设施选址的影响因素（二）

　　上一部分我们主要探讨了制造、配送、装配设施选址的一些一般的、 普遍的考虑因素。这一部分我们将重点讨论选址决策时需要考虑的一些更特殊的因素。其中大部分因素都是一些无形的分界线，在选址决策中有着十分重要的意义。
　　In the previous part, we discussed some general and general considerations for the location of manufacturing, distribution and assembly facilities.This part we focus on some of the more special factors to consider in site selection decisions.Most of these factors are some invisible boundaries, which are of great significance in site selection decisions.
　　土地可能被分区，也就意味着土地的使用会受到限制。例如，只允许在划为批发或是其他特殊商业用途的地区修建仓库。对于制造场所的限制更加严格，尤其是厂运作可能产生燃料废物、噪声、粉尘、烟雾等污染或者造成交通拥堵而被视为不受欢迎的邻居时更是如此。配送设施通常被认为更受欢迎，因为这类设施往往只会因卡车运输造成交通拥堵问题。如果一个社区试图鼓励或阻止经营活动，那么该区的区划分类可能会被改变，虽然这可能是一个耗费时间的过程。
　　The land may be pided, which means that the use of the land will be restricted.For example, warehouses are only allowed in areas designated as wholesale or other special commercial purposes.Restrictions are more stringent on manufacturing sites, especially when plant operations can pollute fuel waste, noise, dust, smoke, or cause traffic congestion and are seen as undesirable neighbors.Delivery facilities are often considered more popular because such facilities tend to only cause traffic congestion by trucking.If a community tries to encourage or block operating activities, then the zoning classification of the district may be changed, although this may be a time-consuming process.
　　地方工会有自己的管辖范围，公司的劳资关系经理可能更愿意与某些地方的工会打交道，那么对这些地方也会有明显的偏爱。尽管个别工会认可国家劳动协议,但地方的补充协议通常反映了某个特定地区的独有特色。不同的补充协议为企业提供了不同的管理柔性。
　　Local trade unions have their own jurisdiction, and corporate labor relations managers may be preferred to deal with trade unions in certain places, so there will be a clear preference for them.Although inpidual unions recognize national labor agreements, local supplementary agreements often reflect unique features of a particular region.Different supplementary protocols provide different management flexibility for enterprises.
　　在确定了设施具体地点后，在开始建设或运行前还应处理一些其他问题。比如，首先应进行产权调查，确保该土地可以出售，不存在留置权。工程师应调查场地，确保该地点有适当的排水系统，同时确定土壤的承载能力。
　　After determining the specific location of the facility, some other issues should be addressed before starting construction or operation.For example, a property investigation should be conducted first to ensure that the land can be sold and there is no lien.The Engineer shall investigate the site to ensure a proper drainage system and to determine the carrying capacity of the soil.
　　环保法规可能会要求，针对该土地的以前拥有和使用情况进行尽职调查。一些经济发达国家的一个主要环境问题涉及＂棕地＂(brownfields)(含有化学物质或其他类型工业废料的地点)的使用。棕地是一个重要的选址问题，因为许多棕地都位于城区，从选址的角度来看这些地方往往极具吸引力。在美国，棕地开发越来越多，因为环境保险的出现和立法使得棕地的开发更加简单，成本也更低。
　　Environmental regulations may require due diligence on the prior ownership and use of the land.A major environmental problem in some economically developed countries involves the use of ＂brownfield＂ (brownfields) (sites containing chemicals or other types of industrial waste).Brownfield is an important site selection issue, as many of the brownfields are located in urban areas, and these places are often extremely attractive from a site selection perspective.In the United States, brownfield development is increasing, as the advent of environmental insurance and legislation makes its development simpler and less costly.
　　另一个特殊因素是气候，选址决策会受到龙卷风、洪水以及其他气候因素的影响。不幸的是，迄今为止，创纪录的干旱、降水、气温、飓风(龙卷风)等可怕的极端天气成为21世纪的一大特点。 应对这些极端天气的一点建议是，雇用专家评估指定地点的气候风险和相关减排成本。
　　Another special factor is climate, where site selection decisions are influenced by tornadoes, floods, and other climate factors.Unfortunately, record extreme weather such as drought, precipitation, temperatures, hurricanoes (tornado) became a major feature of the 21st century.One recommendation to these extreme weather is to employ experts to assess climate risks and associated emission reduction costs at designated locations.
　　自由贸易区(freetradezone)是一个非常特别的地区，自由贸易区又称为对外贸易区、出口加工区或经济特区。在自由贸易区，外国商品可以被储存、展示、加工或用于制造过程，直至货物或它们的产品进人区内国家的关税区，才开始征收关税和实施配额。自由贸易区往往位于海港或机场附近。近几年自由贸易区非常流行。比如，2005年以来，印度批准了超过575个新经济特区。虽然自由贸易区也可以位于或邻近机场，但它们通常位于或邻近港口。
　　The Free Trade Zone (freetradezone) is a very special area, and the free trade area is also known as a foreign trade zone, an export processing zone, or a special economic zone.In free trade zones, foreign goods may be stored, displayed, processed or used in the manufacturing process or impose quotas until the goods or their products enter the tariff zone of countries within the zone.Free-trade zones tend to be located near seaports or airports.Free-trade zones have been very popular in recent years.Since 2005, for example, India has approved more than 575 new special economic zones.Although free trade zones can also be located in or adjacent to airports, they are usually located in or adjacent to ports.
　　自由贸易分区(freetradesubzones)，是指现存自由贸易区内的特殊场所，如一家公司，在这家公司货物被免税储存、展示、加工或生产。在美国，有500多个这样的自由贸易分区，这种分区在汽车制造业尤为盛行。比如，在密歇根州的底特律，19个分区中有16 个是汽车制造厂。
　　The Free Trade Division (freetradesubzones), means special places within existing free trade zones, such as a company in which goods are stored, displayed, processed or produced duty-free.In the United States, there are more than 500 such free-trade zones, which are particularly prevalent in the automotive manufacturing industry.In Detroit, Michigan, for example, 16 of the 19 subpisions are auto manufacturers.
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　　参考资料:百度百科。
　　翻译:谷歌翻译。
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