中国古代对韩国的影响大吗？韩国网友的回答亮了

　　互联网上有关宇宙大国韩国的＂发源神话＂，已流行很多年。从韩国人宣称端午节是韩国的，再从韩国人说孔子是韩国的等等。
　　虽然很多说法被证明是谣言，但韩国对汉服和泡菜的起源宣称，是这两年确实存在，影响非常大的。
　　读韩国网友对汉服和泡菜的＂怒气勃勃＂的言论时，中国人普遍有种感觉，就是韩国人是不是历史都不太好。难道他们真的认为，韩国是个在虚空中直接诞生的现代国家吗？
　　美国知乎Quora上，有一个叫朴善宇的韩国人，他回答了很多有关历史的问题，是一个＂擅长历史的韩国人＂。我读了他的很多回答，觉得他的观点比较中正、不偏激。
　　他在＂韩国是受中国影响大，还是日本影响大＂这个问题下面，写了一篇2000字的回答。其中涉及到了韩国的历史观，我觉得在某种程度上，可以让我们窥见韩国主流历史界的观点。
　　如果你对一个历史比较好的韩国人，如何看待中国历史对韩国的影响感兴趣，可以看下这篇翻译。
　　韩国是受中国影响大，还是日本影响大？
　　朴善宇，2022年4月3日 更新
　　从历史上看，中国对韩国的影响远大于日本，而近代韩国受日本的影响更大。这也是网站其他人提出的有趣观点。我理解，大多数人不会在东亚以外的地方说＂X 国家是否受到 Y 或 Z 的影响＂。我认为这在某种程度上反映了东亚和东南亚人的心态。
　　Historically, China has had much more influence on Korea than Japan historically, while modern Korea has been more influenced by Japan. Though it is also an interesting point that was raised by other people on Quora here. Most people don’t say ＂has X country been influenced by Y or Z＂ outside of Asia at least from my understanding. I think it almost reflects the mindset of East and Southeast Asians in a way.
　　无论如何，可以这么说，在蒙古元朝之前的大部分东亚历史上， 技术和文化的转移都是这样进行的：中国→韩国→日本 。这在韩国三国时期最为典型，当时位于现在全罗道的韩国西南部百济，在亚洲国家关系的发展中发挥了关键作用。
　　具体来说，百济是中国的强大盟友（在中国隋朝，他们甚至怂恿中国入侵朝鲜北部的高句丽）。从成立，一直到公元 500 年后期，百济一直是中国文化进入朝鲜半岛的主要接受者，然后韩国人将来自中国的文化精神重塑为他们自己独特的东西。
　　（顺便说一下，这主要适用于上层阶级，最现实的比喻，是18世纪19世纪时，法国语言和文化在整个欧洲精英圈的风行，而平民对此不感冒）
　　Anyhow, technological and cultural transfer for most of East Asian history until the Mongol Yuan Dynasty played out somewhat like this, China -> Korea -> Japan. This is most iconically see during the Three Kingdoms Period of Korea, when Baekje, the southwestern Korean state in what is now Jeolla Province, played a critical role in the development of state relations in Asia. Specifically, Baejke was a strong ally of China (during the Sui Dynasty of China, they even egged China on to invading Goguryeo, the northern Korean kingdom).
　　Baekje was from its foundation until the late 500s AD the primary reciepient of Chinese culture into the Korean peninsula, where the Koreans then molded and reshaped the inspiration into their own unique culture (this mostly applied only to the upper class by the way, the most realistic comparsion is how French culture and language was adopted all across Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries by the elite while the commoners still toiled away in the fields far from the French cultural hype).
　　百济帮忙将文化传播到日本，日本也慢慢形成了自己独特而独立的文化。这个时代的文化输血普遍是从西方（中国）到东方（韩国、日本）。后来，在百济灭亡后，许多难民逃往日本定居，日本开始从中国直接获得技术和文化转移。这里要注意，很有趣的是，日本在唐末宋初的某个时候停止了文化转移，因此之后的许多日本文化都发生了严重的变异或分歧。
　　Baekje itself helped spread culture to Japan, where the Japan also took to form their own unique, seperate culture from that. Cultural transfusion during this era typically went from West (China) to East (Korea, Japan). Later on, after Baekje fell during the Goguryeo-Tang Wars, many Baekje refugees fled to Japan and settled there and Japan started to get direct technological and cultural transfers from China. An interesting thing to note here is that Japan stopped this transfer sometime around late Tang-Early Song, so a lot of Japanese culture afterwards perged heavily (transfers still happened but never again on the colossal scale that occured in the 8th and 9th century AD).
　　不过，在现代韩国，我认为日本殖民时代（1910-1945）对现代韩国文化的影响相比中国更大。韩国仍有中国文化残余，但要记住的是，在明朝（1368-1644 年）垮台后，韩国已不继续在文化上追随中国。当李自成的大顺推翻明朝时，明朝实际上已经崩溃，随后在1600年代初期，被满族入侵，并夺取了中央王国。
　　In modern Korea however, I would argue that the Japanese colonial era (1910–1945) arguably has had more of an impact on modern Korean culture than China did. There are still significant remnants of Chinese culture in Korea, but something to keep in mind is that for Korea, they stopped trying to follow China culturally after the collapse of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). The Ming Dynasty actually collapsed when peasant rebels under the Shun Dynasty overthrew them, but then the Qing, the Manchu northern peoples of Manchurian who had been fighting the Ming single the early 1600s, invaded China and seized the middle kingdom.
　　明朝末期，韩国和日本一样，停止了文化和技术转移。对于韩国和当时的朝鲜来说，大明是他们在朝贡关系中的宗主国保护盟友（suzerain patron-ally），在秀吉入侵朝鲜期间（1592-1598 年）保卫了他们。
　　（2014年电影《鸣梁海战》，讲述了李舜臣抗倭的故事）
　　我认为 中朝关系在此期间（公元 1592 年至 1636 年）达到顶峰 ，达到我们历史上可能永远不会再见到的水平，因为朝鲜王朝因为大明的帮助产生的感激之情，可以对标现代韩国对美国的感情。
　　The end of the Ming Dynasty was when Korea, like Japan, stopped the cultural and technological transfer. For Korea, then Joseon, Ming was their suzerain patron-ally in the tributary relationship, which had defended them during Hideyoshi’s Invasions of Korea (1592–1598). I’d argue that Sino-Korean relations peaked during this period (1592–1636 AD) at levels we probably will never see again in history, as the Joseon Korean Dynasty felt a level of gratitude and appreciation similar to how the modern Republic of Korea feels towards the United States due to the Ming’s role in helping Joseon fight off the Japanese invasion.
　　韩国和明朝极其相似。明帝国是一个巨大的儒家超级大国，由官僚统治，是一个官僚第一、军事第二、商人第三的国家。 朝鲜是一个儒家的中等强国 ，由官僚统治，官僚第一，军事第二，商人第三。
　　明朝亲切地称朝鲜为＂东方礼人之乡＂，明朝灭亡后，亲华的朝鲜贵族常称自己为＂小中国＂。对于明朝来说，朝鲜是他们在整个帝国边境的 朝贡等级制度中的主要盟友，也是他们邻国中最文明的 。对朝鲜来说，明朝是有文化的中央王国，是文明的中心，尤其是在文学经典和技术方面。
　　The two were very comparable to, the Ming Empire was a colossal Confucian superpower, run by bureaucrats and functioned as a state that prioritized bureacracy first, military second and merchants third. Joseon Korea was a Confucian middle power, run by bureaucrats and functioned as a state that prioritized bureacracy first, military second and merchants third.
　　The Ming affectionately called Joseon ＂The Land of the Courteous People in the East＂ and Sinophile Joseon nobles often called themselves ＂Little China＂ after the Ming fell. To the Ming, Joseon was their chief tributary-ally in the hierarchy of tribtuaries across the frontiers of the empire, and the most civilized of their neighbors. To Joseon, the Ming was the cultured Middle Kingdom that was the center of civilization, especially in regards to literary classics and technology.
　　然而，朝鲜在临津战争中遭受重创（战争期间，整个地区人口严重减少，以至于整个半岛失去了 66%的耕地，东南部的庆尚道失去了 90%的耕地）。虚弱的朝鲜人敌不过满人，为了自救而屈从于朝贡。
　　（2017年电影《南汉山城》，讲述了韩国抗清的故事）
　　However Joseon, devastated from the Imjin War (severe depopulation of entire regions occured during the war, to the point that the entire peninsula lost 66% of its arable land, and 90% of Gyeongsang Province in the southeast lost its arable land). The weakened Koreans were no match for the Manchus, and submitted as a tributary to save themselves.
　　然而，朝鲜朝廷公然违抗，继续使用明纪元历法（荒谬到明朝皇帝崇祯上吊两百年后，韩国人还在以他的名义计算纪元），还公然违反了他们投降满人的条件。
　　韩国人认为满族是野蛮人，因为他们以前在高句丽、渤海和高丽时期统治过满人祖先。更糟的是，一些女真部落其实是朝鲜时代中早期的支流。明朝灭亡后，韩国停止了从中国大规模的文化转移。
　　However, the defiant Joseon court continued to use the Ming Era Calendars (it was ridiculous to the point that even two hundred years after the final Ming Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself, the Koreans were still counting the era under his name) and also openly violated the terms under which they surrendered. Also, the Koreans regarded the Manchus are barbarians due to their previous rule over their ancestors during Goguryeo, Balhae and Goryeo. Also making it worse was how some Jurchen tribes were tributaries of the early-mid Joseon era. After the Ming fell, Korea stopped large scale cultural transfers from China.
　　现在聊聊现代韩国，日本殖民时期对现代韩国产生了更重要的影响，以至于现代韩国人和现代日本人更加相似。殖民时期在韩国人的行为中留下了持久遗产，由于历史原因，韩国和日本都保留了更多的文化传统。
　　韩国和日本都有鞠躬文化
　　此外，日本试图将韩国同化到帝国中，我所说的同化是指英格兰对苏格兰所做的那种同化。而且大日本帝国的领导人确实是这样比喻的，甚至还声称日韩是＂一个民族＂。
　　虽然韩国人和日本人在文化和基因上很接近，但他们不是同一个民族，这个事实并没有阻止那个时代的日本人进行尝试。结果是，二者文化上的相似性，例如饮食、语言和心态得到了加强。尽管后来发生了很多逆转，但他们的遗产仍然存在，尤其是在老一辈人中。
　　Now regarding modern Korea, the Japanese colonial period likely had a much more important impact, to the point that modern Koreans and modern Japanese are much more similar. The Colonial Period left a lasting legacy in the behavior of Koreans……meant that both Korea and Japan kept more of the ＂tradition or antiquated＂ depending on your viewpoint, cultural norms.
　　Also, Japan attempted to assimilate Korea into the Emprie, and by assimilate, I mean the type of assimilation England did to Scotland. Actually, Imperial Japanese leaders literally made this comparsion and even claimed they were ＂one people.＂ While the Koreans and Japanese have always been culturally and genetically close, they are not the same people, but that did not stop Japanese leaders from that era from trying. As a result, many cultural similarities such as cuisine, language and mentality were reinforced. While much were later reversed, their legacy remains regardless especially amongst older generations.
　　补充一点奇怪的东西。朝鲜这个国家，很有趣，它在自己内部进行了古怪的文化灭绝，尤其针对中国对朝鲜半岛的影响。他们在韩语词汇中删除了大量的汉字，以至于有时候我听到朝鲜人说话，真的感觉很怪。他们似乎假装中国从未影响过朝鲜的历史。
　　Also weird side note, North Korea is interesting in that it was engaged in its own weird version of cultural genocide, specifically against the Chinese influence on Korea. They have removed Hanja (Chinese characters, its kind of like the Latin of East Asia nowadays) from a significant portion of the North Korean vocabulary (to the point that it sounds really weird sometimes when I hear Northern Korean). As well as pretending that China never influenced Korean history.
　　#头号有新人#