在此,为钾离子混合电容器(PIHC)开发了一种化学预钾化策略,该策略通过在钾萘四氢呋喃溶液中同时处理葡萄糖衍生碳(GDC)阳极和商用活性碳(CAC)阴极。结合原位和非原位表征,证实了预钾化试剂与碳电极之间的自由基反应,这不仅使电化学不可逆位点失活,而且促进在电极上预形成均匀且致密的富KF电解质膜。因此,预钾化处理具有多重优势:(I)GDC阳极的初始库仑效率(CE)从45。4提高至84。0具有较高的速率能力;(II)CAC阴极表现出改进的循环CE和稳定性,这是由于在4。2V下更好阻止了电解质氧化(III)组装后的PIHC具有172。5Whkg1的高能量密度,循环寿命超过10000次。 图1a)Schematicillustrationoftheprepotassiationprocessanditseffectsondualcarbonpotassiumionhybridcapacitor。b)TheCVcurveofKNapTHFsolutionwithcopperfoilastheworkingelectrodeat1。0mVs1。c)ThefirstCVcurvesoftheGDCCPandGDCanodesat0。1mVs1。d)ThefirstchargedischargecurvesoftheGDCCPandGDCanodesat0。2Ag1。e)ThecyclingperformanceoftheGDCCPandGDCanodesat0。2Ag1。Thechargedischargecurvesofthef)CACCPandg)CACcathodesat1。0Ag1。h)ThecyclingperformanceoftheCACCPandCACcathodesat1。0Ag1。 图2a)The39KsolidstateNMRspectraoftheGDCCPandCACCPpowders。TheXANESspectraoftheb)GDC,GDCCPandGDCEPelectrodesandthec)CAC,CACCPandCACEPelectrodesatCKedge。Theevolutionofelements(C,O,F,P,K)withsputteringdepthford)theGDCCPelectrodeandf)theCACCPelectrode(insetimagesaretheTEMimagesofthecycledGDCCPandCACCPsamples,respectively。)。e)ThehighresolutionF1sspectraalongthesputteringdepthoftheGDCCPandCACCPelectrodes。TheAFMimagesofYoungsmodulusdistributionfortheg)GDC,h)GDCCP,i)CACandj)CACCPelectrodes。 图3TheSEMimagesofthea)CACandb)CACCPcathodesatdifferentchargedischargevoltages。TheSEMimagesandthecorrespondingelemental(F,P,K)mappingimagesofthec)CACandd)CACCPelectrodesat4。2V,respectively。e)3DvisualizationofthearchitecturalevolutionsofK2F,PF6,PO2andC2H3O2forthecycledCAC(top)andCACCP(bottom)electrodes,respectively。f)ThemolecularorbitaldiagramsofHOMOandLUMOforEC,PCandKPF6withdifferentchemicalenvironment。 图4a)ThelongtermcyclingperformanceoftheGDCCACandGDCCPCACCPhybridcapacitorsat1。0Ag1(insetimagesarethechargedischargecurvesoftheGDCCACandGDCCPCACCPhybridcapacitors,respectively)。b)TherateperformanceoftheGDCCPCACCPhybridcapacitoratdifferentcurrentdensities。c)InsitumonitoringoftheGDCCPCACCPhybridcapacitorduringchargedischargeprocesswithathreeelectrodedeviceat1。0Ag1。d)RagoneplotcomparisonsoftheGDCCPCACCPhybridcapacitorwithpreviousreports。e)ThelongtermcyclingperformanceoftheGDCCPCACCPpouchcellat1。0Ag1(insetdigitalimagesarethescenesoftheGDCCPCACCPpouchcelldrivinganelectricfanatdifferenttimes)。Notethatthemassratioofactivematerialsofanodetocathodeis1:2,andtheelectrochemicalperformanceofhybridcapacitoriscalculatedbasedonthetotalactivemassofanodeandcathode。 来源:YongQian,BeiWu,YangLi,ZhenPan,Dr。ShuaiFeng,Dr。NingLin,Prof。YitaiQian,IntegratingChemicalPrePotassiationwithPreModulatedKFRichElectrolyteInterfacesforDualCarbonPotassiumIonHybridCapacitor,Angew。Chem。Int。Ed。2023,62,e202217514,https:doi。org10。1002anie。202217514