编译冯维维 Nature,5January2023,Volume613Issue7942 《自然》2023年1月5日,第613卷,第7942期 物理学Physics Intraclusterlightisalreadyabundantatredshiftbeyondunity 超过统一的红移时星团内光已很充足 作者:HyungjinJooM。JamesJee 链接: https:www。nature。comarticless41586022053964 摘要: 星团内光(ICL)是来自恒星的漫射光,这些恒星的引力并非束缚在单个成员星系上,而是束缚在星团的光晕上。作者报道了基于深红外成像数据对1z2的10个星系团的ICL研究。与主流理论相反,该研究发现ICL在z1已经很丰富,平均ICL分数约为17。 此外,团簇质量与ICL分数以及ICL颜色与团簇中心半径之间均无显著相关性。研究结果表明,逐渐剥离不再是ICL形成的主要机制。相反,研究支持这样一种情况,即主要的ICL的产生与最亮的星系团的形成和增长和或通过预处理过的杂散恒星的吸积发生。 Abstract: Intraclusterlight(ICL)isdiffuselightfromstarsthataregravitationallyboundnottoinpidualmembergalaxies,buttothehaloofgalaxyclusters。HerewereportanICLstudyoftengalaxyclustersat1z2basedondeepinfraredimagingdata。Contrarytotheleadingtheories,ourstudyfindsthatICLisalreadyabundantatz1,withameanICLfractionofapproximately17。Moreover,nosignificantcorrelationbetweenclustermassandICLfractionorbetweenICLcolourandclustercentricradiusisobserved。OurfindingssuggestthatgradualstrippingcannolongerbethedominantmechanismofICLformation。Instead,ourstudysupportsthescenariowhereinthedominantICLproductionoccursintandemwiththeformationandgrowthofthebrightestclustergalaxiesandorthroughtheaccretionofpreprocessedstraystars。 Photonicflatbandresonancesforfreeelectronradiation 自由电子辐射的光子平带共振 作者:YiYang,CharlesRoquesCarmes,StevenE。Kooi,HaoningTang,JustinBeroz,EricMazur,Ido 链接: https:www。nature。comarticless41586022053875 摘要: 平带已成为当代凝聚态物理学和光子学的基石。在电子学中,平带具有相当的能量带宽和库仑相互作用,导致了诸如分数量子霍尔效应和最近在魔角系统中的现象。在光子学中,它们可以实现包括慢光和激光在内的特性。值得注意的是,平带在两个系统中都支持超准直无衍射波包传播。 尽管如此,平带从未被证明会影响自由电子和光子之间的核心相互作用。它们之间的相互作用对自由电子激光、显微镜和光谱学以及粒子加速器至关重要,但事实上,其相互作用受到了局域电子和扩展光子之间维度不匹配的限制。 作者从理论上揭示了光子平带可以克服这种不匹配,从而显著地促进它们的相互作用。研究者在硅光子晶体板中的绝缘体上设计了平带共振,通过调整其轨迹和速度控制和增强相关的自由电子辐射。他们观察到平带增强的特征,从传统的衍射使史密斯珀塞尔辐射记录了一个二级增加。 这种增强使自由电子辐射的极化成形和通过电子束测量的光子带的表征成为可能。作者表示,该研究结果支持使用平板带作为强光电子相互作用的试验台,特别是与高效和紧凑的自由电子光源和加速器相关。 Abstract: Flatbandshavebecomeacornerstoneofcontemporarycondensedmatterphysicsandphotonics。Inelectronics,flatbandsentailcomparableenergybandwidthandCoulombinteraction,leadingtocorrelatedphenomenasuchasthefractionalquantumHalleffectandrecentlythoseinmagicanglesystems。Inphotonics,theyenablepropertiesincludingslowlightandlasing。Notably,flatbandssupportsupercollimationdiffractionlesswavepacketpropagationinbothsystems。Despitetheseintenseparallelefforts,flatbandshaveneverbeenshowntoaffectthecoreinteractionbetweenfreeelectronsandphotons。Theirinteraction,pivotalforfreeelectronlasers,microscopyandspectroscopy,andparticleaccelerators,is,infact,limitedbyadimensionalitymismatchbetweenlocalizedelectronsandextendedphotons。Herewerevealtheoreticallythatphotonicflatbandscanovercomethismismatchandthusremarkablyboosttheirinteraction。Wedesignflatbandresonancesinasilicononinsulatorphotoniccrystalslabtocontrolandenhancetheassociatedfreeelectronradiationbytuningtheirtrajectoryandvelocity。Weobservesignaturesofflatbandenhancement,recordingatwoorderincreasefromtheconventionaldiffractionenabledSmithPurcellradiation。Theenhancementenablespolarizationshapingoffreeelectronradiationandcharacterizationofphotonicbandsthroughelectronbeammeasurements。Ourresultssupporttheuseofflatbandsastestbedsforstronglightelectroninteraction,particularlyrelevantforefficientandcompactfreeelectronlightsourcesandaccelerators。 化学Chemistry Hydroxamicacidpreadsorptionraisestheefficiencyofcosensitizedsolarcells 羟肟酸预吸附提高共敏化太阳能电池效率 作者:YamengRen,DanZhang,JiajiaSuo,YimingCao,FelixT。Eickemeyer,NickVlachopoulos,ShaikM。Zakeeruddin,AndersHagfeldtMichaelGrtzel 链接: https:www。nature。comarticless4158602205460z 摘要: 染料敏化太阳能电池(DSCs)通过将光敏剂与电解质或固体电荷传输材料吸附在纳米介孔二氧化钛(TiO2)薄膜表面,将光转化为电。它们具有许多特点,包括透明、多色和低成本制造,可被部署在玻璃幕墙、天窗和温室中。 近年来,敏化剂、氧化还原介质和器件结构的发展提高了DSC的性能,特别是在环境光条件下。为了进一步提高其效率,关键是控制染料分子在TiO2表面的组装,以促进电荷的产生。 作者报道了在TiO2表面预吸附一层羟肟酸衍生物的路线,以改善两种新设计的共吸附增敏剂的染料分子包装和光伏性能,这些增敏剂在整个可见区域定量地收集光。在1。5全球模拟阳光的标准空气质量下,性能最佳的共敏化太阳能电池表现出15。2的功率转换效率,并表现出长期运行稳定性(500小时)。 具有较大有源面积(2。8cm2)的器件在较宽的环境光强度范围内表现出28。4至30。2的功率转换效率,并且具有较高的稳定性。该发现为方便地获得高性能DSC铺平了道路,并为使用环境光作为能源的低功耗电子设备的电源和电池替代品提供了广阔的应用前景。 Abstract: Dyesensitizedsolarcells(DSCs)convertlightintoelectricitybyusingphotosensitizersadsorbedonthesurfaceofnanocrystallinemesoporoustitaniumdioxide(TiO2)filmsalongwithelectrolytesorsolidchargetransportmaterials。Theypossessmanyfeaturesincludingtransparency,multicolourandlowcostfabrication,andarebeingdeployedinglassfacades,skylightsandgreenhouses。Recentdevelopmentofsensitizers,redoxmediatorsanddevicestructureshasimprovedtheperformanceofDSCs,particularlyunderambientlightconditions。Tofurtherenhancetheirefficiency,itispivotaltocontroltheassemblyofdyemoleculesonthesurfaceofTiO2tofavourchargegeneration。HerewereportarouteofpreadsorbingamonolayerofahydroxamicacidderivativeonthesurfaceofTiO2toimprovethedyemolecularpackingandphotovoltaicperformanceoftwonewlydesignedcoadsorbedsensitizersthatharvestlightquantitativelyacrosstheentirevisibledomain。Thebestperformingcosensitizedsolarcellsexhibitedapowerconversionefficiencyof15。2(whichhasbeenindependentlyconfirmed)underastandardairmassof1。5globalsimulatedsunlight,andshowedlongtermoperationalstability(500h)。Deviceswithalargeractiveareaof2。8cm2exhibitedapowerconversionefficiencyof28。4to30。2overawiderangeofambientlightintensities,alongwithhighstability。OurfindingspavethewayforfacileaccesstohighperformanceDSCsandofferpromisingprospectsforapplicationsaspowersuppliesandbatteryreplacementsforlowpowerelectronicdevicesthatuseambientlightastheirenergysource。 Solartohydrogenefficiencyofmorethan9inphotocatalyticwatersplitting 光催化裂解水的太阳能制氢效率超过9 作者:PengZhou,IshtiaqueAhmedNavid,YongjinMa,YixinXiao,PingWang,ZhengweiYe,BaowenZhou,KaiSunZetianMi 链接: https:www。nature。comarticless41586022053991 摘要: 用阳光和水生产氢燃料,是实现碳中和最有希望的途径之一。一些太阳能制氢方法,例如光电化学水分解,通常需要腐蚀性电解质,限制了其性能稳定性和环境可持续性。另外,清洁的氢可以直接从阳光和水中通过光催化水分解产生。 然而,光催化水分解的太阳能制氢(STH)效率一直很低。作者开发了一种策略,使用纯水、聚光太阳能和氮化铟镓光催化剂,实现了9。2的高效率。 这一策略的成功源于在最佳反应温度(约70摄氏度)下操作,促进氢氧正向进化和抑制氢氧反向重组的协同效应,这可以通过收集太阳光中先前浪费的红外光直接实现。 此外,这种依赖温度的策略也使得从广泛使用的自来水和海水中获得约7的STH效率,在太阳能容量为257瓦的大规模光催化水分解系统中获得6。2的STH效率。该研究提供了一种利用自然太阳光和水高效生产氢燃料的实用方法,克服了太阳能制氢的效率瓶颈。 Abstract: Productionofhydrogenfuelfromsunlightandwater,twoofthemostabundantnaturalresourcesonEarth,offersoneofthemostpromisingpathwaysforcarbonneutrality。Somesolarhydrogenproductionapproaches,forexample,photoelectrochemicalwatersplitting,oftenrequirecorrosiveelectrolyte,limitingtheirperformancestabilityandenvironmentalsustainability。Alternatively,cleanhydrogencanbeproduceddirectlyfromsunlightandwaterbyphotocatalyticwatersplitting。Thesolartohydrogen(STH)efficiencyofphotocatalyticwatersplitting,however,hasremainedverylow。HerewehavedevelopedastrategytoachieveahighSTHefficiencyof9。2percentusingpurewater,concentratedsolarlightandanindiumgalliumnitridephotocatalyst。Thesuccessofthisstrategyoriginatesfromthesynergisticeffectsofpromotingforwardhydrogenoxygenevolutionandinhibitingthereversehydrogenoxygenrecombinationbyoperatingatanoptimalreactiontemperature(about70degreesCelsius),whichcanbedirectlyachievedbyharvestingthepreviouslywastedinfraredlightinsunlight。Moreover,thistemperaturedependentstrategyalsoleadstoanSTHefficiencyofabout7percentfromwidelyavailabletapwaterandseawaterandanSTHefficiencyof6。2percentinalargescalephotocatalyticwatersplittingsystemwithanaturalsolarlightcapacityof257watts。Ourstudyoffersapracticalapproachtoproducehydrogenfuelefficientlyfromnaturalsolarlightandwater,overcomingtheefficiencybottleneckofsolarhydrogenproduction。 地球物理学Geophysics Neogeneburialoforganiccarbonintheglobalocean 全球海洋中有机碳的新近纪埋藏 作者:ZiyeLi,YiGeZhang,MarkTorresBenjaminJ。W。Mills 链接: https:www。nature。comarticless41586022054136 摘要: 埋在海洋沉积物中的有机碳是大气二氧化碳的净汇和氧气的来源。在整个地球地质历史中,有机碳埋藏率通常是通过利用无机碳和有机碳之间的质量平衡来确定的,两者都具有不同的碳同位素值(13C)。 然而,这种方法具有很大的不确定性因而变得复杂,并且未用有机碳积累数据进行过测试。作者报告了一种自下而上的方法,用于计算有机碳掩埋率,该方法独立于质量平衡计算。 研究者利用全球分布的81个地点的数据建立了新近纪(约2300万年300万年前)有机碳埋藏的历史。研究结果表明有机碳埋藏的时空变异性比以前估计的要大。从全球看,中新世早期和上新世埋藏率较高,中新世中期埋藏率最低,后一时期有机质碳酸盐埋藏率最低。 这与早期将中新世中期碳酸盐13C富集值解释为大量有机碳埋藏(即蒙特雷假说)的工作相反。暖中新世中期有机碳埋藏抑制可能与细菌对有机质的温度依赖性降解有关,表明有机碳循环对过去全球变暖起到了正反馈作用。 Abstract: Organiccarbonburiedinmarinesedimentservesasanetsinkforatmosphericcarbondioxideandasourceofoxygen。Therateoforganiccarbonburialthroughgeologichistoryisconventionallyestablishedbyusingthemassbalancebetweeninorganicandorganiccarbon,eachwithdistinctcarbonisotopicvalues(13C)。Thismethodiscomplicatedbylargeuncertainties,however,andhasnotbeentestedwithorganiccarbonaccumulationdata5。Herewereporta‘bottomup’approachforcalculatingtherateoforganiccarbonburialthatisindependentfrommassbalancecalculations。Weusedatafrom81globallydistributedsitestoestablishthehistoryoforganiccarbonburialduringtheNeogene(roughly233Ma)。Ourresultsshowlargerspatiotemporalvariabilityoforganiccarbonburialthanpreviouslyestimated。Globally,theburialrateishightowardstheearlyMioceneandPlioceneandlowestduringthemidMiocene,withthelatterperiodcharacterizedbythelowestratiooforganictocarbonateburialrates。Thisisincontrasttoearlierworkthatinterpretedenrichedcarbonate13CvaluesofthemidMioceneasmassiveorganiccarbonburial(thatis,theMontereyHypothesis)。SuppressedorganiccarbonburialduringthewarmmidMioceneisprobablyrelatedtotemperaturedependentbacterialdegradationoforganicmatter,suggestingthattheorganiccarboncycleactedaspositivefeedbackofpastglobalwarming。 Extremeredoxvariationsinasuperdeepdiamondfromasubductedslab 来自俯冲板块的超深钻石极端氧化还原变化 作者:FabrizioNestola,MargoE。Regier,RobertW。Luth,D。GrahamPearson,ThomasStachel,CatherineMcCammon,MichelleD。Wenz,StevenD。Jacobsen,ChiaraAnzolini,LucaBindiJeffreyW。Harris 链接: https:www。nature。comarticless41586022053928 摘要: 富挥发分俯冲板块的引入可能在局部产生较大的氧化还原梯度,影响相稳定性、元素分配和挥发分形态。作者研究了几内亚坎坎钻石包裹体中记录的深层地幔氧化还原条件。顽火辉石、铁方石和一种独特的富镁橄榄石包裹体表明,它是在660公里地震间断区附近高度变化的氧化还原条件下形成的。 作者提出了过渡区下地幔边界暖板底部的脱水、再水化和脱水模型。在一个皱褶的板块中,由于脱水而释放出的流体,受到来自下地幔的加热的驱动,上升到板块较冷的内部,水在那里被隔离在新的含水矿物中。剩余流体随后的分馏产生极低的还原条件,形成Mg端元环木岩。 这种分馏液也析出主金刚石。在持续加热的情况下,钻石周围的板坯中的菱木矿形成了桥晶石和铁方石,当钻石在加热板坯脱水产生的含水流体中生长时,它们被困住。 Abstract: Theintroductionofvolatilerichsubductingslabstothemantlemaylocallygeneratelargeredoxgradients,affectingphasestability,elementpartitioningandvolatilespeciation1。HereweinvestigatetheredoxconditionsofthedeepmantlerecordedininclusionsinadiamondfromKankan,Guinea。Enstatite(formerbridgmanite),ferropericlaseandauniquelyMgricholivine(Mg99。9)inclusionindicateformationinhighlyvariableredoxconditionsnearthe660kmseismicdiscontinuity。Weproposeamodelinvolvingdehydration,rehydrationanddehydrationintheundersideofawarmingslabatthetransitionzonelowermantleboundary。Fluidliberatedbydehydrationinacrumpledslab,drivenbyheatingfromthelowermantle,ascendsintothecoolerinterioroftheslab,wheretheH2Oissequesteredinnewhydrousminerals。Consequentfractionationoftheremainingfluidproducesextremelyreducingconditions,formingMgendmemberringwoodite。Thisfractionatingfluidalsoprecipitatesthehostdiamond。Withcontinuedheating,ringwooditeintheslabsurroundingthediamondformsbridgmaniteandferropericlase,whichistrappedasthediamondgrowsinhydrousfluidsproducedbydehydrationofthewarmingslab。