论四级考试英语作文的对策

　　＂   论文关键词：四级考试；审题；主题句；条理清楚
　　论文摘要：英语四级考试的作文令许多同学头疼，本文介绍了写作文的一般步骤、需要注意的问题、提高的分的小窍门以及一些常见的句式，可以帮助考生得到满意的分数，取得理想的成绩。
　　那么, 我们该如何面对四级作文, 得到理想的分数呢?
　　一、 审题
　　我们拿到作文后第一件要做的事就是审题。审题的作用在于使你写作不跑题（如果跑题，条理和语言再好，也得不到及格分，甚至0分。）那末审题要审什么呢？
　　1．体裁（议论文，说明文，描述文）
　　审题就是要审作文的体裁。那末体裁包括那些呢？它包括议论文，说明文和描述文,以及应用文(书信或简历) 。
　　2．根据不同体裁确定写作方法
　　议论文:要有论点和论据，而且往往从正反两方面来论述。
　　说明文：可以从几方面或几条来说明一个问题。
　　描述文：以＂人＂为中心描述一个＂做＂的过程。   Directions: For this part ,your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Trying to Be A Good University Student .You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese ) below :
　　做合格大学生的必要性
　　做合格大学生的必备条件（可以从德智体方面谈）
　　我计划这样做
　　第一部分实际上是议论性质的，第二部分是说明性质的，第三部分是描述性质的，以＂我＂为中心描述我怎么＂做＂。
　　二、 确定主题句
　　通过审题，我们知道该如何确定正确的写作思路。下边我们就谈如何些。第一部就是要写主题句。主题句是确保不跑题的前提，只有不跑题才有可得及格分。写主题句嘴保险的方法就是把中文提纲的各句译成英语。例如上述三段主题句分别为：
　　It is very necessary to be a good university student .
　　There are several respects of necessities to be a good university student .
　　What I will do in the future is the following .
　　如果要求句是英语就可以把它变成主题句，例如这样一篇作文：
　　Good Health
　　Importance of good health
　　Ways to keep fit
　　My own practice
　　这样的作文的要求句就可以扩充成主题句。扩充后三段的主题句分别为：
　　It is very important to have good health .
　　（将名词 importance变成形容词important）
　　There are four ways to keep fit for me .（用 there be 句型）
　　My own practices are the following .（采用原词）
　　三、 确保文章条理清楚
　　保证不跑题是写作当中第一任务，第二个重要任务就是要做到条理清楚。对于议论文来说，正反面要清楚，对于说明文来说条理要清楚，对于描述文来说，谁干什么要清楚。就拿上例Good health 来说，第一段保持正反面要清楚救应这样写：正面（With good health ,we can...），反面（Without good health ,we can do nothing .We can＂t do...）。为了使文章更具有条理性，我们可以用firstly, secondly ,thirdly等副词，它们可以使文章的条例性更加突出。作文是主观题，老师的时间很短（每篇作文只有一两分钟就要阅完） ，想得高分就必须引起老师的主意.
　　下面我们以2006年12月试题为例来写一篇作文。＂
　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Spring Festival Gala on CCTV. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:
　　许多人喜欢在除夕观看春节晚会
　　有些人提出取消春节晚会
　　我的看法
　　大家可以在因特网上找到许多范文，但是，笔者认为下面这篇文章非常符合我们以上讲述的三个要求。
　　Some people are in favor of the program. Those who like it have their reasons. Firstly, they think that the gala is of tradition to us. What’s more, some feel that they can find nothing to do except watching this on the eve of the Lunar New Year. Besides, it is said that this is a good chance for a family to have a rest happily.
　　But others do not agree. People who dislike it have their reasons. Firstly , they say that they can find something else to do. Moreover, they argue that the Spring Festival Gala on CCTV should not have been the most powerful program in this day.
　　There is some truth in both arguments. But it is likely to do more harm than, if you maintain that it is the only thing to do at that night. Some more meaningful things can be found easily, such as parties , sharing views with family members, etc.. There is little doubt that further attention will be paid on this issue.
　　我们会发现这篇文章每一段的第一句话都是所在段的主题句，然后依据主题句作进一步的拓展；而且，为了使文章更具有条理性，本文用firstly, what is more , moreover, besides等词，使文章的条例性更加突出。
　　四、 需要注意的一些问题
　　1、 合理分配30分钟。
　　有同学草草看完题目要求，就匆匆下笔，结果跑题万里。如果文章偏离主题，那就不得高分。所以，建议考生用大概5分钟时间先审题，定下大概写作方向，写下重点单词，勾勒出文章的大概框架。
　　接下来用20分钟左右的时间来写文章。
　　写完文章后，考生还应用2－5分钟时间来检查文章。考生如果不检查文章，就会自觉不自觉地犯一些错误，尤其是单数复数的错误和时态的错误。
　　2、掌握拓展语言的方法(即如何安排行文的顺序)。
　　考生往往不知道如何下笔，不知道写什么内容，每个句子都得花很多时间来思考。如果有一个比较好的思路来引导我们，那写文章就会轻松多了。所以，建议考生在考前掌握如何通过因果关系、时间顺序、空间顺序等来扩展思维。另外，还要掌握如何分析原因，如何提供方法，如何做一些简单的评论。
　　3、增加语言的亮点。
　　为了让作文得更好的分数，考生应该了解一些得分技巧，比如在单词层面上，单词要有变化，而且部分单词要有四级难度。如一篇四级范文中，考生用believe, think, maintain三个不同单词来表示＂认为＂，这就体现了变化，maintain一词也体现了四级难度。很多四级考生在写文章时会习惯性地用中学时学的单词，所以文章即使错误较少，也不能得一个较高的分数。另外，在句子层面上，需要长短句有机结合，不要从头到尾都是简单句，比如可以加一个定语从句，状语从句，插入语等。这些语言的运用可以让阅卷老师知道我们所能掌握的语言复杂级别。当然，也没有必要从头到尾都写长难句。
　　五、提高英语写作能力的小窍门
　　1.积累一个词，应该要同时掌握这个词的用法。
　　记单词不能光记它的表面意思，而应深入了解它的适用语境、常用搭配、习惯用法等，这样才算真正掌握了一个词。
　　例如＂Actually,no rules of the game states you must do anything＂这个句子中，品学网了解到＂state＂一词意思是＂表明、说明＂，在这里作及物动词，用法之一是＂…state…＂。以后在写作中要表达＂考试中取得高分表明你学习取得了很大进步＂便可翻译成＂＂he high marks of the tests state you ve made great progress in your study＂。
　　2.对一些精彩的句子应摘抄下来，熟读成诵，并有意识地将它们应用到自己的习作中。
　　这里说的＂精彩＂，并不是专指那些生僻的、晦涩难懂的句子，而是一些表达方式新颖、生动形象的句子。
　　一些原汁原味的英文习作之所以读起来更有味道，其中一个很重要的原因就是它们综合运用了不同的表达方式，能变换句式，避免重复哆嗦。有意识地多积累一些这样的精彩句子，并应用到自己的习作中去，便可摆脱那种＂单一陈述＂型的模式，使自己的文章更有活力。
　　3.恰当运用修辞。
　　众所周知，恰当的修辞可以使文章更生动形象。有这样一幅图画，上面画的是从窗户里飞出的一块西瓜砸中小明,多数同学描述为＂Xiaoming was hit by the piece of water-melon＂或＂The piece of water-melon hit Xiaoming on the head＂。若用上比喻拟人修辞，则可描述为＂The piece of water-melon,like a flying bullet,whose target was Xiaoming s head,jumped out of window and hit exactly on its target.＂ 显而易见后者更生动形象。 ＂
　　六、一些可以套用的句子
　　1.我的观点（MY VIEW）When asked about a theme, different people will offer different opinions... is no exception. Some people take it for granted that ... However, others hold that...As for as I am concerned, that I am in favor for the second view. The reasons are as follows. First, there is and elements of truth that ... But it doesn＂t’t follow that... A case in point is that ...Therefore, the first view doesn＂t hold water. In conclusion...
　　2.优点和缺点（Advantages and disadvantages） Nowadays, ...plays an important part in ... Like everything else, ...has both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.Firstly ... Besides ... Most important of all ...But every coin has tow sides. The negative aspects are alse apparent. To begin with, ... To make matters worse of all ...Through above analysis, I believe that the advantages aspects outweigh the disadvantages. Therefore...
　　3.怎么办(How to)... Many ways can contribute to solving this serious problem, but the following ones may be most effective. First of all ... Another way to solve the problem of ... is ... Finally...There are not the best and only tow measures we can take. But it should be noted that if we take strong action to ...
　　4.选择行动(A or B)When you ...you will be faced with the choice between A and B. Before making the right choice, you had better make a close comparison and contrast of them. First of all, A... Also, B... Second, A... likewise, B... Despite their similarities, A and B are also different in the following aspects. First, A... However, B... Besides, A... on the contrary, B...Therefore, it depends with ... you should choose. If you ..., you should choose A; but if you ... you should turn to B.
　　5.为什么(Why)... There are many reasons for... but in general, they come down to three major ones. For one thing... for another thing ... Perhaps the prime reason is that ... From the foregoing...
　　6.开头 Recently, the problem of … has aroused people’s concern.
　　It is commonly believed that... / It is a common belief that...
　　Many people insist that...
　　With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that ...A lot of people seem to think that...
　　7.结尾 Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that...
　　Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that ...Hence/Therefore, we’d better come to the conclusion that...
　　There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits.
　　All in all, we cannot live without… But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.
　　结语：
　　一般来说，考生对于作文的准备分为两大部分：一是模板的搜集和背诵，在这一部分模板制作者的水平是相当关键的，跟考生自己的水平倒是没什么关系，考生所需要的就是勤奋，因为背诵，是不可替代的。二则是模板的练习填充。很多考生比较忽略这一块的准备，对模板的认识相对僵化，导致模板需要填充的部分频频出现语法错误，好好的得分点变成了失分点，十分可惜。所以，在这里笔者需要提醒的是，作文的格式化意味着模板的可实际操作性的加强,但是基础写作能力绝对不能忽视。模板的填空部分总得自己写，同时对模板本身的语法分析也必不可少，以避免出现语法错误。从四级考试写作的测试目的来看，还是注重考查学生对基本语法、基本词汇运用能力的掌握情况。所以除了模板之外，考生还要在基本表达上狠下功夫，只有在平时多操练，在考场上才游刃有余。除此之外，学生还要在作文中多采用闪光点，这样就会使作文在基本分数上有所提升，有所突破。
　　参考书目:   [2]沙云龙.大学英语四级考试历年全真试题解析.北京:群言出版社.2007.
　　[3]《大学英语》项目组.大学体验英语综合教程3.北京:高等教育出版社.2003.
　　[4]丁往道等.英语写作基础教程.北京:高等教育出版社.2001.
　　[5]陈立平. 新编英语写作教程（上、下）. 西安: 西安交通大学出版社. 2002.