  die of:死于。常指由于疾病、饥饿、情感等原因而死亡。例如:
  例158:many of them died of hunger during the voyage.
  例159:the old woman died of grief soon after her husband’s death.
  die from:死于。常指除了疾病或情感以外的原因造成的死亡,及因某种具体疾病造成的死亡。例如:
  例160:in big cities during cold winter months, many old people die from the polluted air.
  例161:it is said that he died from / of heart attack.
  32.discover / invent / create
  discover:发现(它的对象原来就存在)。invent:发明(被发明的东西原来不存在)。create:创造。例如:
  例162:it is well known that madame curie discovered the element radium.
  例163:as is known to all, thomas edison invented the electric lamp.
  例164:as we know, shakespeare created quite a number of wonderful characters in his plays.
  33.disturb / interrupt / trouble
  disturb:打扰,扰乱(使无法正常进行)。例如:
  例165:the loud noise disturbed his thought.
  interrupt:打扰;打断,中断。例如:
  例166:sorry to interrupt you, but i have an urgent message.
  trouble:使麻烦(指心情上苦恼或行动上带来不便)。例如:
  例167:never trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. (别自寻麻烦。)
  34.dress / put on / wear / have on / be in
  dress:穿衣,穿着。可用作及物动词,"人"当宾语;可用作不及物动词;可用be dressed表示穿着状况。例如:
  例168:the baby isn’t old enough to dress itself. (这孩子还小,无法自己穿衣服。)
  例169:he rose, dressed quickly and hurried to school.
  例170:she is well dressed today.
  例171:the girl was dressed in pink last night. (昨晚这女孩穿着一身粉红色的衣服。)
  例172:the girl dressed herself in pink last night.
  put on:穿上(衣服),上演。表示动作。例如:
  例173:better put on your coat; it’s cold outside.
  例174:a new play will be put on at the grand theatre.
  wear:穿着,佩戴。表示状态,包括穿着衣物、佩戴首饰以及留头发、胡须等。例如:
  例175:can you recognize the woman wearing sunglasses over there?
  (你能认出那边那个戴太阳镜的妇女吗?)
  例176:i don’t understand why he wears long hair now.
  have on:穿。表示状态,穿着衣物,不用于进行时态;也意为"有事;有约会"。如:
  例177:the foolish emperor had nothing on that day.
  不说:we’re having on school clothes today.
  例178:sorry, i can’t help you this weekend. i’ve too much on already.
  (对不起,这周末我不能帮你,我有很多事。)
  be in:穿。表示状态,其后常接表示颜色或服装、眼镜的词作宾语。例如:
  例179:the boy in white is one of my classmates.
  例180:he is in uniform today. (他今天穿着制服。)
  35.employ / hire / rent
  employ:雇用。较正式用语,指较长期雇用,宾语一般是人。例如:
  例181:karl was employed by a car rental agency. (卡尔受雇于一家汽车出租公司。)
  hire:雇用,租用。较普通用语,指短期雇用、租用。例如:
  例182:the store-keeper hired 10 girls for the christmas rush.
  (为应对圣诞节前的购物热,店主雇用了十个女孩来帮忙。)
  例183:during the holiday they hired a boat and went fishing.
  rent:出租。指长时间租用、出租房屋、场地等。例如:
  例184:she has rented the house to a young couple. (她已把这房子出租给一对年轻夫妇。)
  36.fall / drop
  fall:下落,下降;重伤死亡或倒下(用作不及物动词)。drop:滴落,掉下;疲劳倒下(用作不及物动词或及物动词)。例如:
  例185:he suddenly fell / dropped to the ground.
  例186:the price of oil has fallen / dropped by $ 2 each barrel. (油价每桶下降了两美元。)
  例187:hundreds of soldiers fell in this battle. (数以百计的士兵在这次战斗中牺牲。)
  例188:he dropped in the chair the moment he got home. (他一到家就累倒在椅子上。)
  37.feed on / feed with
  feed on:靠……为生。相当于live on。例如:
  例189:sheep feed mainly on grass. (绵羊主要吃草。)
  feed with:喂养。指喂养的具体动作。例如:
  例190:he is now feeding his sheep with grass. (他在用草喂羊。)
  38.fight against ( with) / fight for
  fight against:与……战斗, 反对……的战争,可与fight with互用;但fight with还可表示"和……并肩作战"。例如:
  例191:they are making great efforts to fight against / with pollution.
  例192:in world war ii, the british fought with the french and the americans against the germans.(在第二次世界大战中,英国人同法国人、美国人一起与德国人交战。)
  fight for:为(争取)……而战斗。例如:
  例193:the slaves were fighting for freedom.
  例194:he said he would fight for his motherland.
  39.find / find out / look for
  find:发现(无意识地);找到(有意识地,是look for的结果)。例如:
  例195:when i got there, i found my pocket picked. (当我到那里时,发现口袋被扒了。)
  例196:scientists have found new ways to clean waste. (科学家已找到清理废物的新途径。)
  find out:查明,查出。指经过探听、询问、调查之后查明、弄清。例如:
  例197:please find out who broke the window. (请查清楚是谁打破窗户的。)
  look for:寻找。例如:
  例198:i have been looking for my pocket dictionary, but i haven’t found it yet.
  (我一直在找我的袖珍词典,但是还没找到。)
  40.forget / leave / remain
  forget:忘了(带某物)。例如:
  例199:oh no, i’ve forgotten my key to the office.
  leave:把(某物 / 某人)忘 / 留在某地(后面要跟地点)。例如:
  例200:oh no, i’ve left my key at the office.
  例201:don’t leave your child alone at home.
  remain:(某人)留下来;仍然(保持)。例如:
  例202:the refugees were allowed to remain in that area. (允许难民留在那个地区。)
  例203:the boy remained silent.
  41.go out / be out / put out
  go out:熄灭(自然熄灭,无被动结构)。be out:熄灭(表示状态)。put out:扑灭。例如:
  例204:the light went out suddenly, and it has been out for quite a long time.
  例205:the big forest fire was put out at last.
  例206:nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to go out.
  (没人注意到小偷溜进了房子里,因为当时灯刚好熄灭。)
  例207:when the firefights arrived, the fire had gone out / been put out.
  (消防队员到达时,火已经熄灭/被扑灭。)
  42.happen / occur / take place / come about
  happen:发生。带有偶然、未能预见的意思,主语为事;当针对人时,意为"碰巧"。例如:
  例208:this happened on a december evening.
  例209:what happened to him?
  例210:i happened to meet tom in the street when i went shopping today.
  例211:it happened that i met tom in the street when i went shopping today.
  occur:发生(既表示偶然地,也表示必然地);被想到。例如:
  例212:when did the accident occur?
  例213:the tide occurs this time every year. (潮水每年这个时候出现。)
  例214:a fresh idea suddenly occurred to me. (我突然有个新主意。)
  take place:发生。指事先布置或策划好而后发生。例如:
  例215:the may 4th movement took place in 1919.
  come about:产生。指自然产生。例如:
  例216:how do the differences between british english and american english come about?
  43.hear / listen
  hear:听见;听说。它既可以表示偶然听见,也可以表示有意识听的结果;用作"听说"的意思时,后接宾语从句。listen:听,倾听。它是不及物动词,常与to连用;侧重听的过程。例如:
  例217:i was walking along the street when i heard my name called. (此处是无意识听到)
  例218:i hear (that) he’ll be back in an hour. (此处是听说)
  例219:he listened but could hear nothing. (此处是有意识听的结果)
  例220:speak louder so that everyone can hear you clearly.
  例221:speak louder to make yourself heard. (讲大声点,以便能使你的声音让别人听到。)
  例222:the music is well worth listening to.
  44.hear of / hear from
  hear of:听说(人或事)。其后常接名词或代词。例如:
  例223:i’ve never heard of such a man.
  hear from:得到(某人的)音信,收到(某人的)来信。例如:
  例224:have you heard from him recently?
  例225:i’m looking forward to hearing from you soon.
  45.help / aid / assist
  help:帮助,帮忙。是普通用语,常用在日常谈话中。例如:
  例226:may i help you with your luggage?
  例227:we helped him (to) mend his bicycle.
  aid:帮助,援助。是比较正式的用语。例如:
  例228:the flooded areas were aided by many countries. (灾区得到许多国家的援助。)
  assist:帮助,协助。是比较正式的用语,强调起协助作用;其名词assistant是"助手"的意思。例如:
  例229:she assisted me in the experiments. (她协助我做实验。)
  46.hope / wish / expect / long / desire
  hope:希望。常用词语,其后不能接不定式复合结构。例如:
  例230:i hope to visit china again.
  例231:i hope you’ll visit china again.
  不说:i hope you to visit china again.
  wish:盼望。常用于比较难于实现的愿望。例如:
  例232:i wish to visit china again!
  例233:i wish you to visit china again!
  例234:i wish you would visit china again! (此处有虚拟的含义)
  expect:期盼,期待。例如:
  例235:i am expecting you to visit china again!
  long:渴望。例如:
  例236:i am longing to visit china again!
  例237:i am longing for you to visit china again! (意思同235)
  例238:she is longing for the chance to speak to him in private.
  (她渴望有机会能私下里跟他交谈。)
  desire:愿望,欲望。相当于hope for,wish for,long for。例如:
  例239:we all desire happiness and health.
  47.hurt / injure / wound / harm / damage / destroy
  hurt:伤害(常用词,包括外伤和感情伤害);疼痛(此时用作不及物动词)。例如:
  例240:i hurt myself in the leg when i fell off the bike the other day, and it still hurts now.
  (前几天我从自行车上摔下,伤着腿,现在还疼着呢。)
  例241:i am afraid your words have hurt him.
  injure:受伤。常指意外或事故伤害。例如:
  例242:several people were injured in the traffic accident.
  wound:受伤。常指战争场合的伤害,如枪伤、刀伤等。例如:
  例243:his father was wounded in the war 30 years ago.
  harm:危害。例如:
  例244:in my point of view, the rain will harm our crops.
  (依我看来,这雨对我们的庄稼有害。)
  例245:reading in dim light will harm your eyes. (在昏暗的灯光下看书会损害眼睛。)
  damage:损害。常指不完全地破坏;侧重人为过失;不用于指人。例如:
  例246:the car was slightly damaged in the accident.
  destroy:毁坏。常指严重地,甚至毁灭性地摧毁;侧重外界力量;可用于指人或物。也可以指希望、计划等破灭。例如:
  例247:thousands of houses were destroyed in the earthquake.
  例248:his hope of being a writer was destroyed. (他想成为一个作家的希望破灭了。)
  48.interview / cover / report / broadcast
  interview:采访(某人);面试。例如:
  例249:the winner was interviewed by a lot of reporters there.
  例250:we’re interviewing six candidates(候选人)for the job.
  cover:采访,报道(某事)。例如:
  例251:he was sent to cover the whole event.
  report:报告,报道(某事)。例如:
  例252:we aim to report news to the people as fairly as possible.
  (我们旨在尽量公正地向人们报道新闻。)
  例253:journalists in cairo reported that seven people had been shot.
  broadcast:广播。例如:
  例254:the interview was broadcast live across europe. (这次采访在全欧洲现场直播。)
  49.join / join sb in / join in
  join:参加。指加入某种团体、机构等。
  例255:when did you join the party? (你是什么时候入党的?)
  join sb in:参加。指和某人一起参与某种活动。
  例256:will you join us in the party? (要不要和我们一起参加晚会?)
  join in:参加。指参与某种活动。
  例257:will you join in our party? (要不要参加我们的晚会?)
  50.know / get to know / recognize
  know:认识,了解。既可以表示"认识"的那一刻,也可以表示"认识"的过程。get to know:认识,结识。表示"认识"的那一刻。recognize:认出。例如:
  例258:i got to know him three years ago, that is, i have known him for three years. but strange enough, i couldn’t recognize him the other day when i met him. (三年前我认识他,也就是说,我已认识他三年了;但很奇怪,那一天我遇到他时,却认不出他来。)
  51.lie / lay
  (注意动词变化形式)
  动词原形过去式过去分词现在分词中文意思
  lielaylainlying躺下;位于
  lieliedliedlying说谎
  laylaidlaidlaying安放;下蛋
  例259:the boy who lay on the table lied to me that the hen lying there laid two eggs that day.
  (躺在桌面上的那男孩对我撒谎说,蹲在那里的母鸡当天下了两个蛋。)
  52.lie in / lie on / lie to
  lie in:位于(属于,包含其中)。lie to:位于(不属于,隔开)。lie on:位于(接壤,比邻关系)。例如:
  例260:fujian lies in the southeast of china, to the west of taiwan, and on the east of jiangxi.
  53.lose / miss
  lose:丢失,失去;迷路。例如:
  例261:she lost her way in the mist(雾).
  miss:丢失;不见;错过;遗漏;想念。例如:
  例262:—when did you lose your purse? (你什么时候丢了钱包?)
  —i don’t know. when i got home, i found it missing.
  (不知道。我到家时,发现钱包不见了。)
  例263:it’s a very interesting film; you mustn’t miss it.
  (这是一部很有趣的电影,千万别错过了。)
  54.prepare / prepare for / make preparations for / be prepared for
  prepare:准备。prepare for / make preparations for (=get ready for):为……而准备。be prepared for (=be ready for):准备好做……。例如:
  例264:i am preparing my lessons. (我在准备功课。此处未说明准备功课为了什么。)
  例265:i am preparing for the exam. (我在为考试做准备。此处未说明准备什么。)
  本句相当于:i am making preparations for the exam.
  例266:i am preparing my lessons for the exam. (我在为考试而准备功课。)
  例267:i am well prepared for the exam.( 这场考试我已做好充分准备。)
  55.protect / prevent
  protect:保护。例如:
  例268:the villagers were planting trees to protect the crops from the strong wind.
  (为保护庄稼免受强风侵害,村民在植树。)
  prevent:阻止。例如:
  例269:the villagers were planting trees to prevent the strong wind from harming the crops.
  56.raise / lift / rise / arise
  raise:举起(由下往上);提出;饲养。例如:
  例270:in order to make himself heard, he raised his voice.
  例271:many shops raised their prices during the christmas period.
  例272:the boy is not strong enough to raise the heavy box.
  例273:i’ll raise the question at tomorrow’s meeting. (我会在明天的会议上提出这个问题。)
  例274:raising pigs is his full-time job. (养猪是他的专职工作。)
  lift:提起(由上)。例如:
  例275:he lifted a stone, only to drop it on his own foot.(他搬石头砸自己的脚。)
  例276:she went shopping, lifting a basket. (她提着箩筐,购物去了。)
  rise:上升(相当于go up);起身(相当于stand up);起床(相当于get up)。例如:
  例277:prices rise day by day. (价格一天天上涨。)
  例278:sales rose by 20% over the christmas period.
  例279:the sun rises in the east.
  例280:the old lady was too weak to rise.
  例281:i was about to rise when another guest came in.
  (我正要起身,这时又进来一位客人。)
  例282:thomson rises at 6:00 every morning.
  arise是不及物动词,主要意义为"出现,产生",常用于借喻。例如:
  例283:some new difficulties have recently arisen in our work.
  (最近在我们的工作中又出现了一些新困难。)
  例284:a strong wind arose and blew over our boat. (一阵狂风吹起,刮翻了我们的小船。)
  57.receive / accept
  receive:收到,获得;款待,遭受。例如:
  例285:yesterday we received his e-mail, telling us that he was well received by the native students while he was receiving further education in the states.
  (昨天我们收到他的电子邮件,说他在美国进修期间,很受当地学生的欢迎。)
  accept:接受,答应。例如:
  例286:he didn’t accept the invitation he received yesterday.
  例287:i cannot accept you as my assistant. (我不能接收你为助手。)
  58.remember / remind / memorize
  remember:记忆,回忆。表示过去的事情留在记忆里,无需经过有意识的努力便可在脑子中出现。例如:
  例288:i remember paying him already. (我记得已给他报酬了。)
  例289:please remember to turn off the lights when you leave the office.
  (离开办公室时请记得关灯。)
  memorize:记住,熟记。相当于learn … by heart。例如:
  例290:please memorize the first paragraph of the passage. (请熟记本文的第一段。)
  remind:提醒,使想起。表示由相似之物或相关人员引起联想,唤起记忆。例如:
  例291:the song reminded me of my childhood. (这首歌使我想起了我的童年。)
  59.require / demand / request
  require,demand和request都有"要求"的意思,其宾语从句多用虚拟语气。require侧重于制度方面的要求;demand侧重于理直气壮的要求;request侧重于客气的要求。如:
  例292:it is required that everybody (should) go to school at 7:00. (要求每个人7点到校。)
  例293:the workers demanded that they (should) be given a rise. (工人们要求加工资。)
  例294:all i request of you is that you (should) be early. (我对你的要求就是你应该早点来。)
  60.result in / result from
  result in:导致,引起。相当于lead to,cause。例如:
  例295:careless driving resulted in the accident. (粗心驾驶导致这场事故。)
  result from:由于,产生于。相当于lie in。例如:
  例296:the accident resulted from careless driving. (这场事故是由于粗心驾驶造成的。)
  61.rob / steal / pick
  rob:抢劫,掠夺,指公开用暴力抢劫他人财物,常用于rob somebody / someplace of something结构。例如:
  例297:he was robbed of his wallet.
  steal:偷窃(指暗中窃取),常用于steal something from somebody / someplace结构。例如:
  例298:robins is accused of stealing thousands of dollars from his employer.
  例299:when he got home he found his tv set stolen. 比较:
  例300:when he got home he found his house robbed.
  (此处不能用stolen,房子不可能被偷走,偷走的只能是东西。)
  pick:扒窃(常与pocket连用)。例如:
  例301:someone picked my pocket on the bus the other day.
  62.run out / run out of
  run out:耗尽。其后不接宾语,无被动结构,相当于give out。例如:
  例302:our oil has run out.
  run out of:耗尽。其后应接宾语,有被动结构,相当于use up。例如:
  例303:we have run out of our oil.
  例304:our oil has been run out of.
  63.say / speak / talk / tell
  say:说。常用作及物动词,对某人说用say to sb。例如:
  例305:what you said is wrong.
  例306:how do you say it in english?
  例307:he said to me, "i will come here soon."
  speak:讲。除讲某种语言以外,不用作及物动词,其后常跟to, with, on, of等引起的短语。例如:
  例308:he is speaking at the meeting.
  例309:you oughtn’t to have spoken to your uncle like that.
  例310:he speaks english well.
  talk:谈。指两人或两人以上的一般交谈,一般用作不及物动词,但在有些习语中作及物动词用。例如:
  例311:what are you talking about?
  例312:let’s talk business. (我们谈正事吧。)
  tell:告诉,区分,判断,预言。常用作及物动词。例如:
  例313:tell bill the news when you meet him.
  例314:tell bill to be there on time.
  例315:he can’t tell right from wrong; after all, he’s only a boy of four.
  (他不能辨是非,毕竟,他只是个四岁孩子。)
  例316:who can tell what will happen tomorrow?
  64.scold / blame
  scold:责骂,发怒。例如:
  例317:she was scolded for being late. (她因迟到挨骂。)
  blame:责怪,归咎。例如:
  例318:bad workmen often blame their tools. (拙劣的工人常怪工具不好使。)
  例319:he blamed the teacher for his failure. (他把失败归咎于老师。)
  例320:he blamed his failure on the teacher. (同上)
  例321:it’s you rather than i that are to blame for starting the fire.
  (引起这场火灾,该受责备的是你而不是我。)
  65.search / search for
  search: 搜查,搜身。它是及物动词。search for:寻找。相当于be in search of或be in the / one’s search for。例如:
  例322:the police are searching the hill (for the robber).
  例323:the police are searching the robber (for the necklace).
  例324:the police are searching for the robber (in the hill).
  例325:the police are in search of / in the search for the robber (in the hill).
  66.separate / pide
  separate:分开,隔离;把……分离出来,析出;作为形容词是"单独的"意思。例如:
  例326:britain is separated from france by the english channel.
  例327:oxygen can be separated from water. (氧可以从水中析出。)
  例328:we need two separate rooms.
  pide:分,划分。指把整体分为若干部分。例如:
  例329:i pided the moon cake in half / into two halves.
  例330:he pided the cake among the children. (他把这块蛋糕分给了孩子们。)
  被pide分隔的东西在一定的条件下具有统一性,separate分隔的东西没有统一性。
  67.shut / close
  shut:关,闩住(门窗等);闭(口、眼、耳等)。close:关(门、窗等);不开放。如:
  例331:he shut the door behind him. (他把门闩上。)
  例332:better shut your mouth. (= better shut up!) (最好闭嘴!)
  例333:it’s a pity he shut eyes to his faults. (遗憾的是,他对过失视而不见。)
  例334:he closed the door behind him. (他随手把门关上。)
  例335:this road is closed to heavy motor traffic. (此路禁止大卡车通行。)
  68.sit / seat
  sit:坐。是不及物动词。例如:
  例336:sit down, please.
  seat:就座;容纳。是及物动词。例如:
  例337:be seated, please.
  例338:when he entered the classroom, he found the villagers seated at the back of the classroom. (= sitting / seating themselves)
  例339:the hall is not large enough to seat 2,000 people.(= hold容纳)
  69.stick to / insist on / persist in
  stick to:坚持(原则、计划、意见、决定、理论等)。例如:
  例340:the theory he stuck to proved true in the end.(他所坚持的理论最终证明是正确的。)
  insist on:坚持(人的意志),坚决要求,一定要。 例如:
  例341:he insisted on checking everything himself. (他坚持要亲自检查一切。)
  persist in:坚持(继续坚持原来做的事或对某种意见固执不改)。例如:
  例342:if you persist in breaking the law, you will be put into prison.
  70.stop / pause
  stop:停止,阻止。例如:
  例343:my watch stopped.
  例344:nothing can stop me from going.
  例345:time’s up. let’s stop to have a rest.
  例346:it’s time for class. stop talking please.
  pause:停顿。指暂时的停止。例如:
  例347:i paused for a reply.
  例348:he paused to look round.
  71.suit / fit / do / match / go
  suit:合适,中意(多指符合需要、口味、性格、条件、地位等。特别是指颜色、款式等)。 fit:合适,合身(常指大小、尺寸等)。do:合适(常与for连用)。match / go:匹配(go常与with连用)。例如:
  例349:the coat doesn’t suit you; it’s too dark.
  例350:the coat doesn’t fit you; it’s too small.
  例351:the coat doesn’t do for you; it’s too small.
  例352:the color of the tie doesn’t match / go with that of your shirt.
  例353:a good teacher suits his lessons to the age of his pupils.
  (好教师授课力求适合学生的年龄。)
  72.surprise / astonish / shock
  surprise,astonish和shock都有"惊讶,惊愕"的意思。它们的语气逐渐加强,astonish和shock分别是"十分惊讶"和"震惊"的意思。例如:
  例354:what surprised me most was that he was late again.
  例355:we were astonished to learn that he failed in the exam, as he was so excellent.
  例356:the earthquake and tsunami in the indian ocean shocked the whole world.
  (这次印度洋地震和海啸震惊全世界。)
  73.take one’s place / take the place of / take place
  take one’s place:就座,就位。相当于take one’s seat。例如:
  例357:please take your places; we are ready to begin our class.
  take sb’s place / take the place of sb:替代(某人)。例如:
  例358:the manager is going on business. who can take his place?
  (=who can take the place of the manager?)
  例359:nothing can take the place of a wheel. (没有什么能取代轮子。)
  take place:发生,举行。无被动结构。例如:
  例360:great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past five years.
  例361:a class meeting is to take place tomorrow afternoon.
  74.try to do / manage to do
  try to do:试图、企图做某事(未必成功)。相当于attempt to do。例如:
  例362:they tried to push the door open but failed.
  manage to do:成功、设法做某事。相当于succeed in doing。例如:
  例363:i just managed to get there in time.
  例364:in spite of the storm, he managed to get here in time.
  75.visit / call / see / drop in
  visit:拜访,访问;参观。可表示正式的访问或朋友间或亲戚间的拜访。例如:
  例365:at present, they are visiting all parts of the country.
  see 看望,探望。用于非正式的而且是熟人之间的拜访。例如:
  例366:"i’ve just arrived by train," she said. "i’m coming to see you."
  call:拜访,走访。call on接某人作宾语,call at接某地作宾语。例如:
  例367:i called on him yesterday, but he could not help us.
  例368:he called at every house in the street once a month.
  drop in:顺便走访。drop in on接某人当宾语,drop in at接某地当宾语。例如:
  例369:on our way home, we dropped in on the greens. 比较:
  例370:on our way home, we dropped in at the greens’.
  76.wait / expect
  wait:等待。指动作上等待。例如:
  例371:wait a moment, please.
  例372:i have been waiting for him for half an hour.
  expect:等待,期盼。指心理上期盼。例如:
  例373:we are expecting a letter from li hua.
  例374:father has been expecting you.
  77.win / beat / defeat
  win:赢,获得。指赢得比赛或奖项。例如:
  例375:class one won (in the match).
  例376:class one won the match.
  例377:class one won the first prize.
  beat:击败,战胜。指战胜对手。例如:
  例378:class one beat class two (in the match).
  defeat:击败,战胜(常指比较激烈场合,如战争);使失败(指希望、计划等)。如:
  例379:the north defeated the south in the war.
  例380:our hopes were defeated at last.
  例381:i defeated / beat him in the contest and won the prize.
  78.would / used to do / be used to / get used to
  would:习惯于。只可表示过去的习惯性动作,不表示过去存在的状态。例如:
  例382:i would get up early and go fishing.
  例383:sometimes we would sit and listen to her play the piano.
  used to:习惯于。在时间上主要是同现在对比,暗含"现在已不这样了"的意思;其后既可接表示动作的动词,也可接表示认知或状态的动词。其后接动词原形。例如:
  例384:my elder brother used to be in the army. (此处不用would)
  be used to:习惯于(常表示现在的习惯性动做或状态;其后接动词-ing形式);被用于(其后接动词原形)。例如:
  例385:i used to live in the country, but now i’m used to living in the city.
  例386:the skin of snakes is used to make some kinds of musical instruments.
  (蛇皮被用于制作多种乐器。)
  get used to: 习惯于。其后接名词或动词-ing形式。例如:
  例387:have you got used to the food / living here?
  1.accident / incident / event
  accident:事故。通常指意外事件,偶发事件。例如:
  例388:twenty people were killed in the railway accident.
  例389:it was quite an accident. (这完全是偶然事件。)
  incident:事件。尤指与较为重大的事件相比显得不重要的事件;它还用以表示引起国际争端或战争等的历史事件。例如:
  例390:this is only a common incident.
  例391:the lugouqiao incident occurred on july 7, 1937.
  event:大事件,大记事;比赛项目。例如:
  例392:another earthquake struck indonesia. thousands of journalists were sent to cover the event.
  例393:which events have you entered for? (你参加了哪几项比赛?)
  2.ache / pain
  ache主要指身体某一部分的"疼痛、酸楚",常用于复合名词,如headache,toothache,stomachache。用作此义时,有时可以与pain换用。例如:
  例394:where is the ache / pain?
  pain可用于身心两方面所感受到的痛楚,在指精神方面的痛苦时不能用ache代替。如:
  例395:his unkind remarks caused me a great deal of pain. (他不友善的话让我很伤心。)
  例396:her laziness caused pain to her parents. (她的懒散让她父母很头痛。)
  3.affair / matter / business / thing
  affair:事情,事务。常以复数形式出现,通常指重大或头绪较多的事务。例如:
  例397:he is now in charge of foreign affairs. (他现在负责外交事务。)
  又如:international affairs 国际事务,family affairs家庭事务,class affairs班级事务。
  matter:物质(用作不可数名词);问题(常指毛病或麻烦事)。例如:
  例398:all matter has three states: solid, liquid and gas.
  例399:what’s the matter with you?
  例400:don’t worry. it is simply a matter of time. (别担心,这只是时间问题。)
  business:事情。常指正经事或闲事。有时说的是指派的工作或商业买卖。例如:
  例401:business before pleasure. (先正事,后娱乐。)
  例402:now let’s get down to business. (咱们谈正事吧。)
  例403:he went to shanghai on business.
  例404:it’s none of your business. (不关你的事。)
  例405:mind your own business. (少管闲事!)
  thing:东西,事情。用复数意为"情况,形势"。例如:
  例406:what are those things on the table?
  例407:no such thing. (没那种事。)
  例408:things are getting worse and worse. (情况变得越来越糟。)
  4.aim / purpose / object
  aim:目的,目标。指抱有一种明确的目的,并意味着为之实现而竭尽全力,相当于goal。也可作动词,意为"对……瞄准, 打算"。例如:
  例409:what’s your aim in life?
  例410:living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.
  (生活没有目标就像航海没有指南针。)
  例411:we aim to complete / aim at completing the project by next month.
  purpose:目的,意图。指心中有打算,并意味着对所做的打算有较大的决心。例如:
  例412:it was done with a definite purpose. (做这事是有明确目的的。)
  例413:for what purpose do you want to go to canada?
  例414:he came here with the purpose of carrying out the plan.
  (他是带着实施这个计划的目的来这里的。)
  object:目标。指眼前的目标和努力方向。例如:
  例415:the object of my visit is to consult you. (我来找你的目的是要请教你。)
  例416:what is your object in studying english?
  5.amount / number
  amount(of):数量,量。后接不可数名词。例如:
  例417:people bought a great amount of food from the market before the spring festival.
  number(of):数量。只可接可数名词。例如:
  例418:a number of experts attended the conference held in shanghai yesterday.
  6.animal / beast / creature
  animal:动物。区别于植物而言,是常用词语。例如:
  例419:it is an animal of monkey kind.
  beast:动物,走兽。通常指四足动物。例如:
  例420:the tiger is a beast of prey.(老虎是食肉兽。)
  creature:生物,生灵。指人时,常带有感情色彩。例如:
  例421:your daughter is a lovely creature. (你女儿是个可爱的小精灵。)
  例422:what a cold-blooded creature!
  例423:spielberg has made two films about creatures that come to the earth from outer space.
  (斯皮尔伯格已拍了两部外星球生物来地球的电影。)
  7.bank / shore / beach / coast
  bank:岸。常指河岸。例如:
  例424:the town is on the bank of the river.
  shore:岸。常指海、湖的岸,含有与水相对的意味。例如:
  例425:the ship stopped a little way off the shore. (船停在了海岸边不远处。)
  beach:海滩,湖滩。常指涨潮时有水,退潮时无水的有沙子或卵石的海滩或湖滩。如:
  例426:the children are playing on the beach.
  coast:海岸。仅指沿海之岸,尤作为水域边界。例如:
  例427:there are many harbors on the east coast of our land.
  8.cause / reason
  cause:起因,缘故。着重指产生某种结果的原因。例如:
  例428:the cause of the fire was carelessness. (这次火灾是由于粗心引起的。)
  例429:what was the cause of it?
  reason:原因,理由。着重指产生某种行为或想法的理由。例如:
  例430:i have no reason for it.
  例431:give your reason for changing the plan.
  例432:the reason why i did not come yesterday is that i was sick.
  9.chance / opportunity
  chance:机会(用作可数名词,是普通用语,尤以指一种侥幸的或偶然的机会);可能性(用作不可数名词,相当于possibility)。例如:
  例433:we were offered another chance.
  例434:he has long hoped for a chance of success.
  例435:there is no chance that he failed to come. (他不可能来不了。)
  opportunity:指良好的"机会,机遇,时机"。例如:
  例436:i am glad to have this opportunity of speaking to you alone.
  (很高兴有机会和你单独谈谈。)
  例437:china has the opportunity to host the XX olympics.
  10.clothes / clothing / cloth
  clothes:衣服。是名词复数,不直接与数词连用。例如:
  例438:most of her clothes were made by herself.
  例439:i need to go and buy some new clothes.
  clothing:衣物。是总称,没有复数形式。指一件衣服用a piece of / an article of clothing。例如:
  例440:the flooded areas are now in great need of food and clothing.
  (水灾地区现在急需食物和衣物。)
  例441:remember to buy an article of new clothing before you go for a job interview.
  (去工作面试时记得买一件新衣服穿。)
  cloth:布料。是物质名词,不可数名词。例如:
  例442:clothes made of this kind of cloth are invisible to anyone who is unfit for his office.
  (这种布料制成的衣服,不称职者看不见。)
  11.country / nation / state
  country:国家。着重指疆土、国土和家园。the country=the countryside乡村,农村。例如:
  例443:china is a great country with a long history. (中国是一个历史悠久的伟大国家。)
  例444:france and germany are european countries.
  例445:he is content to live in the country/countryside. (他满足于住在乡下。)
  nation:国家,民族。着重指民族和国民,常带感情色彩。在国际交往等正式场合,nation语体庄重,比country常用。例如:
  例446:the chinese nation is a great one.
  例447:the president spoke on tv to the nation.
  例448:the whole nation was in deep sorrow at this news.
  (得知这个消息,整个国家都沉浸在悲痛之中。)
  例449:trade between nations is much better than war.
  (国与国之间进行贸易往来比兵戎相见好得多。)
  state:国家,政府。着重指政权和国家机关。例如:
  例450:railways in china belong to the state.(在中国,铁路归国家所有。)
  例451:all the natural resources are managed by the state.
  12.day after day / day by day
  day after day:日复一日。强调反复, 周而复始。该短语可作主语和状语。例如:
  例452:everything stays the same day after day.
  例453:day after day went by, and still no message arrived.
  (日子一天天过去,仍然杳无音讯。)
  day by day:一天天。强调逐渐变化。该短语只能作状语。例如:
  例454:our living conditions are improving day by day.
  13.environment / surroundings
  environment:环境,可指自然环境也可指人文环境,多指给人思想、感情等造成影响的事物或情况。例如:
  例455:he told a story of man’s struggle with his environment.
  (他讲了一个人类与环境抗争的故事。)
  例456:it’s not a very safe environment for children there.
  surroundings:环境,多指自然环境。例如:
  例457:the guest house stands in beautiful surroundings.
  14.family / home / house
  family:家,家庭,家里人。指家庭成员结构。例如:
  例458:the family is large, and the whole family are now watching tv.
  例459:he has a family of three.
  例460:he has a large family to support. (他要养活一大家子。)
  home:家,家园。指出生及日常生活的那种环境。也可用作副词。例如:
  例461:my home is not far from here.
  例462:the car broke down on the way home. (在回家的路上车抛锚了。)
  house:房子,住宅。指居住的建筑物。例如:
  例463:the old house was built of stones.
  例464:the big fire destroyed the whole house.
  15.fun / joke
  fun:玩笑,娱乐。是不可数名词。例如:
  例465:the old man is full of fun.
  例466:don’t make fun of him.
  joke:玩笑,笑料。是可数名词。例如:
  例467:i had a joke with her.
  例468:let’s play a joke on mr. wang.
  16.habit / custom
  habit:习惯,习性。指个人,常与of doing sth连用。例如:
  例469:early to bed and early to rise is a good habit.
  例470:tom has the habit of listening to music while reading.
  custom:习惯,风俗。指个人、社会或团体,常与to do sth连用。例如:
  例471:it is tom’s custom to listen to music while he is reading.
  例472:it is the custom in china to eat dumplings during the spring festival.
  例473:social customs vary in different countries. (不同国家,风俗不一样。)
  17.holiday / vacation / leave
  holiday:假日。指逢节日、纪念日的休假日。have a (或one’s) holiday 度假,during a holiday 在一次假期中。这种用法的holiday 总用单数形式,但并不一定只是"一天"假。其复数形式有时也指学校、机关的假期。例如:
  例474:we got a holiday last thursday.
  例475:tom and i are going to have a holiday. (我和汤姆准备去度假。)
  例476:where did you spend your summer holidays?
  vacation:假期,任何节假日或休息日,持续时间较长。在美语中指各种假日。例如:
  例477:winter vacation is drawing near. (寒假临近。)
  例478:i’m away on vacation / holiday for the next two weeks.
  leave:准假,请假期间。例如:
  例479:you have my leave to stay away from the office tomorrow. (允许你明天请假。)
  例480:i asked for three days’ leave last week. (上周我请假三天。)比较:
  例481:i asked for three days off last week. (意思同上,off为副词,表"缺席、不在"。)
  18.job / work / labor / task
  work:工作。通常用作不可数名词。例如:
  例482:you have done a day’s work in three hours.
  例483:can hard work change a person that much?
  (艰辛的工作能使一个人改变那么多吗?)
  例484:when i went to see him, he was still at work.
  job:工作,活。通常用作可数名词。作"工作"解时有同义词position, place, post等;作"活"解时有同义词task, duty等。例如:
  例485:when you start a job, you must stick to it.
  例486:i’m not going to wash the dishes; that’s his job.
  例487:she has found a part-time job.
  labor:劳动(力)。常指体力劳动,通常用作不可数名词。例如:
  例488:most of them earn their living by manual labor. (他们大多靠体力劳动为生。)
  例489:we are in great need of skilled labor. (我们急需熟练劳动工。)
  task:任务,工作。常指难的工作。例如:
  例490:he was charged with an important task at that time. (当时他负有一项重要任务。)
  例491:trying to bring up a small child on your own is no easy task.
  (要自己抚养一个小孩不是件轻松的工作。)
  19.kind / type
  kind:种,类(比较笼统、模糊)。type:类型、风格(比较具体)。例如:
  例492:there are many kinds of animals in the zoo, including three types of tigers.
  20.man / human being / people / person / mankind
  man:以单数形式出现,如果其前不加任何冠词,可泛指"人",包括男人和女人;也可泛指"人类"。例如:
  例493:man is mortal. (人终有一死。)
  例494:be a man. (做个大丈夫!/要有男子气概!)
  human being:可数名词,有单复数形式。它侧重于指与其他的动物、植物或鬼神相对的"人类"。有时,我们还可说成human。例如:
  例495:she thought she could turn a deaf person into a useful human being.
  (她认为她能够把一个聋人变成一个有用的人。)
  people:集体名词,表示"人"时,总是用作复数,一个人不可说成one people,而要说成one person。
  使用people 时应注意以下几点:
  ① 其前不加任何冠词时泛指"人,人们"。例如:
  例496:people from all walks of life will be present at the meeting.
  (各条战线的人们都会出席这次会议。)
  ② 其前加the,表示"人民,民众"。例如:
  例497:we should serve the people heart and soul. (我们应全心全意为人民服务。)
  ③ people 用着可数名词时,表示不同的民族或不同国家的人民。例如:
  例498:may the friendship between the two peoples last forever.
  (祝愿两国人民的友谊万古常青。)
  person:意为"人",是最普通的说法,它可用于指所有的人,包括男人、女人和孩子,是可数名词。例如:
  例499:do you know the person over there?
  mankind:常用来指代整个人类。其前不加任何冠词,本身也不能加复数词尾。例如:
  例500:mankind is progressive. (人类总是不断进步的。)
  21.middle / center
  middle:中间,当中。指跟两边或各边、两端或各端大致等距离的部分;可以用于指空间或时间。例如:
  例501:in the middle of the room stands a table.
  例502:it will be coming into bloom about the middle of next month. (下月中旬会开花。)
  center:中心。通常用于指空间,强调正中心。它还可用于借喻,表示某一事物的中心。center作动词用时,其含义为"集中",后常接介词on。例如:
  例503:draw a circle round a given center. (用所给的圆心画圆。)
  例504:beijing is the political,economic and cultural center of china.
  (北京是中国的政治、经济和文化中心。)
  例505:the discussion centers on the most important question.
  (这次讨论主题集中在这个最重要的问题上。)
  22.question / problem
  question:问题。作动词意为"提问,质疑", 指由于疑惑不解而提出疑问。例如:
  例506:can i ask a question of you?
  例507:can i ask you a question?
  例508:tom made a quick answer to the question. (汤姆马上作出回答。)
  例509:she hates being questioned about her past. (她不喜欢别人问起她的过去。)
  例510:one questioned whether he was telling the truth. (有人提出质疑他是否讲真话。)
  problem:问题。指等待解决或决定的问题,尤指难题。例如:
  例511:the maths problem is too hard for me to work out.
  例512:we argued with them about this problem for a long time.
  23.soil / earth / ground / land / mud
  soil:土地,土壤。指含有有机成分、适宜于耕种的土壤。例如:
  例513:the water washed away much of the top soil.
  earth:土,泥(相对于岩石和沙子而言);地球。例如:
  例514:the peasants were trying to fill the big hole with earth.
  (农民正在设法用土填那个大坑。)
  例515:today the earth is becoming more and more polluted. (现在地球受污染越来越严重。)
  ground:土地,地面。指大地表面。例如:
  例516:the wounded have been lying on the ground for more than two hours.
  land:陆地,土地。指海洋、河流相对的陆地。例如:
  例517:we came here by land, not by water. (我们是从陆路来,不是从水路来。)
  mud:泥,泥浆。例如:
  例518:after the football match, he was covered with mud. (足球赛过后,他浑身沾满泥。)
  24.sound / noise / voice
  sound:声音,声响。指所能听到的任何声音。例如:
  例519:last night i heard the sound of voice first, then the sound of music and finally there came the sound of breaking glasses and plates. (昨晚我先是听到了谈话声,接着听到了音乐声,最后传来了打破杯子、盘子的声音。)
  noise:嘈杂声,噪音。例如:
  例520:the noise from the factory machines kept me awake the whole night.
  例521:try not to make a noise when you go upstairs.
  voice:声音,嗓音。指人说话或唱歌的声音。例如:
  例522:could you raise your voice so that i can catch you?
  例523:he called for help in a loud voice.
  25.state / condition / situation
  state:状态,状况。指人或物在环境、外观、心情等方面的状态、情形。例如:
  例524:ice is the solid state of water.
  例525:he’s now in a poor state of mind. (他现在心情不好。)
  condition:条件,状况。侧重于外部的、周边的环境或条件。例如:
  例526:the conditions here can’t agree with me. (这里的条件不适合我。)
  例527:the workers went on strike, demanding better pay and working conditions.
  (工人们举行罢工,要求更高的报酬和更好的工作条件。)
  例528:the house was in a terrible condition / state of repair. (这房子极需修葺。)
  situation:情况,形势,局势,局面。常指军事、政治、经济的状态,也可指某人、某物所处的特殊情况。例如:
  例529:nowadays the international situations are changeable. (当今国际形势风云多变。)
  例530:he’s now getting into difficult situations. (他陷入困境。)
  例531:schoolchildren must be taught to deal with dangerous situations.
  26.story / tale
  story:故事。普通用词,可以指对一个虚构或真实事件的叙述,口头形式或书面形式皆可。例如:
  例532:i have read many novels and stories in english.
  例533:i would tell my child a story before sleep.
  tale:故事。指任何为欺骗或娱乐而讲的或编撰的荒诞事件,尤指为逗孩子们娱乐所讲的童话或所编的夸张性故事。例如:
  例534:it is a false tale. (那是无稽之谈。)
  例535:i liked fairy tales when i was a child. (童年的我喜欢童话故事。)
  27.strength / force / energy / power
  strength:力量,力气。常指固有的潜在力量,如人的气力、精力,也指物质的强度等。例如:
  例536:union is strength. (团结就是力量。)
  例537:he lifted the stone with all his strength.
  例538:by doing so, you can test the strength of steel. (这样做,你可以试验一下钢的强度。)
  force:力量,力气。常指暴力、势力、军事力量等;复数形式指"兵力、武力"等。例如:
  例539:finally they had to open the door by force.
  例540:it is the air force that matters. (是空中力量在起作用。)
  例541:air forces were sent to the front. (空军被派往前线。)
  energy:活力,精力,能量(指人的精力、自然界的能量等)。例如:
  例542:jim is a man full of energy.
  例543:they are making use of solar energy. (他们在利用太阳能。)
  例544:i’m afraid it’s a waste of energy by doing that.
  power:力量,威力,权力,做事或行动的能力。例如:
  例545:knowledge is power. (知识就是力量。)
  例546:water power is more enough in this area. (该地区水力资源丰富。)
  例547:he has the power of life and death over thousands.
  (他手中掌握有成千上万人的生死大权。)
  例548:i’m sorry i can’t help you; it’s beyond my power.
  28.trip / journey / travel / tour / voyage
  trip:旅行,旅程。旅途不分长短。例如:
  例549:my trip to school usually takes me five minutes on foot.
  例550:my trip to beijing is more than sightseeing; i’m on business.
  (我的北京之行不只是观光,我还有公务在身的。)
  journey:旅行,旅程(指时间和路程都较长的陆路旅行),历程,过程,进程。例如:
  例551:the long journey was too much for the old man.
  (这次长途旅行对这个老人家来说真是够呛。)
  例552:a pleasant journey to you!
  例553:he made a long journey from beijing to london.
  (他从北京到伦敦做了一次长途旅行。)
  例554:life is a journey from birth to death. (生命是从出生到死亡的历程。)
  travel:旅行,旅游。无旅程含义。往往是到国外或某个遥远的地方去。泛指旅行,其前不加冠词;当复数用,表示游历、游记等。例如:
  例555:this morning we finished the travel to the great wall.
  例556:travel was slow and dangerous in olden times.
  例557:mr. wang wrote a book about his travels.
  tour:漫游,周游。常指访问多处的观光旅行,常指周游后回到原出发地。例如:
  例558:he had a tour of three years as a lecturer in the states.
  例559:confucius began to make his tour among the states.(孔夫子开始周游列国。)
  voyage:航行。指航海或航空。例如:
  例560:the voyage through the pacific took them nearly one month.
  29.value / price / cost
  value:价值。price:价格,价钱,定价。cost:价格,成本,费用。例如:
  例561:the book is of no value. (这本书没价值。)
  例562:i hope this book will be of value to both teachers and students.
  例563:i hope this book will be valuable to both teachers and students.
  例564:the book was sold at a low price.
  例565:the book was sold at a cost price. (这书以成本价出售。)
  例566:what’s the cost of the journey? (这趟旅行的费用多少?)
  30.war / battle / campaign / fight / struggle
  war:战争。指战争的总体而言,一次war包含许多次battle。例如:
  例567:the anti-japanese war lasted eight years.
  例568:old smith experienced two world wars.
  battle:战役。通常指大规模的战斗,也可用于比喻。例如:
  例569:the battle lasted three days.
  例570:the battle against racial discrimination is not over. (反种族歧视的斗争还未结束。)
  campaign:战役(在某一地区所采取的一系列有固定目的的军事行动),规模比battle大;运动(为达到某一特殊目标所做的一连串有计划的活动)。例如:
  例571:the huai-hai campaign was one of the three greatest campaigns of decisive significance in the chinese people’s war of liberation. (淮海战役是中国人民解放战争中具有决定性战略意义的三大战役之一。)
  例572:the company has spent over £50 million on its latest advertising campaign.
  fight:斗争,战斗。指人与人或动物与动物之间的打斗。例如:
  例573:the quarrel ended up with a fight. (那场争吵最终以打斗告终。)
  ...

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