设施选址的影响因素（一）

　　投入不同市场等待销售的有形产品是原材料、零部件和劳动力的组合，这种组合随产品的不同而不同。因此，原材料、零部件、劳动力和市场都影响着制造设施、加工设施和装配设施的选址。仓储、配送中心和越库设施为产品的配送提供方便，同时它们的选址也受到工厂设施选址的影响，因它们要搬运工厂的产品，要服务于市场。
　　The tangible products that go into different markets waiting to sell are a combination of raw materials, parts and labor, that varies with the product.Thus, raw materials, components, labor, and markets all influence the location of manufacturing facilities, processing facilities, and assembly facilities.Warehousing, distribution centers and cross-storage facilities provide convenience for the distribution of products, while their location is also affected by the location of the factory facilities, because they want to carry the factory products, to serve the market.
　　自然因素的影响
　　关于自然资源与设施选址的关系，过去人们往往关注的是自然资源应怎样融入产品生产并最终到达消费者手中。然而在最近的25年，关于自然资源与设施选址的讨论越来越关注环境和可持续性。一方面会考虑到各种各样的污染，如空气污染、噪声污染和水污染;另一方面会考虑自然资源的保护。
　　Regarding the relationship between natural resources and facility location, attention used to be paid to how natural resources should be integrated into product production and eventually reach consumers.However, in the recent 25 years, discussions on natural resources and facility sites have increasingly focused on the environment and sustainability.On the one hand, all kinds of pollution, such as air pollution, noise pollution and water pollution, will be considered; on the other hand, the protection of natural resources will be considered.
　　生产产品的物料直接(如采矿业或渔业)或间接(如农产品)取自土地或海洋。在一些情况下，这些资源可能远离物料或其产品被消费的地方。那些在加工过程中不失去重量的材料，被称为＂ 纯材料＂( pure materials)。对于这类材料，加工点可选择在临近原材料产地或市场的任一地区。
　　The materials produced directly (e. g. mining or fishery) or indirectly (e. g. agricultural products) are taken from land or ocean.In some cases, these resources may be far away from where the material or their products are consumed.Those that do not lose weight during processing are referred to as ＂pure materials＂ (pure materials).For such materials, the processing point can be selected in any area near the raw material origin or market.
　　然而，如果物料必须在收集地和需求地之间的某个位置被加工，那么它们是具有失重还是增重的特性，对于设施选址则显得尤为重要。如果物料在加工过程中，会失去相当大部分重量，就是＂失重产品＂( weight losing products)，这类产品的加工地点应选择在临近开采或收获的地方，从而可以避免不必要的运输费用。如果原材料在加工过程中不断增加重量，就是＂增重产品＂( weight gaining products)，这类产品的加工点应靠近市场。从甜菜中提取的糖，就是一种＂失重产品＂(大概6磅甜菜才能提取1磅糖)，而瓶装软饮料则是＂增重产品＂的例子。
　　However, if materials must be processed somewhere between the collection or demand sites, then whether they are particularly important for the facility location.If the material loses a considerable part of its weight during processing, the ＂weightproduct＂ (weight losing products), the processing site of such products should be selected adjacent to mining or harvest to avoid unnecessary transportation costs.If the raw materials constantly increase their weight during the processing process, it is the ＂weight enhancement product＂ (weight gaining products), and the processing point of such products should be close to the market.Sugar from beets is a ＂weightproduct＂ (about six pounds of sugar), while bottled soft drinks are examples of a ＂weight gain product＂.
　　除了装瓶的功用外，水也是设施选址需要考虑的因素。在工业生产中，水被用于冷却;在炎热的季节里，在某种气候条件下，自然流动的水也可能用于空调设备。在某些加工过程中，水既可用于清洗，又可作为清除废物的媒介。同时，水对于防火也是必不可少的，某类水源的供应情况也决定着火灾保险费的高低。
　　In addition to bottling work, water is also considered for the facility.In industrial production, water is used for cooling; in hot seasons, naturally flowing water may also be used in air conditioning equipment.In some processes, water can be used both for cleaning and as a medium for waste removal.At the same time, water is also essential for fire prevention, and the supply of certain water sources also determines the level of fire insurance premium.
　　土地需求是设施选址时需要考虑的另一种自然资源。配送和生产设施可能要求更大块的土地以确保有效和高效的运作。例如，建设一个250000平方英尺的配送中心可能需要至少50英亩的土地。一般来说，越是偏远的地方，土地资源越丰富，价格越便宜。但是这些地方往往交通不便，缺乏合适的劳动力。
　　Land demand is another natural resource to be considered when locating a facility.Distribution and production facilities may require larger areas of land to ensure effective and efficient operation.For example, building a 250,000 square foot distribution center may require at least 50 acres.In general, the more remote the place, the richer the land resources, the cheaper the price.But these places are often inconvenient transportation and lack of suitable labor.
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　　参考资料:百度百科。
　　翻译:谷歌翻译。
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