Povertyreductionandsustainable

　　2。3povertywithfasterenvironmentaldegradationFastereconomicgrowthindevelopingcountriescanleadtofastenvironmentaldegradation。Thegeneralconsensusseemstobethatpovertyisamajorcauseofenvironmentaldegradation。《Duraiappa2169》Forexample，inoneoftheconclusionsoftheBruntlandCommissionreport，whichincidentallyhasbeenacceptedastheblueprintforenvironmentalconservation，itisexplicitlystatedthatpovertyisamajorcauseofenvironmentalproblemsandameliorationofpovertyisanecessaryandcentralconditionofanyeffectiveprogramtodealwithenvironmentalconcerns。Asismentionedabove，thepoorpeoplemainlyrelyonthenaturalresources。Water，soil，forest，animalsandsoonsupportedtheirlivingforathousandyears。Thevastusesofnaturalresourcesdegradetheenvironment。Ithasbeenprovedthatdegradationofsoilandvegetativeresourcesalreadythreatensagriculturalproductivity，biopersity，andwaterqualityandavailabilityinmany‘hotspots’inthedevelopingworld。Soilsinabout16ofagriculturallandareaindevelopingcountries，andahigherproportionofcropanddrylands，havedegradedmoderatelyorseverelysincemidcentury，mainlythroughsoilerosion，nutrientdepletionandsalinization。《Scherr480》Unfortunately，environmentaldegradationwillinreturnfastenpoverty。Theburdenofthecoststoenvironmentaldegradationfallsmostheavilyonvulnerablegroups。Thepoorareexposedtogreaterenvironmentalrisksthanthehigherincomegroupsandlacktheresourcestomitigatethoserisks。Environmentalhealthinfluencesoftenhavemoresevererepercussionsonthepoorthanonthenonpoor，becausethenonpoorarelikelytohavemoreresourcestodealwithsuchevents，andhavebetteraccessestohealthandeducationservicesingeneral。Environmentalimpactsandnaturaldisasterscanalsoresultinalossofincomeorassetsthatismoredetrimentalforthelivelihoodsofthepoorthanforthenonpoor。Itisestimatedthattheimpactofenvironmentaldegradationforthepoorrelativetothenonpooris20percenthigherper1，000people，and4。5timeshigherperunitofincome，highlightingtheimportanceofenvironmentaldegradationasabarriertoreducinginequality。《WorldBank15》3。AsustainablepovertyreductionprogramNodoubtfully，povertyisathreattosustainabledevelopment。Itisnecessarytogetmorepeopleoutpovertyifwearetoachievesustainabledevelopment。Oreover，aspovertyisseenasanobstacletosustainabledevelopment，theneverythingshouldbedonetolimitthedamagecausedbypoorpeople。Itissaidthatsustaineddevelopmentrequiresacomprehensiveframeworkthatincludes：1》goodgovernance；2》soundlegal，incentive，andregulatoryframeworksthatprotectpropertyrights，enforcecontractsandstimulatecompetitivemarkets，3》asoundfinancialsector，adequatelyregulatedandsupervisedwithabasisininternationallyacceptedaccountingandauditingstandards；4》health，educationandsocialservicesthatreachthepoor，womenandgirlseffectively；5》qualityinfrastructureandpublicservicestopromoteruraldevelopmentandlivablecities；and6》policiestopromoteenvironmentalandhumansustainability。《WorldBank15》Basedonthesecontents，wethinkasustainablepovertyreductionprogramshouldpayattentiontoandtakeactionsonputtingforwardtoagoodandenoughgovernanceagenda，regulatingandsupervisingfinancialsystem，improvinghealth，educationandsocialservicesandmakingeffectivepolicies。3。1PuttingforwardtoagoodandenoughgovernanceagendaGoodgovernanceisanecessityfordevelopmentandpovertyreduction。Variousstudiessuggestthatgoodgovernanceisamajorcontributortodevelopment，whilepeoplelivinginineffectiveorvenalstatessufferfromalackofeconomicandsocialdevelopment。《WorldBank65》Moreover，goodgovernanceensureseffectivepropertyrightsandcontractenforcementwithoutexcessivelyrestrictiveandarbitraryregulatorystructures，andthedeliveryofanappropriatemixandqualityofpublicservices，withtheinclusionofthepoorandwomen，andwithoutcorruption。SincegoodgovernanceisvitaltoPovertyreductionandsustainabledevelopment，themajortasksofthisprogramisdealingwithhowagoodgovernmentcouldcomeintobeing。Manydevelopingcountrieshaveafiercediscussionongoodgovernance。Theythinkgovernmentsfacingsignificantchallengesofpoliticalinstabilityshouldrecognizetheimportanceofestablishinglaw，order，andstabilityascriticallyimportantgovernanceconditionsforpovertyreduction。Forexample，democratization《EthiopiaandVietnam》，politicalwill《Malawi》，informationongovernmentactivities《RwandaandZambia》，improvingsocialservices《Mauritania》，reformingstateownedenterprises《Vietnam》，andinnovativeideasaboutcitizenmonitoring《Bolivia》。Wethinkgivingtheseproblemswithagoodenoughgovernanceagendaisnecessary。Thenseveralactionsshouldbetakentoleadtoamorerealisticagendaforgoodenoughgovernance，suchasaddressingthelinkbetweenthegovernanceandpovertyreductionmorecarefully，situatinggoodgovernancehistoricallyanddevelopmentally，askingdifferentquestionsaboutchange，assessingmorecarefullywhoneedstodowhat，andapplyingprioritiesonacountrybycountrybasis。《Grindle13》