设施选址的重要性

　　物流管理者面对的是一个动态的、不断变化的市场。动态性和变化性是选址从战术决策上升为战略决策的两个主要原因。制造工厂＂、仓库等设施是生产、加工、组装或储存产品的地方。由于租借或建设这些设施可能会耗费大量的资金，因此企业通常不敢贸然关闭这些设施。但是，不良的设施选址会负面影响物流的效果(如交货时间更长或不可靠)和效率(如运输成本增加)。我们将讨论影响设施选址决策的几个首要因素。
　　Logistics managers are facing a dynamic, constantly changing market.Dynamics and variability are the two main reasons why site selection rises from tactical to strategic decisions.Manufacturing plants ＂, warehouses and other facilities are where products are produced, processed, assembled or stored.Since renting or building these facilities can cost significant money, companies are usually afraid to close them down.However, poor facility selection adversely affects the effects of logistics (e. g., longer or unreliable delivery times) and efficiency (e. g., increased transportation costs).We discuss several primary factors influencing facility site selection decisions.
　　对物流管理者来说，考虑成本并不是什么新鲜事。由于2007-2009年经济衰退的影响仍然存在，许多消费者购物时对价格越来越敏感，因此如今成本成为企业设施选址的重要考虑因素。企业的一些做法也使消费者习惯于在产品大幅打折时才会购买。如果零售商始终提供低价格，那么为了盈利，他们也必须始终保持低成本。
　　Considering costs is not new for logistics managers.Since the impact of the 2007-2009 recession still exists and many consumers are increasingly sensitive to prices, cost is now an important consideration for the location of corporate facilities.Some corporate practices also accustomed consumers to buying when products are heavily discounted.If retailers always offer low prices, then they also have to always keep it low in order to be profitable.
　　多年来，这种低价/低成本的架构导致许多企业选择在拥有大量廉价劳动力的国家进行产品的生产。但是，近年来这种范式开始发生变化，部分原因在于石油价格的飙升(石油价格在2008年达到顶点，每桶高达147美元)导致运输成本高涨，从而使得一些企业不得不重新考虑其制造设施的选址。另外，长期以来都被认为拥有大量廉价劳动力的中国，在2006- 2010 年间劳动力成本每年增加20%。预计直到2015年，中国每年劳动力成本仍会以相同趋势不断增加。因此，一些企业开始邻近采购，重新构建其物流网络，将一些生产设施选址于邻近主要消费市场的地方。例如，墨西哥是北美企业邻近采购最受欢迎的地方。
　　Over the years, this low-price / low-cost architecture has led many businesses to choose to produce products in countries with large amounts of cheap labor.But the paradigm has begun to change in recent years, partly due to surge in oil prices (which peaked in $147 a barrel in 2008), forcing some companies to rethink the location of their manufacturing facilities.Separately, China, which has long been believed to have a lot of cheap labor, increased labor costs by 20% a year between 2006 and 2010.It is expected that Chinese annual labor costs will continue to increase with the same trend until 2015.As a result, some businesses began purchasing nearby, rebuilding their logistics networks, locating some production facilities adjacent to major consumer markets.Mexico, for example, is the most popular purchasing neighborhood place for North American businesses.
　　顾客服务期望持续不断增加是本书反复强调的一点。例如，我们知道，如今的消费者希望订货周期更短、更可靠。但是，从设施选址的角度来看，如何才能使订货周期更短、更可靠呢?企业应当仅依靠一两个设施服务所有的顾客，还是依靠多个设施为顾客提供服务呢?前一种方案所需设施数量更少，库存成本更低，但运输成本较高。后一种方案需要更多的设施，库存成本更高，但运输成本较低。
　　The continuous increase of customer service expectations is repeatedly highlighted in this book.For example, we know, consumers today want shorter and more reliable order cycles.However, from the perspective of facility site selection, how can we make the order cycle shorter and more reliable?Should enterprises rely only on one or two facilities to serve all customers, or rely on multiple facilities to provide services for customers?The former programme required less number of facilities, lower inventory costs, but higher transportation costs.The latter scenario requires more facilities, higher inventory costs, but lower transportation costs.
　　运输(如高速公路)和技术(如空调)的发展使消费者相对容易地从一个地区或国家迁移到另一个地区或国家。请注意，在1950年，五个人口最多的州中有四个位于东北部和中西部，因此在地理位置上相对比较接近。而在2010年，人口最多的州分别位于西部、西南部、东北部、东南部和中西部，因此相较于1950年地理位置更加分散。人口分布的变化使得企业生产和配送设施选址必然不同于20世纪50年代。如今，亚特兰大、达拉斯、里诺(内华达州)等城市成为美国重要的交通枢纽。
　　The development of transportation (such as highways) and technology (like air conditioning) makes it relatively easy for consumers to move from one region or country to another.Note that in 1950, four of the five most populous states were in the Northeast and Midwest and thus therefore relatively close geographically close.In 2010, the most populous states were in the west, southwest, northeast, southeast and Midwest respectively, thus more geographically than in 1950.The change in population distribution made the location of enterprise production and distribution facilities necessarily different from the 1950s.Today, Atlanta, Dallas, Reno (Nevada) become important transportation hubs in the United States.
　　如果您对今天的文章有独特的想法，欢迎给我们留言，让我们相约明天，祝您今天过得开心快乐！
　　参考资料:百度百科。
　　翻译:谷歌翻译。
　　本文由LearningYard新学苑原创，部分图片来源于网络，如有侵权请联系删除!
　　欢迎关注，带你一起涨知识!