生产运作管理1。4

　　生产运作的分类
　　前几期一直在强调，生产运作是一切社会组织的基本职能，社会中有着成千上万种不同的社会组织，各社会组织都有其自己的生产运作方式。管理学上，我们将生产运作分成两大类：产品生产和服务运作，本期，我们将着重介绍产品生产。
　　Previous issues have emphasized that production operations are the basic functions of all social organizations, which have thousands of different social organizations and which have their own mode of production operation. In management, we pide production operations into two categories: product production and service operations, and in this issue, we will focus on product production.
　　产品生产
　　产品生产是通过物力或化学作用将有形的输入转化为有形的输出的过程。按照不同的分类方式，可以将产品生产分为四类。按照工艺过程特点，将制造型生产分为：连续性生产与离散性生产，其中连续性生产也可称为流程式生产，是指物料均匀、连续地按一定工艺顺序运动，在运动中不断改变形态和性能，最后形成产品的生产。其中最为突出的例子就是药品和食品的加工；离散性生产也称为加工装配式生产，是指物料离散地按一定工艺顺序运动，在运动中不断改变形态和性能，最后形成产品的生产。例如汽车和制造业。其中连续性生产过程一般自动化高，而离散性生产顾客柔性更高，因此连续性生产较为高效，而离散性更适合特殊定制生产，因此柔性更高，但相对的效率会降低。根据企业组织生产可以分为备货型生产和订货型生产，根据字面意思可知，备货型生产是经过市场预测按已有标准产品进行生产，而订货型生产是按照用户特定要求进行生产，与上述连续性和离散性对比可知，备货型生产往往与连续性生产更为搭配，因为该类生产追求高效，且生产的产品标准化高，但是对于库存积压的风险就十分的大；相反，离散性生产和订货型生产就更加差异化，但相对的生产的风险就会提升。
　　Product production is the process of converting tangible inputs into tangible outputs by physical or chemical action. According to different classification methods, the production of products can be pided into four categories. According to the characteristics of the process, the manufacturing production is pided into: continuous production and discrete production, in which continuous production can also be called process production, refers to the material uniform, continuous in accordance with a certain process order of motion, in the movement of continuous changes in form and performance, and finally form the production of products. One of the most prominent examples is the processing of drugs and food, discrete production, also known as processed assembly production, refers to the material discrete in a certain process order of motion, in the movement of continuous changes in form and performance, and finally form the production of products. For example, automobiles and manufacturing. Continuity production processes are generally highly automated, while discrete production customers are more flexible, so continuous production is more efficient, and discrete is more suitable for special custom production, so more flexible, but relatively less efficient. According to the enterprise organization production can be pided into stock-based production and order-type production, according to the literal meaning, stock-based production is forecasted by the market according to the existing standard products for production, and order-type production is in accordance with the specific requirements of users to produce, with the above-mentioned continuity and discrete comparison can be seen, stock-based production is often more with continuous production, because this type of production pursues high efficiency, and the production of high standardization, but the risk of inventory backlog is very large; Discrete production and order-based production are more differentiated, but the relative production risk increases.
　　文字|李恒宇
　　排版|李恒宇
　　审核|李小雪
　　参考资料：生产运作管理；翻译：百度翻译
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