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关于英语说明文的写作方法

  英语说明文的写作方法都有哪些呢?下面小编整理了关于英语说明文的写作方法,欢迎大家参考!  关于英语说明文的写作方法
  就"说明对象"而言,英语说明文可分为对"客观具体事物"的说明和对"主观抽象观念"的说明两大类,比如:对"LASER(激光)"、"Computer Problem of Year XX(计算机XX年问题)"等等的说明都是对客观或者具体事物的说明,而"The Successful Interview(谈成功的面试)"、"How to Write Good English Composition(如何才能写好英语作文)" 等是对主观抽象观念的说明。对我们中学生朋友来说,在汉语说明文的教学中似乎比较侧重前者,即解释客观具体事物的说明文。但在英语说明文中,阐述和说明 "主观抽象观念"的说明文占了很大的比重,其中有些类似汉语中的议论文。但是无论是对"客观具体事物"的说明还是对"主观抽象观念"的阐述,英语说明文从结构上看大致可分为三个部分:第一部分一般是文章的第一段,提出文章的主题,也就是说,文章想要阐述、说明的主要内容;第二部分是文章的主体,可由若干个段落组成,对文章的主题进行展开说明;第三部分是结尾段,对文章的主题作归纳总结。从英语说明文的结构可以看出,要写好英语说明文的关键在于第二部分如何对文章主题进行展开说明。在英语中,常见的用来展开文章主题的方法有下列几种:
  1.罗列法(listing)
  在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点,然后常用first,second,…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中,下面这篇学生作文就是用罗列法写成的:
  Early Rising
  Early rising (早起) is helpful in more than one way. First, it helps to keep us fit (健康)。 We all need fresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides, we can do good to our health from doing morning exercise (做早操)。
  Secondly, early rising helps us in our studies. We learn more quickly in the morning, and find it easier to remember what we learn in the morning.
  Thirdly, early rising enables (使能够) us to plan the work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan. Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring, so the plan for the day should be made in the morning.
  Fourthly, early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work, such as to wash our faces and hands and eat our breakfast properly.
  Late risers may find it very difficult to form the habit of early rising. They ought to make special efforts to do so. As the English proverb says,"Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise."
  罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落,我们可以注意模仿学习:
  There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all, …Secondly, …And finally, …
  We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all, …Secondly, …And finally,
  必须指出的是,有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first, second…等词,但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。
  2.举例法(examples)
  举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思,常用for example, for instance, still another example is…等词语引出。下面这篇学生作文就是用举例法写成的:
  Recreation
  It is impossible to keep in good health unless we take enough recreation (娱乐)。 The mind, too, needs change to make it fresh and vigorous (有活力的) There is much truth in the old saying, All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy."
  There are many games which boys and girls can play after their school work is done, for instance, football, tennis, and kite-flying. Other examples of recreation are boating, fishing, gardening, cycling, walking, chess-playing, and reading. Persons who sit much at their business should take a kind of recreation that will supply their muscles (肌肉) with exercise. Those who spend most of their time in the open air and do manual work (体力活) should adopt (采纳) reading or some other quiet form of recreation.
  Cycling is said to be an important means of recreation, but many persons foolishly tire out themselves by cycling too much. The same may be said in regard to football. Tennis is a pleasant form of recreation. Many persons take great delight in boating. Fishing requires much patience, and there is much danger of taking cold by sitting still on a cold day too long. A good brisk (轻松) walk is one of the finest forms of exercise. For persons engaged in outdoor labor, chess-playing is another excellent form of recreation.
  可以看出,举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用:即用罗列法来列出例子,用例子充实罗列的说明。
  3.比较法(comparison and contrast)
  比较法是对两个对象进行比较,从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点(comparison)和比较不同点(contrast)两种方法,比如:
  From Paragraph to Essay
  Although they are different in length (长度), the paragraph and the essay are quite similar in structure (结构)。 For example, the paragraph starts with either a topic sentence (主题句) or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the essay, the first paragraph sets up the topic focus (主题所在) Next, the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop the topic sentence. Similarly, the body of an essay consists of a number of paragraphs that discuss and support the ideas given in the introductory (引导的) paragraph. Finally, a concluding sentence (结束句) ——whether a restatement, conclusion, or observation——ends the paragraph. The essay, too, has a concluding paragraph which ends the essay logically and satisfactorily. Although there are some exceptions (例外), most well written expository (说明文的) paragraphs and essays are similar in structure.
  可以看出,在比较相同点的时候,常用到similarly,also,too,in the same case,in spite of the difference等这样的词语。
  European Football and American Football
  Although European football is the parent of American football, the two games show several major differences. European football, sometimes called association football or soccer, is played in 80 countries, making it the most widely played sport in the world. American football, on the other hand, is popular only in North America (the United States and Canada)。 Soccer is played by eleven players with a round ball. Football, also played by eleven players in somewhat different positions (位置) on the field, is played with an elongated (拉长的) round ball. Soccer has little body contact (接触) between players and therefore needs no special protective equipment. Football, in which players make the greatest use of body contact to stop a running ball-carrier and his teammates, needs special protective equipment. In soccer, the ball is advanced toward the goal by kicking it or by butting (顶) it with the head. In American football, on the other hand, the ball is passed from hand to hand or carried in the hands across the opponent's (对手) goal. These are just a few of the features which distinguish (区别) association and American football.
  这是一篇用比较不同点的手法写的说明文。从文章中可以看出:however,on the other hand,in contrast,but,nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。
  4.定义法(definition)
  定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法,特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是:
  被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语
  可以看出,定义句中限制性定语越详细,定义就越精确,比如:
  A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on(以……为食品)fruit and insects but is not a bird.
  其实,在英—英词典中,对英语单词的英文解释就是定义法的`典型例子。比如,看看Longman词典对student和teacher的定义是很有意思的:A student is a person who is studying at a place of education or training. A teacher is a person who gives knowledge or skill to sb. as a profession (专业)。
  5.顺序法(sequence of time, space and process)
  顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平,用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义,用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。
  下面这篇学生作文就是用顺序法写成的:
  Coal
  Coal underwent (经受) many changes before it became the bright, brittle (脆的), black substance which we now use. During ancient times (在上古时代), when the earth enjoyed a very warm and wet climate, the land was covered with large forests and big plants. As time went on, the ground changed and began to sink (下沉) a little. These very large numbers of trees and vegetables received a deposit (沉淀) of sand and clay. This layer of sand and clay pressed upon the layer beneath and prevented it from contact with air. These trees and plants received the pres sure and changed its appearance.
  Generations after generations (几世纪后), as the ground kept gradually sinking, another layer of sand and clay was again deposited (积聚) above the layers already formed. A great pressure was thus exerted (作用) and the peat (泥煤) was changed into the black and brittle substance which is known as coal.
  Coal is a kind of mineral which is formed by nature as above stated. It is an important industrial material and is chiefly used as fuel. It is very valuable in the industrial world. The place where coal deposit is called a coal mine (煤矿)。 In China, coal mines are largely found in the north-west part of the country. Shanxi is a famous province for producing coal. It has the most coal of China.
  6.分类法(classification)
  分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法。比如:著名的英国哲学家弗朗西斯·培根(Francis Bacon)在其脍炙人口的《谈读书》(Of Studies)一文中就用到了分类法:
  Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested, that is, some books are to be read only in parts, others to be read, but not curiously, and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books…
  参考译文:书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之,有只须读其部分者,有只须大体涉猎者,少数则须全读,读时须全神贯注,孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读,取其所需摘要,但只限题材较次或价值不高者……
  ——转摘自《英汉翻译教程》(张培基等)
  可见,如果能够根据具体情况,选用合适的写作手法,就可为文章增添无穷的魅力。
  除了上述提到的6种展开英语说明文主题的写作方法之外,还有因果法、归纳法等其他方法。但相比之下,对于中学生来说,上述6种方法是首先值得掌握的。另外必须指出的是:在一篇文章中往往是以一种写作手法为主,同时辅以其他写作手法。有时,甚至会几种写作手法混用而不分主次。因此,必须根据具体情况,选用合适的展开主题的写作手法,才能写出优秀的英语说明文。

形容心情阳光的词语这是一篇有关于形容心情好的词语的文章,与形容心情好的词语相关的文章,希望能对您有所帮助形容心情阳光的词语愉悦,高采烈喜出望外喜形于色喜上眉梢喜不自胜喜不自禁喜眉笑眼喜气洋洋喜笑颜开形容夏天的阳光的词语导语在夏天,炎热的太阳高挂天空。,太阳像火球般的烤着大地,阳光是那样强烈,天上地下处于一片耀眼的光明之中。下面是小编给大家整理的形容夏天的阳光的词语,希望能给你带来帮助!烈日炎炎形一缕阳光的日记工作日的早晨总是不情愿的起床。只有在路口牵上你的手吻一口,接着一起去上班让人期待!六七点的北京,再加上这个季节,已经冷的刺骨。我总说你的唇为什么总是那么暖那么软,你总是没睡醒的样子学骑马让我明白了道理谈到骑马,你就不得不请教我这位大师级人物了。我拥有足够的经验和技术,使得骑马成为我在班里的专长。可不是吹的哦,这完全是我那比黄金还金黄的童年时期的成果。翻开相册第一页,一张尺长的照暑假生活温暖的阳光ldquo下一站人民广场helliphelliprdquoBRT车厢里的广播正播放着这句话。我漫不经心地坐在那里整理着被雨水打湿的伞。ldquo什么,人民广场?rdquo我简直不相不的智慧E度网专稿未经允许不得转载当朋友邀你去打篮球而你的作业没有完成时,你会怎么做?当朋友邀你去网吧时,你会怎么做?当朋友给你一支烟时,你会怎么做?当朋友给你毒品,你会怎么做?如果是我,诚信,值多少品学网专稿未经允许不得转载大家看到这个题目时,一定会想诚信既不是食物也不是东西,看不到也摸不到,怎么会值钱呢?呵呵helliphellip那就请继续往下看吧。如果我拿这个题目去随便日记两则难忘的肇庆两天游E度网专稿未经允许不得转载1月25日周一多云早上,我妈妈和外婆到妈妈工作的玉兰中学和其它老师集合,坐旅游巴去肇庆玩。在大约三小时的车程里,我和其它小孩有说有笑,好不开心喔。不知不觉生活不是活着品学网专稿未经允许不得转载没理想,生活就是活着!每次看到电视上那些人通过自己的不懈努力而获得成功,抱着自己的亲人或鼓励过他的人留下幸福或心酸的眼泪时,我总是会不禁想到自己helli感谢一切的一切品学网专稿未经允许不得转载ldquo感恩的心,感谢有你,伴我一生,让我有勇气做我自己helliphelliprdquo这首歌使我明白没有阳光,就没有温暖没有雨露,就没有生命没有亲情开始设想自己的未来品学网专稿未经允许不得转载似乎感觉已经习惯了,可是当一个人的时候,还是会感到有些孤单,会想家,朋友说,那是正常的,毕竟第一次离开家,而且又走得那么的远。是啊,在没上大学之前,从来没
土豆粑粑四年级日记早上九点多,我悄悄地起床写作业。我写了几分钟后,妈妈就起床了,妈妈来到客厅,看到我在写作业,就夸我是个好孩子,然后又说早餐是土豆粑粑。我心里非常高兴,因为每天都是吃饭的,偶尔吃一次老呆一家小学四年级日记400字在一个温馨。幸福的家庭里,有一位慈祥。和蔼。幽默的秃头的大胡子爸爸老呆和一个调皮。聪明。可爱的淘气儿子小呆一家三口住在一起。有一天中午,老呆一家也准备吃饭了,呆妈在厨房里不停地炒菜小学生感恩话题作文怎么写唐代诗人孟郊的游子吟真切而深情地歌唱人间至美的情感母子之爱。母亲不仅为我塑造了完美的身躯,而且把我养育成人,教我文化知识做人的道理记得有一次,我在学校看见许多同学都有一件玩具,而且那个让我感恩的人小学作文在这个世界上,我帮助了很多很多人,也有很多很多人帮助过我老师同学爸爸和妈妈但是我最感恩的人是我的妈妈,因为妈妈是最伟大的人,如果没有妈妈,这个世界就不会有我,妈妈不光给了我生命,还小学生感恩作文100字参考文章一小学生感恩作文100字爸爸,妈妈,谢谢你们把我养大。要不是你们,世界上根本就没有我要不是你们,我就根本不会有这么多的幸福与快乐要不是你们,我根本就没有这么多好朋友和亲人。我懂得了感恩小学作文600字导语今天是星期天,为了一个远大理想,昨晚熬夜完成了大部分作业。我从睡梦中醒来,阳光已经调皮地抚摸我的脸,暖暖的,痒痒的。我一骨碌从上爬起来,对着阳光发誓我要做个久违的小主人孟郊的游童年糗事初三作文700字童年趣事百无禁忌,常常荡漾在童年梦中的我真的好想像睡美人那样一睡不醒,如果让我形容童年趣事的话,我会把它比喻一朵花,一朵芳香四溢的花一个盒子,一个装着许多秘密的盒子一个葡萄架,一个有关足球的征文足球的乐趣足球是一项令人振奋的运动,无论男生还是女生,都对足球有一份独特的情怀。小编收集了足球的乐趣征文,欢迎阅读。第一篇足球的乐趣在生活中,到处都充满着乐趣溜冰能带给我享受速度的乐趣阅读能2015关于足球征文700字第一篇星期五放学后,小伙伴们都去空地上踢足球。他们的吵闹声吸引了我的小主人,他也一路跟去了。唉!没办法,我也只能跟他一起去看一下有啥事。小主人找了个地方坐了下来,我也安分地坐下。哟小学生关于足球征文500字足球,有ldquo世界第一运动rdquo的美誉,是全球体育界最具影响力的单项体育运动。下面是小编整理的关于足球的作文,观影大家阅读!记一次足球赛范文1ldquo叮铃铃rdquo,l关于足球征文作文800字足球是一项令人振奋的运动,在我们的生活中有许多的人喜欢,那么关于足球的征文应该怎么写呢?下面就和小编一起来看看吧。关于足球征文作文800字篇1第一组的男生和第三组的女生为甲组,第二