学习技巧StudysmarterNOTharder（上）

　　导读提示: 英语阅读系列第5篇 学习技巧（上）。虽然是针对大学生谈学习技巧，但中学生也可以从中得到启示。正确的学习方法和技巧是高效学习的保障。
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　　Studying tips: 学习技巧
　　Text: 2418 words (英语文本有2418个单词)， 分上下2篇发表
　　Study Smarter Not Harder
　　更聪明而不是更费力地学习
　　Do you ever feel like your study habits simply aren’t cutting it? Do you wonder what you could be doing to perform better in class and on exams? Many students realize that their high school study habits aren’t very effective in college. This is understandable, as college is quite different from high school. The professors are less personally involved, classes are bigger, exams are worth more, reading is more intense, and classes are much more rigorous. That doesn’t mean there’s anything wrong with you; it just means you need to learn some more effective study skills. Fortunately, there are many active, effective study strategies that are shown to be effective in college classes.
　　你有没有觉得你的学习习惯根本无法达到预期的结果？你想知道你可以做些什么能在课堂上和考试中表现得更好？许多学生意识到他们的高中学习习惯在大学里并不是很有效。这是可以理解的，因为大学与高中完全不同。教授们亲自参与的更少，班级更大，考试更有价值，阅读更激烈，课程更严谨。这并不意味着你有什么问题；这只是意味着你需要学习一些更有效的学习技巧。幸运的是，有许多积极有效的学习策略在大学课堂中被证明是有效的。
　　This Article offers several tips on effective studying. Implementing these tips into your regular study routine will help you to efficiently and effectively learn course material. Experiment with them and find some that work for you.
　　本文提供了一些有效学习的技巧。将这些技巧运用到你的日常学习中，将帮助你有效地学习课程材料。用它们进行试验并找到一些适合你的。
　　Reading is not studying 普通的阅读不是学习研究
　　Simply reading and re-reading texts or notes is not actively engaging in the material. It is simply re-reading your notes. Only ‘doing’ the readings for class is not studying. It is simply doing the reading for class. Re-reading leads to quick forgetting.
　　简单地阅读和重读文本或笔记并没有积极地参与到学习材料中。它只是重新阅读你的笔记。只是为了上课＂做阅读＂不算学习。它只是为上课进行的阅读。重读会导致快速遗忘。
　　Think of reading as an important part of pre-studying, but learning information requires  actively engaging  in the material. Active engagement is the process of constructing meaning from text that involves making connections to lectures, forming examples, and regulating your own learning. Active studying does not mean highlighting or underlining text, re-reading, or rote memorization. Though these activities may help to keep you engaged in the task, they are not considered active studying techniques and are weakly related to improved learning.
　　将阅读视为预习的重要组成部分，但学习内容需要积极参与到材料里。主动参与是从文本中构建意义的过程，包括与讲座建立联系、形成示例和调节自己的学习。主动学习并不意味着突出显示或在文本下划线、重新阅读或死记硬背。尽管这些活动可能有助于让你继续参与任务，但它们不被视为主动学习技巧，并且与改进学习的相关性较弱
　　Ideas for active studying include:  积极学习的想法包括：
　　1) Create a study guide by topic. Formulate questions and problems and write complete answers. Create your own quiz.
　　2) Become a teacher. Say the information aloud in your own words as if you are the instructor and teaching the concepts to a class.
　　3) Derive examples that relate to your own experiences.
　　4) Create  concept maps  or diagrams that explain the material.
　　5) Develop symbols that represent concepts.
　　6) For non-technical classes (e.g., English, History, Politics, figure out the big ideas so you can explain, contrast, and re-evaluate them.
　　7) For technical classes, work the problems and explain the steps and why they work.
　　8) Study in terms of question, evidence, and conclusion: What is the question posed by the instructor/author? What is the evidence that they present? What is the conclusion?
　　1)  按主题创建学习指南。制定问题和问题并写出完整的答案。创建你自己的测验。
　　2)  成为一名教师。用你自己的话大声说出内容，就好像你是讲师并在课堂上教授概念一样。
　　3)  得出与你自己的经历相关的例子。
　　4)  创建解释材料的概念图或图表。
　　5)  开发代表概念的符号。
　　6)  对于非技术课程（例如英语、历史、心理学），找出重要的想法，以便你可以解释、对比和重新评估它们。
　　7)  对于技术课程，解决问题并解释步骤及其工作原理。
　　8)  从问题、证据和结论方面进行研究：教师/作者提出的问题是什么？他们提出的证据是什么？结论是什么？
　　Organization and planning will help you to actively study for your courses. When studying for a test, organize your materials first and then begin your active reviewing by topic Often professors provide subtopics on the syllabi. Use them as a guide to help organize your materials. For example, gather all of the materials for one topic (e.g., PowerPoint notes, text book notes, articles, homework, etc.) and put them together in a pile. Label each pile with the topic and study by topics.
　　组织和规划将帮助你积极地学习课程。在为考试而学习时，首先组织好你的材料，然后按主题开始积极复习。教授通常会在教学大纲中提供副主题。使用它们作为帮助组织材料的指南。例如，收集一个主题的所有材料（例如，PPT 笔记、课本笔记、文章、家庭作业等）并将它们放在一起。用主题标记每一堆并按主题学习。
　　Understand the Study Cycle  了解学习周期
　　The Study Cycle , developed by Frank Christ, breaks down the different parts of studying: previewing, attending class, reviewing, studying, and checking your understanding. Although each step may seem obvious at a glance, all too often students try to take shortcuts and miss opportunities for good learning. For example, you may skip a reading before class because the professor covers the same material in class; doing so misses a key opportunity to learn in different modes (reading and listening) and to benefit from the repetition and distributed practice (see #3 below) that you’ll get from both reading ahead  and  attending class. Understanding the importance of all stages of this cycle will help make sure you don’t miss opportunities to learn effectively.
　　由 Frank Christ 开发的学习周期分解了学习的不同部分：预习、上课、复习、学习和检查你的理解。尽管每一步看起来都一目了然，但学生往往试图走捷径，错过良好学习的机会。例如，你可能会在课前跳过阅读，因为教授在课堂上涵盖了相同的材料；这样做会错过以不同模式（阅读和听力）学习并从重复和分布式练习中受益的关键机会，你将从提前阅读和上课中获得。了解此周期所有阶段的重要性将有助于确保你不会错过有效学习的机会。
　　Make progress every day.
　　Spacing out is good 间隔式学习效果好
　　One of the most impactful learning strategies is ＂distributed practice＂—spacing out your studying over several short periods of time over several days and weeks. The most effective practice is to work a short time on each class every day. The total amount of time spent studying will be the same (or less) than one or two marathon library sessions, but you will learn the information more deeply and retain much more for the long term—which will help get you an A on the final. The important thing is how you  use  your study time, not how  long  you study. Long study sessions lead to a lack of concentration and thus a lack of learning and retention.
　　最具影响力的学习策略之一是＂分段式练习＂——将你的学习间隔在几天和几周的几个短时间内进行。最有效的做法是每天在每节课上花很短的时间。学习的总时间将与一两次马拉松图书馆课程相同（或更少），但你将更深入地学习内容并长期保留更多 - 这将有助于你在决赛中获得 A .重要的是你如何利用你的学习时间，而不是你学习了多长时间。长时间的学习会导致注意力不集中，从而导致学习和记忆力不足。