Povertyreductionandsustainabledevelopment

　　2.3	　	poverty with faster environmental degradation	　	　　	　	Faster economic growth in developing countries can lead to fast	　	environmental degradation. The general consensus seems to be that poverty is a	　	major cause of environmental degradation. 《Duraiappa 2169》 For example, in one	　	of the conclusions of the Bruntland Commission report, which incidentally has	　	been accepted as the blueprint for environmental conservation, it is explicitly	　	stated that poverty is a major cause of environmental problems and amelioration	　	of poverty is a necessary and central condition of any effective program to	　	deal with environmental concerns. 	　	As is mentioned above, the poor people mainly	　	rely on the natural resources. Water, soil, forest, animals and so on supported	　	their living for a thousand years. The vast uses of natural resources degrade	　	the environment. It has been proved that degradation of soil and vegetative resources	　	already threatens agricultural productivity, biopersity, and water quality and	　	availability in many ‘hot spots’ in the developing world. Soils in about 16% of	　	agricultural land area in developing countries, and a higher proportion of crop	　	and dry lands, have degraded moderately or severely since mid-century, mainly	　	through soil erosion, nutrient depletion and salinization. 《Scherr 480》 Unfortunately,	　	environmental	　	degradation will in return fasten poverty. The burden of	　	the	　	costs to environmental	　	degradation falls most heavily on vulnerable groups. The	　	poor are exposed to	　	greater environmental risks than the higher income	　	groups and lack the resources to mitigate those risks. Environmental health influences often have	　	more severe repercussions on the poor than on the non-poor, because the non-poor are likely	　	to have more resources to deal with such events, and have better accesses to health and education services	　	in general. Environmental impacts and natural disasters can also result in a	　	loss of income or assets that is more detrimental for the livelihoods of the poor than for the non-poor.	　	It is estimated	　	that the impact of environmental degradation for the poor relative to the non-poor	　	is	　	20 percent higher per 1,000 people, and 4.5 times higher per unit of income, highlighting	　	the importance of environmental degradation as a barrier to reducing	　	inequality.《World	　	Bank 15》	　	 	　	3. A sustainable poverty reduction program 	　	　 No doubtfully, poverty is a threat to	　	sustainable development. It is necessary to get more people out poverty if we	　	are to achieve sustainable development. Oreover, as poverty is seen as an	　	obstacle to sustainable development, then everything should be done to limit	　	the damage caused by poor people. It is said that	　	sustained development requires a comprehensive framework that includes: 1》 good	　	governance; 2》 sound legal, incentive, and regulatory frameworks that protect	　	property rights, enforce contracts and stimulate competitive markets, 3》 a	　	sound financial sector, adequately regulated and supervised with a basis in	　	internationally accepted accounting and auditing standards; 4》 health,	　	education and social services that reach the poor, women and girls effectively;	　	5》 quality infrastructure and public services to promote rural development and	　	livable cities; and 6》 policies to promote environmental and human	　	sustainability. 《World Bank 15》 Based on these contents, we think a sustainable	　	poverty reduction program should pay attention to and take actions on putting	　	forward to a good and enough governance agenda, regulating and supervising	　	financial system, improving health, education and social services and making	　	effective policies.	　	 	　	　  3.1 Putting forward to a good and enough	　	governance agenda	　	Good governance is a necessity for	　	development and poverty reduction. Various studies suggest that good	　	governance is a major contributor to development, while people living in ineffective	　	or venal states suffer from a lack of economic and social development.《World Bank 65》 Moreover, good	　	governance ensures effective property rights and contract enforcement without	　	excessively restrictive and arbitrary regulatory structures, and the delivery	　	of an appropriate mix and quality of public services, with the inclusion of the	　	poor and women, and without corruption.Since good governance is vital to	　	Poverty reduction and sustainable development, the major tasks of this program	　	is dealing with how a good government could come into being. 	　	Many	　	developing countries have a fierce discussion on good governance. They think	　	governments facing significant challenges of political instability should	　	recognize the importance of establishing law, order, and stability as	　	critically important governance conditions for poverty reduction. For example,	　	democratization 《Ethiopia and Vietnam》, political will 《Malawi》, information on	　	government activities 《Rwanda and Zambia》, improving social services	　	《Mauritania》, reforming state-owned enterprises 《Vietnam》, and innovative ideas	　	about citizen monitoring 《Bolivia》. We think giving these problems with a good	　	enough governance agenda is necessary. Then several actions should be taken to	　	lead to a more realistic agenda for good enough governance, such as addressing	　	the link between the governance and poverty reduction more carefully, situating	　	good governance historically and developmentally, asking different questions	　	about change, assessing more carefully who needs to do what, and applying	　	priorities on a country-by-country basis. 《Grindle 13》