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关于英语说明文的写作方法

  英语说明文的写作方法都有哪些呢?下面小编整理了关于英语说明文的写作方法,欢迎大家参考!  关于英语说明文的写作方法
  就"说明对象"而言,英语说明文可分为对"客观具体事物"的说明和对"主观抽象观念"的说明两大类,比如:对"LASER(激光)"、"Computer Problem of Year XX(计算机XX年问题)"等等的说明都是对客观或者具体事物的说明,而"The Successful Interview(谈成功的面试)"、"How to Write Good English Composition(如何才能写好英语作文)" 等是对主观抽象观念的说明。对我们中学生朋友来说,在汉语说明文的教学中似乎比较侧重前者,即解释客观具体事物的说明文。但在英语说明文中,阐述和说明 "主观抽象观念"的说明文占了很大的比重,其中有些类似汉语中的议论文。但是无论是对"客观具体事物"的说明还是对"主观抽象观念"的阐述,英语说明文从结构上看大致可分为三个部分:第一部分一般是文章的第一段,提出文章的主题,也就是说,文章想要阐述、说明的主要内容;第二部分是文章的主体,可由若干个段落组成,对文章的主题进行展开说明;第三部分是结尾段,对文章的主题作归纳总结。从英语说明文的结构可以看出,要写好英语说明文的关键在于第二部分如何对文章主题进行展开说明。在英语中,常见的用来展开文章主题的方法有下列几种:
  1.罗列法(listing)
  在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点,然后常用first,second,…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中,下面这篇学生作文就是用罗列法写成的:
  Early Rising
  Early rising (早起) is helpful in more than one way. First, it helps to keep us fit (健康)。 We all need fresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides, we can do good to our health from doing morning exercise (做早操)。
  Secondly, early rising helps us in our studies. We learn more quickly in the morning, and find it easier to remember what we learn in the morning.
  Thirdly, early rising enables (使能够) us to plan the work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan. Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring, so the plan for the day should be made in the morning.
  Fourthly, early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work, such as to wash our faces and hands and eat our breakfast properly.
  Late risers may find it very difficult to form the habit of early rising. They ought to make special efforts to do so. As the English proverb says,"Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise."
  罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落,我们可以注意模仿学习:
  There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all, …Secondly, …And finally, …
  We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all, …Secondly, …And finally,
  必须指出的是,有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first, second…等词,但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。
  2.举例法(examples)
  举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思,常用for example, for instance, still another example is…等词语引出。下面这篇学生作文就是用举例法写成的:
  Recreation
  It is impossible to keep in good health unless we take enough recreation (娱乐)。 The mind, too, needs change to make it fresh and vigorous (有活力的) There is much truth in the old saying, All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy."
  There are many games which boys and girls can play after their school work is done, for instance, football, tennis, and kite-flying. Other examples of recreation are boating, fishing, gardening, cycling, walking, chess-playing, and reading. Persons who sit much at their business should take a kind of recreation that will supply their muscles (肌肉) with exercise. Those who spend most of their time in the open air and do manual work (体力活) should adopt (采纳) reading or some other quiet form of recreation.
  Cycling is said to be an important means of recreation, but many persons foolishly tire out themselves by cycling too much. The same may be said in regard to football. Tennis is a pleasant form of recreation. Many persons take great delight in boating. Fishing requires much patience, and there is much danger of taking cold by sitting still on a cold day too long. A good brisk (轻松) walk is one of the finest forms of exercise. For persons engaged in outdoor labor, chess-playing is another excellent form of recreation.
  可以看出,举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用:即用罗列法来列出例子,用例子充实罗列的说明。
  3.比较法(comparison and contrast)
  比较法是对两个对象进行比较,从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点(comparison)和比较不同点(contrast)两种方法,比如:
  From Paragraph to Essay
  Although they are different in length (长度), the paragraph and the essay are quite similar in structure (结构)。 For example, the paragraph starts with either a topic sentence (主题句) or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the essay, the first paragraph sets up the topic focus (主题所在) Next, the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop the topic sentence. Similarly, the body of an essay consists of a number of paragraphs that discuss and support the ideas given in the introductory (引导的) paragraph. Finally, a concluding sentence (结束句) ——whether a restatement, conclusion, or observation——ends the paragraph. The essay, too, has a concluding paragraph which ends the essay logically and satisfactorily. Although there are some exceptions (例外), most well written expository (说明文的) paragraphs and essays are similar in structure.
  可以看出,在比较相同点的时候,常用到similarly,also,too,in the same case,in spite of the difference等这样的词语。
  European Football and American Football
  Although European football is the parent of American football, the two games show several major differences. European football, sometimes called association football or soccer, is played in 80 countries, making it the most widely played sport in the world. American football, on the other hand, is popular only in North America (the United States and Canada)。 Soccer is played by eleven players with a round ball. Football, also played by eleven players in somewhat different positions (位置) on the field, is played with an elongated (拉长的) round ball. Soccer has little body contact (接触) between players and therefore needs no special protective equipment. Football, in which players make the greatest use of body contact to stop a running ball-carrier and his teammates, needs special protective equipment. In soccer, the ball is advanced toward the goal by kicking it or by butting (顶) it with the head. In American football, on the other hand, the ball is passed from hand to hand or carried in the hands across the opponent's (对手) goal. These are just a few of the features which distinguish (区别) association and American football.
  这是一篇用比较不同点的手法写的说明文。从文章中可以看出:however,on the other hand,in contrast,but,nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。
  4.定义法(definition)
  定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法,特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是:
  被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语
  可以看出,定义句中限制性定语越详细,定义就越精确,比如:
  A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on(以……为食品)fruit and insects but is not a bird.
  其实,在英—英词典中,对英语单词的英文解释就是定义法的`典型例子。比如,看看Longman词典对student和teacher的定义是很有意思的:A student is a person who is studying at a place of education or training. A teacher is a person who gives knowledge or skill to sb. as a profession (专业)。
  5.顺序法(sequence of time, space and process)
  顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平,用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义,用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。
  下面这篇学生作文就是用顺序法写成的:
  Coal
  Coal underwent (经受) many changes before it became the bright, brittle (脆的), black substance which we now use. During ancient times (在上古时代), when the earth enjoyed a very warm and wet climate, the land was covered with large forests and big plants. As time went on, the ground changed and began to sink (下沉) a little. These very large numbers of trees and vegetables received a deposit (沉淀) of sand and clay. This layer of sand and clay pressed upon the layer beneath and prevented it from contact with air. These trees and plants received the pres sure and changed its appearance.
  Generations after generations (几世纪后), as the ground kept gradually sinking, another layer of sand and clay was again deposited (积聚) above the layers already formed. A great pressure was thus exerted (作用) and the peat (泥煤) was changed into the black and brittle substance which is known as coal.
  Coal is a kind of mineral which is formed by nature as above stated. It is an important industrial material and is chiefly used as fuel. It is very valuable in the industrial world. The place where coal deposit is called a coal mine (煤矿)。 In China, coal mines are largely found in the north-west part of the country. Shanxi is a famous province for producing coal. It has the most coal of China.
  6.分类法(classification)
  分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法。比如:著名的英国哲学家弗朗西斯·培根(Francis Bacon)在其脍炙人口的《谈读书》(Of Studies)一文中就用到了分类法:
  Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested, that is, some books are to be read only in parts, others to be read, but not curiously, and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books…
  参考译文:书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之,有只须读其部分者,有只须大体涉猎者,少数则须全读,读时须全神贯注,孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读,取其所需摘要,但只限题材较次或价值不高者……
  ——转摘自《英汉翻译教程》(张培基等)
  可见,如果能够根据具体情况,选用合适的写作手法,就可为文章增添无穷的魅力。
  除了上述提到的6种展开英语说明文主题的写作方法之外,还有因果法、归纳法等其他方法。但相比之下,对于中学生来说,上述6种方法是首先值得掌握的。另外必须指出的是:在一篇文章中往往是以一种写作手法为主,同时辅以其他写作手法。有时,甚至会几种写作手法混用而不分主次。因此,必须根据具体情况,选用合适的展开主题的写作手法,才能写出优秀的英语说明文。

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小树林的四季小学生写景作文400字我家小区里有一个小树林,小树林一年四季样子不同,变化多端。春天,小树林四周长出嫩嫩的叶子,像春姑娘给它的一件嫩绿的新裙子。夜里也特别美丽,群星闪烁。附近的居民趁着这美好的夜色来到这一年四季的树林作文一年四季的树林作文怎么写?相信很多人都想知道吧?以下是小编为您整理一年四季的树林作文的相关资料,欢迎阅读!一年四季的树林作文1外婆家后面有片小树林,里面鸟语花香流水叮咚,犹如仙境般我的同桌是奇葩作文800导语我的同桌是奇葩作文800范文有哪些?下面小编为大家整理相关文章,欢迎阅读!希望对大家有所帮助!我的同桌是奇葩作文800(一)经历了6年的小学生活,在这个暑假终于步入了初中的校园题目为我的奇葩同桌的作文经历了6年的小学生活,在这个暑假终于步入了初中的校园。心中有许多的憧憬,幻想着,盼望着,期待着可是接下来的同桌让我大失所望,也许是我想象力太差了吧。我的同桌是一个放头大耳,胖胖的女小学生作文我的奇葩同桌你的同桌假如是一个奇葩,生活学习习惯上面格格不入,会有人忍受得了吗。下面是小编为您带来的是小学生作文我的奇葩同桌相关内容,希望对您有所帮助。小学生作文我的奇葩同桌1我的同桌谢尚煜是描写我的奇葩同桌作文我有一个黝黑黝黑的,黑的发亮的奇葩同桌。他非常非常奇怪,没事就喜欢去捏一捏他同桌的大腿,幸亏他同桌商量,没和他斤斤计较(其实我会去踹一踹他腿啦)他有一个爱笑的嘴巴,只要被他找到笑点鼓浪屿实践活动作文在生活工作和学习中,大家都写过作文吧,作文根据写作时限的不同可以分为限时作文和非限时作文。一篇什么样的作文才能称之为优秀作文呢?下面是小编为大家收集的鼓浪屿实践活动作文,仅供参考,美丽的鼓浪屿三年级作文在厦门的第三天,我们坐摆渡轮到了鼓浪屿。鼓浪屿可以用几个字概括树吃路历史店。树。鼓浪屿上有很多很多的树。凤凰木是厦门的市树。因风吹来的时候,树叶抖地像凤凰的尾巴而得名。小叶榕也是鼓我最爱去的地方杭州西湖优秀作文每个人都有自己想去的地方,比如香港的迪斯尼乐园,北京的鸟巢,青藏高原,而我最想去的地方是人间天堂杭州西湖。听在杭州工作的。爸爸说杭州很美丽,特别是西湖,让人流连忘返。我还看到爸爸手我最喜欢去的地方是杭州西湖作文每个人都有自己想去的地方,比如香港的迪斯尼乐园,北京的鸟巢,青藏高原,而我最想去的地方是人间天堂杭州西湖。听在杭州工作的爸爸说杭州很美丽,特别是西湖,让人流连忘返。我还看到爸爸手机西湖一个令人魂牵梦萦的地方作文四月的柔风吹红了樱桃,五月的梅雨洗绿了芭蕉,之后便是六月荷花,七月蒲草。还有那渐行渐远的阳光拉长了的思念的背影,永远唱不完歌的水车道出了对湖水的眷恋。那就是西湖,一个令人魂牵梦萦的