解析老人与海的主人公桑提亚哥

　　摘要：
　　美国现代著名小说家海明威曾经说过：人生本来就是为了被打败的。人能被毁灭，但是不能被打败。正是这种人生态度赋予了他笔下的桑提亚哥勇敢、自信、自尊，永不屈服的性格特征。笔者从此角度出发，探索了压力下的风度这一主题以及给人们带来的启示。
　　Abstract：
　　Hemingway，afamousnovelistofAmerica，oncesaidManisnotmadefordefeat。Amancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated。Santiagoisendowedwiththisoptimisticattitudetowardslifecourage，confidence，dignityandnevergivingup。Thisessayalsodealswiththeproblemofgraceunderpressureanditsrevelationtopeople。
　　Keywords：nevergivingup；confidence；graceunderpressure
　　IThethreelayersofpressure
　　ThesuccessofTheoldmanandthesealiesmostinitsperfectdisplaythegraceunderpressurewhichisaveryimportantqualityofSantiagoThequalityiscomposedoftwodements：pressureandgracePressureisthepremise，onlyunderpressurecanone‘sgracefuldemeanordisplay
　　Atthebeginningofthenovel，SantiagohadgoneeightyfourdayswithoutcatchingafishandhadbecomethelaughingstockofhissmallvillageThisisanaffronttoamasterfulfisherman，anditformsthefirstlayerofpressure；Asthestorybegins，ayoungboy，Manolin，stayedwiththeoldman，butafterthefortiethlucklessday，theboy，sfathertoldhissontogoinanotherboat，leavingtheskiffofwhichthesailwaspatchedwithfoursacksandfurledliketheflagofpermanentdefeatWhentheboylefttheoldmanandfishedwithanother，theycaughtthreegoodfishesinthefirstweekTheboysgoodluckformedobviouscontrastwiththeoldmangillluckIfthishappenedtoanotherboy，itwascoincidental，butithappenedtotheboywhohadgotnothingwiththeoldmanforfortydaysandexactlywhenhelefttheoldmanforoneweekThismadeotherfishermenbelievedthattheoldmanwasreallyunluckyenough！Thisisthesecondlayerofpressure；WhentheoldmanhookedthebiggestmarlinneverseenintheGulfStream，hewasalone，withoutthebenefitofmodemtechnologyHeenduredalongandgruelingstrugglewiththemarlinandfeltlonelyandhelplessThisisthethirdlayerofpressure
　　IISantiagograceunderthethreelayersofpressure
　　1Graceunderthefirstlayerofpressure
　　Asthenovelbegins，wefindSantiagodefinitelyandfinallyfailed，however，hekeptselfcomposedandhadconfidenceinhisdignitySoevenhavinggotnothinginthefirst84days，hecontinuedtogoouttofish
　　SantiagocommitmenttosailingoutfurtherthananyfishermanhadbeforetestifiedhisconfidencetothedepthItalsoshowedhisconfidencetochangehisbadluck，becauseheclearlyknewwhathewasbornforYes，hewasbornfortheconqueringoftheseaEverythingabouthimwasoldexcepthiseyesandtheywerethesamecolorastheseaandwerecheerfulandundefeatedWeallknowthateyesarethewindowsofone7ssou1ItmeanstheoldmansheartorsoulisinconvincibleInordertoprotecthisdignity，hefinallysummarizedthefamousmottoManisnotmadefordefeatAmancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated
　　ThisisobviouslythedeclarationtothedifficuhiesandadversitiesHowspiritedandvaliantthepledge！Itencourageshumantofightfordignity
　　2Graceunderthesecondlayerofpressure
　　TheoldmanwasinhisadversityandtheboyhadgotgoodfishesafterhelefttheoldmanSantiagodidn’tfeeljealousbuthappyforhimWhentalkingwiththeboywhowasnotwillingtoleave，theoldmansaidIknowyoudidnotleavemebecauseyoudoubted’’？andhefeltitwasquitenorma1thoughhewouldbelonelywithouttheboyWhentheboyaskedifhecouldoffertheoldmanabeerontheterraceandthentookthestuffhome，theoldmansaid，whynot，betweenfishermen
　　3AUthesedetailsshowthatSantiagowasreasonable，sensible，kindwithopenmind
　　Theoldman，sgraceliesinhisgenderfeeling1ettakealookathowtheoldmanwoketheboy：hetookholdofonefootgentlyandheldituntiltheboywokeupWhentheboywasstillsleepy，theoldmanputhisarmacrosshisshouldersandsaidIamsorryJustlikeLuXansaid，heartlessnessdoesntmakethehero，pityforchildrenmakesmoretheman
　　Withconfidentattitudetowardslife，theoldmantookthingsphilosophicallyInfacthehopedtheboycouldcomebacktohimandheneededtheboy，butwhentheboywantedtobeback，theoldmanrefusedbecauseitwastheboy，sparentswhomadehimleaveandhecouldnotmaketheboyawkwardandunluckywithhim
　　3GraceunderthethirdlayerofpressureWhenfightingwiththemarlin，hewasdriventhroughthetwooppositeforcesbetweencertaintyanduncertaintySometimesSantiagofeltlonelyandhelpless，butheconqueredallofthemultimately，whichwasbestpresentedinhislongmonologueandrecallaboutarlnwrestlingcontestsuchas1wishIhadtheboytohelpmeandtoseethis，1wishtheboywerehereand1wishIhadtheboy〔39〕
　　Hismenti0n0ftheboyseveraltimesprovedthathewantedtooverwhelmlonelinessandenhancedcourageandforcetofight
　　SantiagorecalledthearmwrestlingepisodetogivehimmoreconfidenceTherecallwouldallowhimtoforgetaconnectionwiththemarlinthatwentbeyondtheliterallinkoftheline：hisbodilyachesattestedtothefactthatheiswellmatchedthatthefishisaworthyopponentAsayoungman，Santiagoenjoyedsinglemindedcompetitivecontests，asanoldmanhecontinuedtoenjoythem
　　IIIConclusion
　　Theoldmanconveysusthatwehumanbeingsshouldkeepgracefulevenunderfiercepressure，shouldfacethefailuresbravely，andkeepthespiritofunyieldingintegrityThesearethequalitieswithwhichweshouldbeequipped，justasthemottooftheoldmanManisnotmadefordefeatAmancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated’’
　　【References】
　　〔2〕BakerCarlosEmestHemingway：alifestory〔M〕NewYork：Scriber，1996
　　〔3〕BrennerGerryTheOldManandSea：storyofacommonman〔M〕NewYork：Twaynepublishers，1991
　　〔4〕桂扬清，吴翔林英美文学选读〔M〕北京：中国对外翻译出版社，2001
　　〔5〕金莉，秦亚清美国文学〔M〕北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1996