双关语及其翻译

　　双关语及其翻译双关语及其翻译双关语及其翻译
　　〔Abstract〕Englishpunisoneoftheimportantfiguresofspeech，anditiswidelyusedinvariousliteraryworks，suchaspoems，novels，stories，advertisementsandriddles，etc。BasedonthedefinitionsofEnglishpun，thispaperpointsoutthathomonyms，homophones，andhomographsareavailabletoconstructpuns。Accordingtothecharacteristicsandfunctionsoftheirformation，LvXupidedEnglishpunintothreetypes，theyarehomophonicpuns，homographicpuns，punsonbothpronunciationandmeaning。Englishpuntakesadvantageofitsdistinctivefeaturesinnatureandtriestoproduceambiguityonpurposeinordertogettheeffectofaimingatapigeonandshootingatacrow。Englishpunscanachievemanyeffects：humor，satire，vividexpressionofthecharacters’feelings，whichcanincreasethebeautyoflanguageandimprovereadabilityinordertoattractthereaders’interest。However，thetranslationofEnglishpunisalwaysconsideredtobeextremelydifficult。Manypeopleevenconsiderpunsasuntranslatable。SincethereismuchdifferencebetweenChineseandEnglishinphonologyandmorphology，itisdifficulttofindequivalencebothinsoundandinmeaninginthetargetlanguageforatranslator。Butthereisnosourcetextthatisabsolutelyuntranslatable；thetranslationofpunsispossibletoacertainextent。Thispaperintroduces3maintypestotranslateEnglishpuns。Theyareliteraltranslation，freetranslation，andannotatedtranslation。
　　〔KeyWords〕Englishpun；classification；characteristics；function；translation
　　【摘要】英语双关语是重要的修辞格之一，这种修辞格广泛运用于各种文学作品，如诗歌、小说、故事、广告及谜语中。本文在英语双关的定义基础上提出了同形同音异义词、同音异义词、同形异义词，这3种词可构成双关。并根据其结构成分所起的作用，再仔细地探讨了吕煦把英语双关主要分为三类：同音双关、同词双关、音义双关。英语双关利用其特有的本质特点，故意造成歧义，来达到言在此而意在彼的特殊效果。英语双关语的应用能起到一种诙谐幽默，冷嘲热讽，形象生动的作用并能充分体现人物的性格特征，加强语言的美感，提高该作品的可读性来引起读者的兴趣。然而，英语双关语的翻译又是极其困难的，很多人甚至认为是不可译的，因为英汉两种语言的语音不同，两种语言的多义词并不能一一对应，但英语双关语还是存在一定的可译性。本文主要介绍3种主要翻译方法：直译法，意译法，注释法。
　　【关键词】英语双关语；分类；本质特点；作用；翻译
　　1。Introduction
　　Inacertaincontext，awordorphrasethatisrelevanttotwoormoreconceptions，ideasorfeelingsisoftenemployedtomakeanexpressionmoreeffectiveorhumorous。Thisisachievedwhenthereexistsidentityorsimilaritybetweencertainwordsinsuchaspectsaspronunciation，formationormeaning。Thisidentityorsimilarityproducesdoublemeanings，whichenablespeopletoconnectnaturallytheliteralmeaningwiththeimpliedmeaning。Ofthesetwomeanings，theimpliedmeaningistheprincipalpart。
　　Thisiswhatwecalltheuseofpun。Theuseofpundatesbacktoancientdays。Shakespearefavoredpunparticularly。Itisestimatedthatthereareabout3000punsemployedinShakespeare’sworks〔1〕。TheemploymentofpuninEnglishnovels，poems，speeches，advertisementsandriddlesmakesthemhighlyreadableandpromptspeopletoappreciatethebeautyoflanguage。AndthetranslationofEnglishpunsintoChineseenhancesthecharmoftheoriginalworksandtheunderstandingoftheversion。
　　2。Definitionandclassificationofpuns
　　2。1Definitionofpuns
　　Lookingatthesameissuefromdifferentperspectives，wemayoftencomeupwithdifferentdefinitionsofthethingunderdiscussion。And，notsurprisingly，puncanbethusdefinedinmanyways。Thereissuchahumorousexplanationaboutpun：punningtotortureonepoorwordtenthousandways（JohnDryden）〔2〕。
　　InLongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish，punisdefinedasAnamusinguseofawordorphrasethathastwomeanings，orwordswiththesamesoundbutdifferentmeanings〔3〕。AccordingtoTheOxfordEnglishDictionary，punisdefinedastheuseofwordinsuchawayastosuggesttwoormoremeaningsordifferentassociations，ortheuseoftwoormorewordsofthesameornearlythesamesoundwithdifferentmeanings，soastoproduceahumorouseffect〔4〕。InPrincetonEncyclopediaofPoetryandPoetics，punisdefinedasAfigureofspeechdependinguponasimilarityofsoundandadisparityofmeaning〔5〕。
　　Fromtheabovedefinitions，wecanseethathomonyms，homophones，andhomographsallareavailabletoconstructpunswith。
　　2。1。1Homonyms
　　Ahomonymisawordthatisidenticaltoanotherwordinpronunciationandspellingbutnotinmeaning〔6〕。
　　Forexample：
　　（1）Can：n。amp；v。Putsomethinginacontainer
　　Can：modalverbnb双关语及其翻译双关语及其翻译双关语及其翻译sp；Beableto
　　（2）Change：v。Tobecomedifferent
　　Change：n。Moneyintheformofcoins
　　（3）Bear：v。Sustainresponsibility；enduredifficulty，etc
　　Bear：n。Akindofanimal，havingthickfurandwalkingonitssoles
　　（4）Book：n。Awrittenorprintedwork
　　Book：v。Engage（aseatetc。）inadvance；makeareservationofAhomophoneisawordthatisidenticaltoanotherwordinpronunciationbutnotinspellingandmeaning。
　　Forexample：
　　（5）Bale：n。Alargebundle
　　Bail：v。Toremovewaterfromaboat
　　（6）Knew：v。Pastofknow
　　New：adj。Ofrecentoriginorarrival
　　（7）Soul：n。Spiritualorimmaterialpartofman，heldtosurvivedeath
　　Sole：n。Lowersurfaceofhumanorotherfoot
　　（8）Pair：n。Asetoftwopersonsorthingsusedtogetherorregardedasaunit
　　Pear：n。Ayellowishorbrownishgreenfleshyfruit，taperingtowardsthestalk
　　2。1。3Homographs
　　Ahomographisawordthatisidenticaltoanotherwordinspellingbutnotinpronunciationandmeaning。
　　Forexample：
　　（9）Minute：n。Sixtiethpartofanhour
　　Minute：adj。Verysmall；trifling
　　（10）Digest：v。Tochangefoodinthestomachintoaformyourbodycanuse
　　Digest：n。Ashortpieceofwritingthatgivesthemostimportantfactsfromabook，reportetc
　　（1
　　1）Lead：v。Guidebythehand，directmovementsof
　　Lead：n。Akindofmetal
　　（1
　　2）Wind：n。Airinmoreorlessrapidnaturalmotion
　　Wind：v。Goincircular，spiralcourse
　　2。2ClassificationofEnglishpuns
　　Concerningtheclassificationofpuns，differentlinguistshavedifferentstandpoints。AsHeShanfenstatesinContrastiveStudiesofEnglishandChineseLanguages，punscanberoughlypidedintothreekinds。Theyarenamedantalaclasis，paronomasiaandsyllepsis〔7〕。Heretheauthorusestwoexamplestoexplainthefirsttwoparts。
　　Antalaclasisreferstoawordusedtwiceormore，buteachtimewithadifferentmeaning。Forexample：
　　（1
　　3）ToEnglandwillIstealandthereI’llsteal。
　　ThefirststealmeanstogotoEnglandsecretlywithoutbeingnoticed，whilethesecondstealisusedinitsmostcommonlyusedmeaning。
　　Paronomasiaistheuseoftwowords，whicharesimilarinpronunciationbutdifferentinmeaning。Forexample：
　　（1
　　4）CatchtheRaincheetahsandcheattherain。
　　Hereraincheetahsisthebrandnameoftheproduct。Itispronouncedsimilarlytoraincheaterwhichechoestocheattherain。
　　InEnglishWritingandRhetoricwrittenbyProf。WenJun，amorespecificmeansofclassificationbringsaboutfivecategoriesofpuns〔8〕：homophonicpun，
　　paronomasia，antalaclasis，Sylleticpunandasteimus。
　　However，accordingtoLiXinhua，inhiswork，ADetailedStudyofFiguresof2。2。1Homophonicpuns
　　Itistheuseofwordswiththesameorsimilarpronunciationbutdifferentspellingsandmeanings。Italsocalledphoneticpuns，andphoneticpunisthebasicformofEnglishpun。Inourdailycommunication，phoneticisthecarrieroftransferringinformation。Accordingtopsycholinguistics，speechcommunicationisaprocessofpsychologicalactivitiesfromencodingtodecoding。Whenspeakersemploytheorderof‘thinkingmeaningvoice’totransmitoutside，itiscalledencoding；whenlistenersemploytheorderof‘voicemeaningthinking’toprocessandtrytounderstand，itiscalleddecoding。Theinterprocessingonlyreliesonhearing，lackingvisualsense，anditwillcauseambiguityinunderstanding。
　　Forexample：
　　（1
　　5）Howisbreadmade？
　　Iknowthat！Alicecriedeagerly。Youtakesomeflour
　　Wheredoyoupicktheflower？ThewhiteQueenasked。Inagardenorinthehedges？
　　Well，itisn’tpickedatall。Aliceexplained。It’sground
　　Howmanyacresofground？saidthewhiteQueen。〔10〕
　　（LewisCarrol：Alice’sAdventuresinWonderland）
　　Inthisexample，flowerandflourhavethesamepronunciationbutquitedifferentinmeaning。Theadoptionofthehomophonicpunmakesthedialoguemorevivid，humorous。Moreover，groundcanbeunderstoodassolidsurfaceoftheearth，andalsocanbeunderstoodasthepastofgrind。
　　（1
　　6）Drunkdriversoftenputthequartbeforethehearse。
　　Here，quartissimilartocartinsound，whilehearseissimilartohorse。Thissentencecanconstructhomophonicpunbyborrowingfromtheidiomputthecartbeforethehorse，whichmeansputorsaythingsinthewrongorder。Thispunisdrivingatwarningtheaddictingdriversthatdrivingafterdrinkisakindofsuicide。
　　（1
　　7）Waiter，there’sahairinmysoup。
　　Sosorry，sir。Didyouorderitwithout？
　　Hairheremeansoneofthefinethreadlikestrandsthatgrowfromtheskinofpeopleandanimals，whilethewaiterunderstanditonpurposeashare。Haremeansananimalcookedasorderedfood。Thecustomeriscomplainingaboutthebadconditionoftherestaurant，butbyusingthehomophonicpun，thewaiterisbeinghumoroustoeaseawaythecomplaint。
　　2。2。2Homographicpuns
　　Itisthecraftyuseofthefeaturesofhomonymsorpolysemytoexpressthedoublemeanings。Takethefollowingasanexample，
　　（1
　　8）SomeboysthinkI’mprettyandsomeboysthinkI’mugly。Whatdoyouthink，Tom？
　　Abitofboth。
　　Whatdoyoumean？
　　Prettyugly
　　Asanadjective，prettymeanspleasingandattractive，therefore，thelastsentencecanbeunderstoodassheisbothattractiveandugly，whileasanadverb，prettymeansrather，fairly，sothesentencealsomeanssheisveryugly。Tomemploystheprettybeautifully，itisapolysemy。Andwecanlearnaboutthehumorinthedialogue。
　　（1
　　9）Theclerk：Areyouengaged？
　　Augustus：Whatbusinessisthatofyours？However，ifyouwilltakethetroubletoreadthesocietypapersforthisweek，youwillseethatIamengagedtoHonorableLucyPopham，youngestdaughterof
　　Theclerk：Thatisn’twhatImean。Canyouseeafemale？
　　Augustus：Ofcourse。Icanseeafemaleaseasilyasamale。DoyousupposeIamblind？
　　Theclerk：Youdon’tseemtofollowme；somehow，thereisafemaledownstairs，whatyoumightcallalady。Shewantstoknow，canyouseeherifIletherup。〔11〕
　　G。B。ShawAugustusDoesHisBit
　　Intheplay，twopunsareemployed。First，thephrasebeengagedinsthmeansbeoccupiedorbusy；beengagedtosbmeansagreedtomarrysb。Second，theverbseeisunderstoodashaveaninterviewwithsb；meetsbintheclerk，whileAugustusinterpretitaswhetherhehasthepowerofsight。Areyouengaged？hereaccordingtotheclerk，hewantstoaskAugustuswhetherheisbusyornot？ButAugustusunderstandsitasagreedtomarrysb。WecanlearnfromthisdialoguesparklingwithhumorousandwitthatAugustusisthinkingaboutwome双关语及其翻译双关语及其翻译双关语及其翻译nalldaylong。
　　（20）Thenumberofattorneyswhodiewithoutawillisamazing。
　　Evenwherethereisnowill，thereisaway。〔12〕
　　Thefirstwillmeansstatement，document；thesecondmeansaperson’spowercandirecthisthoughtsorinfluenceothers。
　　MichaelDemarestusesthishomographicpuntotellusthedifferencebetweenchronicprocrastinationandpurposefulpostponementandmakeagreatsatire。
　　2。2。3Punsonbothpronunciationandmeaning
　　Thiskindofpunoftenembodiesthespecialnamesoffiguresintheliterarywork。Whentheauthorswanttoportrayaperson，theyoftenemploythiskindofpuntogivethepersonaspecialnameinordertorevealthefigure’scharacter，behaviorandfate。LvXuexpoundsthiskindofpunwithoriginality；hethinksthattheuseofthiskindofpuncanbevividinstressingthefigureandportrayingthecharacterofthefigure。Takethefollowingasanexample，
　　（2
　　1）InShakespeare’sKingHenryIV，SirJohnFalstatffisnotacharacterwhothinksandactsinoneorthesameway。Inappearance，heiskind，noble，witandbrave，however，infact，heisaselfish，coward，licentiousandwickedmanatrulyfalsestuff〔13〕。AndthewordFalstatffissimilartofalsestuffinpronunciation。Anotherexamplegoeslikethis：InGilbertHighet’sThePhilosopherandtheConqueror，thissentenceAtitterbrokeoutfromtheelegantGreeks，whowerealreadybeginningtomakejokesaboutthecurthatlookedattheking。〔14〕HerethecurreferstoDiogenesthephilosopherononehand，Diogenesactedveryrudelytowardthegreatconquerorthateveryoneelserespectedandadmired，andontheotherhand，Diogenesisacynicphilosopher。AndtheoriginofthewordcuristheGreekwordkunikos，meaningadog。SocurisatypicalfeatureofDiogene，andtheimageofDiogeneisvividtous。InR。B。Sheridan’sTheSchoolforScandal，LadySneerwell，SirBenjaminBackbiteandCaptainBoastallarefamousfortheirrespectivefeatures：Sneerwelldoeswellinsneering，BenjaminBackbiteusuallyspreadscalumniousrumorsbehindone’sback；andCaptainBoastalllikestotalkbig。
　　Fromtheaboveexamples，wecanseethefeatureofthiskindofpunistouseanobject’straitstoexpresstheobjectitself。Andthisfeaturealsocanbefoundinanotherfigureofspeechmetonymy。Forexample，
　　（2
　　2）Theboiledlobsterwalkedintotheoffice。
　　HereboiledlobsterreferstoBritainsoldier，becauseBritainsoldiersoftenwearreduniform。
　　（2
　　3）Soapystoodstillwithhishandsinhispocketsandsmiledatthesightofbrassbuttons。
　　BrassbuttonsisoneofthefeaturesofAmericancopuniform，sohereitreferstopolice。
　　Theaboveanalysisindicatesthatpunisinacertainextentconnectedwithmetonymy，aboutthispoint；LiXinhua’spointisgoodforunderstandingtheinterrelation。Hethinks，Englishpunbelongstothecategoryofmetonymy〔15〕。Metonymyisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanother，inessence，sodoespun。Punistheuseofawordwithsameorsimilarpronunciationtoexpressthedifferentmeanings，ortheuseofthesamewordtosuggestdifferentmeanings。Inaword，nomatteritispronunciationorspelling，italwaysdoeswiththesubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanother。Therefore，thesubstitutionofthenameof‘A’for‘B’isthecommonfeatureofpunandmetonymy。However，wecan’tmixthemup，becausetheformationofpunspossessesthefollowingtwocharacteristics。
　　3。CharacteristicsofEnglishpun
　　TheformationofEnglishpunneedstwofundamentalconditions：ambiguityand
　　doublecontext。
　　3。1Ambiguity
　　Thefirstcharacteristicofapunisthatthefocusofitsmeaningliesinitsambiguity。Nomatterwhethertheyarehomophonesorhomographs，thespeakeraimstoachieveanambiguity。Ambiguitycanbepidedintopositiveandpassiveambiguity。Puttingthewordinthewrongplacetocauseambiguityandimpairingtheeffectivenessiscalledpassiveambiguity，whileusingthepolysemeonpurposetoenhancetheeffectivenessiscalledpositiveambiguity。Inourdailycommunication，wetrytoavoidthepresenceofambiguity，butasforpunswedeliberatelycreateambiguity。Thatisbecausetheessenceofapunliesinitsambiguity。Forexample，
　　（2
　　4）Whatkindofmoneydogirlslikethemost？
　　Matrimony
　　wemustadmitthatitisverydifficulttotranslatethepuninthisexampleintoChinesewithout双关语及其翻译双关语及其翻译双关语及其翻译losingitsoriginalflavor。However，itisaperfectexampleofpunsinEnglish。TheendingelementmonyofthewordMatrimonyhasthesimilarsoundwiththatofthewordmoney，whichisconsideredasahomophonicpun。Itisimpliedtousthatgirlsexpecttochangetheirsocialandeconomicstatusesthroughmarriage。Thispunisveryhumorousandironic。Let’slookatanotherexample，
　　（2
　　5）King：mycousinHamlet，andmysonHowisitthatthecloudsstillhangonyou？
　　Hamlet：Notso，mylord，Iamtoomuchinthesun。〔16〕
　　Shakespeare，Hamlet
　　Heresunandsonhavethesamesoundbutambiguity，Hamletusedthisambiguityskillfullytohinthiscomplainingemotionintheindirectway。ThekingpretendedtobeintimatewithHamletandcallhimson，however，HamletrespondedthatIamtoomuchinthesun。Thesurfacemeaningisthathedriesinthesunforalongtime，butactually，itsuggeststhatHamletcouldn’tbeartobehisuncle’ssonanylonger。
　　Keepinmindthatthecentralandbasicphenomenononwhichpunsoperatesisambiguity。Apunintentionallyemploysphonemicorsemanticconditionstosuggestonemeaningonthesurfacewhilehidinganother。Wecanfindtheoreticalsupportfortheambiguityofpuns。LiXinhuamaintainsthatlanguageunithasbothformandcontent，whilethereisnotaonetoonerelationshipbetweenformandcontent，thatistosay，onephonemicformdoesnotsignifyonemeaning，andonemeaningisnotrepresentedbyonelanguageform〔17〕。Forexample，
　　（2
　　6）Tryyoursweetcorn；you’llsmilefromeartoear。
　　Itisasuccessfuladvertisement。Onephonemicformearcanbeinterpretedasdoublemeaning，oneisorganofhearing，theotherisseedbearingpartofacereal，suchaswheat，etc。
　　3。2Thedoublecontext
　　Anothercharacteristicisthatapuncontainsadoublecontext。AccordingtotheAmericanScholarArchibaldA。hill，therearethreeelementsinanalyzingandcomposingapun：adoublecontext，ahingeandatrigger〔18〕。Doublecontext，whichlaysfoundationsforcomprehensionofpunnysense，isessentialforformingapun。Hingereferstopunnyword，andatriggerreferstotheintentionandbackgroundthatlurkbehindtheexploitationofpuns，whichisoftenemployedwhenweanalyzepuns。Theexactmeaningofawordisdeterminedbyitscontext，anddifferentcontextsmayleadtodifferentmeanings。Takethefollowingasanexample，
　　（2
　　7）Mineisalongandasadtale！saidthemouse，turningtoAliceandsighing。
　　Itisalongtail，certainly！saidAlice，lookingdownwithwonderatthemouse’stail；butwhydoyoucallitsad？〔19〕
　　（L。Carol：Alice’sAdventuresinWonderland）
　　Thereisnodoubtthatthisexamplehasadoublemeaning。BoththeMouseandAlicehavetheircontexts。Inthisexample，thehingewordsaretaleandtail，whichisahomophone。WhattheMousewantstoconveyisastory，so，whentheMousesaysasadtale，Alicegetsconfused，becausewecan’tsayasadtail。Anotherexampleisasfollows：
　　（2
　　8）Amansitsdownatatableinarestaurantandasks，Doyouservecrab’shere？Thewaitersays，Sure，sitdown，weserveanybody。
　　Here，thewordcrabisthehinge。Ononehand，crabmeansakindofseafood，ontheotherhand，italsomeansasourperson。Inthecustomer’scontext，heisaskingiftherestaurantservesthefoodofcrabs，whileinthewaitercontext，heunderstandsthecrabasasourperson，sohetellsthecustomerthattheyserveeveryoneevenapersonwhohasgotbadtemper。
　　（2
　　9）AftersuccessfullydeliveringthefirstchildofaCanadiancouplevisitingScotland，thedoctorpoppedintothewaitingroomtotelltheanxioushusbandthegoodnews。
　　It’saboyeightpoundsexactly！
　　Oh，repliedtheflusteredfather。Willyoutakeacheck？
　　Inthedoctor’scontext，poundisaunitofweight，whileintheflusteredfather’scontext，poundisaunitofmoney。Therefore，heanswered，Willyoutakeacheck？
　　4。FunctionsofEnglishpun
　　Punisawitticisminvolvingtheplayfuluseofawordindifferentsensesorwordsthatdifferinmeaningsbutsoundalike；itisessentiallyadevicetoattractareader’sattention。Innature，itisawordplay。Whileinessence，itisanambiguity。Thatistosay，awordorphrasehasameaningonthesurface，buthidinganothermeaningsoastoachieveaspecifiedimpactuponsomeaudience。Punfulfilsmorefunctionsashumor，wit，satire，entertainment，persuasion，andsoforth。
　　双关语及其翻译双关语及其翻译双关语及其翻译nbsp；4。1Producinghumorouseffect
　　Themajorfunctionofpunistoproducehumorouseffect。Thesepunsenablethe
　　speakerorthewritertoexpresshisintentionindirectly，improvingthetension。Sometimesitcanevenrelievetheembarrassedandcreatealightandhappyatmosphere。Forexample，
　　（30）Fourthfloor，please，saidthepassengertotheelevator。
　　Hereyouare，son
　　Howdareyoucallmeson？
　　Ibroughtyouup，didn’tI？
　　Thephrasebringsbupcanbeinterpretedastoeducateandcareforachilduntiltheyaregrownuportakesbhere。Wecanlearnthesmart，livelyandhumorousinthisdialogue。
　　（3
　　1）Theprofessortappedonhisdeskandshouted，Gentlemen，Order！
　　Theentireclassyelled，beer！
　　Here，ordermeansbequietortoaskforgoodsorservicestobesupplied。Whenaprofessorishavingclass，naturally，heisaskingthestudentstokeepquiet。However，thestudentsusethehomonymtotwisttheprofessor’smeaningonpurpose。Boththestudentsandtheprofessorgetwhattheywant。Wealsobelievethattheprofessorcannothelplaughingwhenhehearsthestudents’responsebeer！Atthemoment，humorcanbeproducedandrelieveembarrassment。
　　（3
　　2）HopelesswidowerNothingcanmendabrokenheart。
　　HopefulWidowExceptrepairing
　　Inthisexample，thekeywordisrepair。Repairisapolysemicword，however，atthefirstthought，weareeasytorealizetheoriginalmeaningofrepair，whichistofixortomend。Butcanwemendabrokenheartinausualway？Ofcoursenot！Fromthehintofthespellingofrepairing，wecanfindtheintentionalmeaningofwidow。Theonlywaytomendabrokenheartistofindaspouseagain。Herehumorgoeswithwit。
　　4。2Makingabittersatire
　　Toproducesatiricaleffect，apunismightierthanaswordanditisabrilliantone。Asatiricalpunistheuseofwittomaketheattackclever，funnyorhumorous。Forexample，
　　（3
　　3）Ifinallyfiguredouthowgovernmentworks。TheSenategetsthebillfromtheHouse。ThepresidentgetsthebillfromtheSenate。Andwegetthebillforeverything。〔20〕
　　Herethefirstandsecondbillmeansdraftofaproposedlaw，tobediscussedbyaparliament，thethirdmeanswrittenstatementofmoneyowedforgoodsorservicessupplied。Theauthorusesthedoublemeaningofthewordbilltoformpun。Bycontrast，itshowsthatthecitizensaregreatlydissatisfiedwiththegovernmentandmakeabittersatiretotherules。
　　（3
　　4）Mysister，Mrs。JoeCargery，wasmorethantwentyyearsolderthanI，andhadestablishedagreatreputationwithherandtheneighborsbecauseshehadbroughtmeupbyhand。Havingatthetimetofindoutforoneselfwhattheexpressionmeant，andknowinghertohaveahardandheavyhand，andtobemuchinthehabitoflayingituponherhusbandaswellasuponme，IsupposedthatJoeGargeryandIwerebothbroughtupbyhand。〔21〕
　　（CharlesDickens，GreatExpectations）
　　Herethekeyphraseistobebroughtupbyhand，whenwereadthefirstbroughtupbyhand，weknowitconveysitsoriginalmeaning，whilethroughthecontext，wecanknowthatthesecondimpliedthatMrs。JoeCargeryusuallybeatherhusbandandheryoungbrotherwithherhardandheavyhand，whichmadethemsufferagreatdeal。BymakingasharpcontrastbetweenwhatMrs。JoeCargerytoldherneighborsandthetruth，thewholepassageshowsagreatsatire。
　　（3
　　5）A：Whatdolawyersdowhentheydie？
　　B：Liestill。
　　Lieandstillcreatedoublepunsinthisdialogue。Thesecondsentencecanbeunderstoodas：They’restilltellingliesafterdeath。Italsocanbeinterpretedas：they’relyingtheresilentlyafterdeath。Itisobviouslythattheauthorusesthepunstosatirizethelawyerswhoalwaysdodishonestthingsinthenameofthelawwhentheyarealive。
　　4。3Expressingcharacter’sfeeling
　　Punisfrequentlyemployedinliteraryworkstoportrayfigure’scharacter，behavior，andrevealtheirfeeling。Forexample；
　　（3
　　6）You’llhavetokeepclass2underyourthumb。Saidtheheadmaster。Tomakethisclear，heshowedmehisownthumb；ahugething，likeapocketcudgel。Ifeltverypale。Ihad双关语及其翻译双关语及其翻译双关语及其翻译reasonenoughtodistrustmythumb〔22〕。
　　（EdwardBlishen，RoaringBoys）
　　Herethekeywordofthisexampleisthumb。Thumbcanbeunderstoodasonehasabilitytodosthorshortthickfingersetapartfromtheotherfour。Tokeepsbunderone’sthumbmeanscompletelyundersb’sinfluenceorcontrol。Inthisexample，theauthormadeasharpcontrastbetweenthenewteacher’sthumbandtheheadmaster’shugethumb，andpointedouttheirdifferentability。Thebaddisciplinedphenomenonofclass2appearsbeforethereaders，atthesametime，revealingthenewteacher’stimidcharacter。
　　（3
　　7）NotI，believeme。Youhavedancingshoeswithnimblesoles；Ihaveasoulofleadsostakesmetotheground。Icannotmove。
　　Heresoleandsoulisapairofhomophones。Solemeanstheundersideofashoe，whilesoulmeansthespiritualnatureofhumanbeing。TheyformastrongcontrastthatothershavenimblesoleswhileRomeowithaleadsoul，whichreflectthatRomeo’ssufferingmoodatthetime。
　　（3
　　8）Ifhedobleed，I’llgildthefacesofthegroomswithal；foritmustseemtheirguilt。〔23〕
　　（W。Shakespeare，Macbeth）
　　Thisexampleistheuseofawordwithsimilarsound。Gildandguiltbelongtoparonomasiapun。Fromthesetwowords，wecanseeclearlythatMrs。Macbethattempttokillapersontopreventhimfromdisclosingasecret，andshiftthemisfortuneontosomebodyelse。
　　4。4Addingvividnesstoattractattention
　　Asapunisconciseandstriking，itisoftenemployedinadvertisements，newsheadlines，slogans，etc。Theuseofthepunensuresthatthemessageiscommunicationwithmorestrength。Anadvertiserisparticularlyconcernedwiththeproblemofattractingandholdinganaudience’sattention。Andpunsfunctionasthestimuli，whichremainthemosteconomicalandefficientmeanstoattractattention。Forexample；
　　（3
　　9）SelfTestingMedicalkits
　　NoFarFetchedDoctor〔24〕
　　HereFarFetchedcanbeinterpretedas（ofacomparison）strained；unnaturalandalsocanbeunderstoodasinvitesbfromthedistantplace。Byusingthehomographicpun，oneheadlinewithdoublemeanings，thetopicsentencepresentthebestexplanationtotheheadline。
　　（40）Oneshopannounced：DARWINisRightINSIDE（ThiswasJ。R。Darwin’sEverythingtowearstore）〔25〕。
　　HereDARWINcanbeunderstoodasapersonwhoownthestoreoragreatmanwhobroughtupTheTheoryofEvolution。Asanadj，rightmeanstrueorcorrect；asanadv，rightmeansjust，directly。Wecanexplainitinthesetwoways：a。ThegreatmanDarwinwhobroughtuptheTheoryofEvolutioniscorrect。b。TheownershipcalledDarwinisjustinside。Heiswaitingforyou！Comeinandbuy！Welcometoourstore！Thisheadlineissodifferentandeyecatching，andattractingtheaudienceattention。
　　4。5Formingariddle
　　Becauseofthesimilarityofsoundandgraphandthedisparityofmeaning，punismosteasilymadeintoriddles。Moreover，apunisakindofhumorousandamusinguseofwordstoexpresswitinaconciseway，whichisjustinlinewiththepropertiesofriddles。Therefore，apunisquiteaneffectivemeanstoproposeriddles。Takethefollowingasanexample：
　　（4
　　1）Whyisariverrich？
　　Becauseithastwobanks。
　　Herebankcanbeinterpretedasbankofariver；itcanalsobeunderstoodasbankwheremoneyisdepositedandkept。Humorgoeswithwitinthisriddle。
　　（4
　　2）Whyamannevertellshissecretsinacornfield？
　　Becauseithassomanyears。
　　Earhasdoublemeaningshere。Oneisearofcorn，theotherisearofahumanbeing。
　　（4
　　3）Ifyouhadtwowires，andyoutookoneaway，whatwouldyouhave？
　　Awireless
　　Awirelessmeansaradio，whileonewirelessmeanswithonlyonewireleft
　　5。ThetranslationofEnglishpun
　　5。1Translatabilityofpuns
　　Thetranslationofpunsisalwaysconsideredtobeextremelydifficult。Manypeopleevenconsiderpunsasuntranslatable。SincetherehavemuchdifferencebetweenChineseandEnglish，foratranslator，itbecomesalmostimpossibletofindequivalencebothinsoundandinmeaninginthetargetlanguage。IntranslatinganEnglishhomophonicpunintoChinese，thereexistsastructuralbarrier。Ahomophonicpunisamerecoincidenceinsound。Butwhenthecoincidencei双关语及其翻译双关语及其翻译双关语及其翻译stranslatedintoChinese，itwillnolongerbeacoincidence。Itmaynotbeapunanymore。Asaresult，theoriginalhumororwitinthepunisnowheretobeseen。IntranslatinganEnglishhomographicpun，translatorswillinevitablymeetsemanticbarriers，becausetherearefewexpressions，whichhavethesameconceptualandassociativemeaningsbothinEnglishandinChinese。
　　Ofcourse，thedifficultyinthetranslationofpunsiswhatwehavetoadmit。Thebarrierintranslationexistsaslongaslinguisticandculturaldifferencesexist。However，thereisnosourcetextthatisabsolutelyuntranslatable。Weshouldtrytoconvertuntranslatabilityintotranslatability，ormakecompensationintranslation。Inaword，thetranslationofEnglishpunsispossibletoacertainextent。
　　5。2ThetranslatingmethodsofEnglishpun
　　Basedontheaboveanalysis，wecanseethatalthoughEnglishpunsarehardtotranslate，itdoesexistacertaintranslatabilityextent。Therefore，translatorsexploremanywaystodealwiththistranslation。Insummary，itcanbepidedinto3types：literaltranslation，freetranslation，annotatedtranslation。
　　5。2。1Literaltranslation
　　Literaltranslation，generallyspeaking，referstotheoriginalversionistranslatedliterallyordirectlyintothetargetlanguage，thesamepunnymeaningsareretainedintheversion。
　　Heregoesanadvertisement；
　　（4
　　4）Afteryougetmarried，kissyourwifeinplaceswhereshe’sneverbeenkissedbefore。
　　Theoriginalversionisrenderedinto婚后，在你妻子从没被吻过的地方吻她。Thisadcontainsdoublemeanings：A：Afteryougetmarried，kissthepartsofyourwifewhereshe’sneverbeenkissedbefore。B：Afteryougetmarried，gototheplaceswhereyourwifehasneverbeentoandkissherthere。Hereplacesisliterallyconvertedinto地方，whichisexactlytheChineseequivalentofplaces。Thetranslationsuccessfullyconveys地方intotwomeaningsaplacetogoandsomewhereofone’sbody，whichenablesthereadersoftheChineseversiontolearntheintentionofthisadvertisementwithoutdifficultyjustastheEnglishreadersdo。Theadvertiserusesthishomographicpuntactfullysoastoattractthenewcouple。Inthetranslatedversion，thepersuasiveeffectisretained。Anotherexample：
　　（4
　　5）InHonghudayisgoingtobreak。〔26〕
　　洪湖就要天亮了。
　　Heredayisgoingtobreakmeansfirstlightthatappearsjustwhenthesunisabouttoriseabovethehorizon；daybreak。Thissentencehidesanothermeaning，TheRevolutionisgoingtoaccomplish。BothinEnglishandChineseversion，thissentencecontaintwolevelsofmeanings。However，thereaderscanimmediatelyreadoutthedoublemeanings。
　　（4
　　6）Callmeabaddoctorifyoulike。Callmewhatyouwill。Butdon’tcallmeatahalfpastthreeonaDecembermorningforanearachethatyouhavehadfortwoweeks。
　　叫我坏医生吧，你爱叫就叫吧。但是，千万不要在12月份凌晨3点半叫我去看你已经疼了两周的耳疾。
　　Inthisexample，thisfirsttwocallmeansdescribeoraddresssbsthas，name，thethirdcallmeansasksbtocomebytelephoning。Byusingtheliteraltranslation，theoriginalmeaningappearsagaininthetranslationofEnglishpun。
　　5。2。2Freetranslation
　　Sometimes，forsocialandculturaldifferencebetweenEnglishandChinese，thetranslatorsareunabletouseliteraltranslationbuttousefreetranslation。However，usingfreetranslationonlycanrenderthegeneralmeaningoftheoriginalversion。Thehumor，wit，satireorevencomplicatedfeelingsthatareexpresseduniquelybytheuseofpunsmaynotbefullyconveyed。Forexample；
　　（4
　　7）A：HiswordsareasplainasABC
　　B：ButI’mDEF（deaf）
　　A：他的话说得很清楚
　　B：可惜我听觉失灵
　　DEFarethelettersthatcomeafterABC。DEFanddeafisapairofhomophones。Heredeafmeansunabletohearatallortohearwell。Intheshortdialogue，theimplicationmeaningisIdon’twanttohearyounomatterhowclearyouhavetold，sowecanseethatthetranslatedversionisalsoaperfectone。
　　（4
　　8）Spoilyourselfandnotyourfigure。
　　尽心地吃吧，别担心体重
　　Thephrasespoiloneselfmeansenjoyoneselftoheart’scontent，whilespoilone’sfiguremeansmakeadamageonone’sfigure。Inthisad，thepunnywordisspoil，theadvertiseremploysthehomographicpuntopersuadetheIceCreamlovertoeattotheirheartcontentwithoutworryingabouttheirweight。Itachievesagoodeffect。
　　5。2。3Annotatedtranslation
　　Puntranslationhasitslimita双关语及其翻译双关语及其翻译双关语及其翻译tions；itisnodoubtthatatranslatorwillmeetobstacles，moreorless，inbothlanguageandcultureintranslating。Insuchcases，ifhecannotmakethemclear，atranslatormayresorttoothertranslationtechniques，suchas，annotation。
　　Annotationintranslationmakesthepunnysenseoftheoriginaleasytoseeandeasytounderstand。Anditoffersachanceforthereadertoappreciatethebeautyofthesourcelanguage。However，adoptingannotationintranslationisalwaysthelastchoice，forthehumorintheoriginalversionmaynotbecompletelyconvertedinthetranslatedversion。
　　Forexample；
　　（4
　　9）Whyisthefigureninelikeapeacock？
　　It’snothingwithoutitstail
　　为什么说9像只孔雀？
　　因为它没了尾巴什么都不是。（注：9没了尾巴就成了0）
　　Itisaninterestingriddle，however，withouttheannotation，thereaderwillbeconfused。
　　（50）Perhapsfromsomevaguerumorofhiscollegehonors，whichhadbeenwhisperedabroadonhisfirstarrival，perhapsbecausehewasanunmarried，unencumberedgentleman，hehadbeencalledtheBachelor。
　　（CharlesDickens，TheOldCuriosityShop）
　　也许是因为他初来时大家交头接耳传说他在大学里有过学位，也许是因为他是位没有结过婚、无拘无束的绅士，他便被称为光棍学士。
　　注：原文为同词双关。光棍和学士在英文中一词双意。
　　HerebachelorcanbeinterpretedasanunmarriedmanortheholderofaBachelor’sDegreeindifferentcontext。Thetranslatortranslatesthebachelorskillfullyandthenaddsanotetoofferthereadersachancetoenjoythebeautyoftheoriginalpun。
　　6。Conclusion
　　PunisoneofthecommonrhetoricalfiguresinEnglish。Itiswidelyusedinour
　　dailylife。TheuseofEnglishpuncanenrichtheexpressionoflanguageandpromptpeopletoappreciatethebeautyoflanguage。Andhomonyms，homophonesandhomographsprovidemanychancestouseEnglishpun。Apunoftenhasdoublemeanings，oneisthesurfacemeaning，theotheristheimpliedmeaning，andtheimpliedmeaningisoftenwhattheauthorintendstotellus。Therefore，tounderstandandtranslateEnglishpunisverydifficult。AsanEnglishlearner，wemustlearnthecharacteristicsofEnglishpun，onlywhenwemasterthefeaturesofEnglishpuncanweuseiteasilyandeffectively。IntranslationofEnglishpun，wemustadopttheflexibletechnique，andtryourbesttoconverttheuntranslatabilityintotranslatability。
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