基于作品人物浅析菲茨杰拉德

　　Abstract
　　Atthetimeofhisdeath，Fitzgeraldwasconsideredasafailedliteraryhope，awritervictimizedbyhisownindulgences。Butsince1940shisliteraryreputationhassteadilyrisen。TodayheisjudgedtobeoneofthemajorAmericanprosewritersofthiscentury。Inanumberofhisshortstories，andinhisfinestnovel，TheGreatGatsby，Fitzgeraldhadrevealedthestridencyofanageofglitteringinnocence。Invividandgracefulprosehehad，atthesametime，describedtheemptinessandnothingnessofAmericanworshipofwealthandtheunendingAmericandreamoflove，splendor，andfulfilleddesires。
　　ThispaperfocusesonthestudyofthesimilaritiesbetweenFitzgeraldandGatsbyonthebasisofthenovel，TheGreatGatsby，whichconsistsofseveralpartsasfollows：
　　thefirstpartgivesthebriefintroduction，inwhichtheearlydaysofFitzgeraldandtheappearanceofGatsbyareintroduced。FromthewaysFitzgeraldusedtogetthesuccessandtheclassicpostureGatsbyownedinthedarkness，wegettoknowthattheyarewaitingforsomethingwhichisthesymbolofthewealthandthesocialposition。
　　ThesecondpartfocusesonthedetailedanalysisofthesimilaritiesbetweenFitzgeraldandGatsby，whichincludestheiroccupation，thewaytheypursuetheirtopgirl，thewaystheyloveandcherishtheirtopgirl，andthewaytofacethecruelandfalsesociety，fromtheanalysiswelearnthatbothofthempossessanenthusiasticillusionforromanticlovewithinnocenceandnaiveness。
　　Thelastpartsmakesaconclusionofthepaperbasedontheelementaryanalysisofthenovel，and，inthatway，wegettoknowtheideaofthepaperthatthecharacterofthenovelGatsbyistheembodimentoftheauthorFitzgerald。
　　KeyWords
　　Fitzgerald；Gatsby；similarities；
　　摘要
　　文学界认为他的去世是因为对文学失去了希望。认为菲茨杰拉德是一个因自我放纵而遭受伤害的作家，40年代以后他的文学地位日益上升。现在，菲茨杰拉德被认为是二十世纪美国主要的散文作家之一。在菲茨杰拉德的大量短篇故事中，还有他最好的小说《了不起的盖茨比》中，菲茨杰拉德揭示了美国20年代外表闪耀着天真的时代，而其中又有着刺耳的喧嚣。菲茨杰拉德用生动优雅的散文揭露了美国拜金主义的空虚，表现了美国人对爱情，豪华生活和无休止的欲望的无止境的追求。
　　在论文的第一部分的叙述中，我们从菲茨杰拉德的早期的经历可以知道：金钱，成功和社会地位对他早年生活，求学和参军起着不可磨灭的作用。并且与盖茨比的职业，走私客，相比也说明了在当时社会中流行的无须流汗便可成功已成为当时社会的一个主题，也说明了金钱，成功和社会地位的重要性。在第二部分中，菲茨杰拉德的追求珊尔达的过程中和盖茨比追求黛西的过程，还有他们对待他们所爱的女孩的方式和两个女人的寄生方式更充分的说明了金钱，成功和社会地位的重要性，也说明了在菲茨杰拉德的思想里也有对无须流汗便可成功的渴求。最后一部分，以菲茨杰拉德的落魄和盖茨比的死的悲剧来做结，也说明了当时的美国梦的枯萎。
　　关键词
　　菲茨杰拉德；盖茨比；相似性
　　Introduction
　　Since1940s，thenovelTheGreatGatsbyandtheauthorFitzgeraldhavebecomethefocusofthewritersandcritics，andtheypaidmuchattentiontothemseparately，andhowever，fewofthemresearchedthenovelandtheauthortogether。What’smore，fewofpeoplestudiedtheauthorfromtheperspectiveofthemaincharactersofthenovel，especiallyfromtheperspectiveofthecharacterofGatsby，forthis，theaimofthispaperistoprove：themaincharacterofthenovel，Gatsby，isthecopyoftheauthor，bycomparingthesimilaritiesandthedifferencesbetweenGatsbyandFitzgerald。
　　Thisnovelisasummaryoftheroaringtwenties，andadevastatingexpositionoftheJazzAge。ThroughthenarrationofNickCaraway，itexploresthesuperficiallyglitteringworldofmansionsontheLongIslandshore，andhisencounterwithJayGatsbyandthemysterythatsurroundshim。
　　Thenovelsmainthemesare：theproblemofwealthandtheproblemoflove，say，thewayofdealingwiththetrueloveandtheloveintheallusionwhichhasalwaysconfusedtheyouth。Inthenovel，theseproblemsarealongwiththeprocessofthedevelopmentoftheplottheauthordesigned。Inthenovel，Fitzgeraldspreoccupationwiththemoney，andthedreams，themagicalexpectations，thecarelessness，theideals，andtheillusionswhichcreateandcreatedbywealthwerecertainlyaverypersonalmatterforhimasaninpidual。Whilewhathegot：thedelicate，lovely，andessentiallyparasiticwomanwhoselove，loyaltyhadtobeacquiredbythesuccessandprotectedbythecontinuedachievement，insomeway，loveitselfreallylikeonekindofstockinvestmentwhichdependsuponthepermanentinvestmentofemotionalfunds。
　　Furthermore，theeternalthemeofthenovelevenallthenovelslove。Thisalsowasnotaexception，thereallifescopy，nay，theloveaffairbetweentheauthorandthesocalledgoldengirlZeldacompletelyoccurredinthenovelwithanothername：ThesocalledgreatGatsbyandthevast，vulgar，meretriciousbeautyDaisywhosevoicesarealwaysfullofmoney，andthisthemeoccurredineverycornerofthenovel。Andwelearnfromthenovelthatthewholeideaistheunfairnessofapoormancannotabletomarrythewomanhelovedwithoutmoney。
　　。TheFamilyandSocialBackgroundofFitzgerald
　　Fromthenovelwe’velearntthatthefamilyandthesocialbackgroundhaveplayedimportantpartsinthecharacterdevelopmentofFitzgeraldsincehisschooltimeswhichdeterminehislaterdevelopment。Itcanalsobelearntthatthefamilybackground，especiallyhisfatheraffectshisdevelopment；inthemeantimethesocialbackgroundhaveconstitutedtheexteriorfactorsinstimulatinghispursuitofAmericanDream。
　　A。TheFamilyBackgroundofFitzgerald
　　ThedominantinfluencesonF。ScottFitzgeraldwereaspiration，literature，Princeton，ZeldaSayreFitzgerald，andalcohol。
　　BorninSaintPaul，Minnesota，FitzgeraldisregardedasoneofthegreatestAmericanwritersofthe20thCentury。TheselfstyledspokesmanoftheLostGenerationtheAmericansborninthe1890swhocameofageduringWorldWarIcraftedfivenovelsanddozensofshortstoriesthattreatthemesofyouth，despair，andagewithremarkableemotionalhonesty。Hisheroeshandsome，confident，anddoomedblazebrilliantlybeforeexploding（Showmeahero，heoncesaid，andIwillwriteyouatragedy），（JohnW。Bicknell，1969：36）andhisheroinesarebeautifulandintricate。
　　FrancisScottKeyFitzgeraldwasborninSt。Paul，Minnesota，onSeptember24，1896，thenamesakeandsecondcousinthreetimesremovedoftheauthoroftheNationalAnthem。Fitzgeraldsgivennamesindicatehisparentsprideinhisfathersancestry。Hisfather，Edward，wasfromMaryland，withanallegiancetotheOldSouthanditsvalues。Fitzgeraldsmother，Mary（Mollie）McQuillan，wasthedaughterofanIrishimmigrantwhobecamewealthyasawholesalegrocerinSt。Paul。BothwereCatholics。
　　Atthesametime，Fitzgerald，tobeanoblemanasawriteratthattime，hedidn’tshowanydiscriminationtoGatsby，asabootlegger，itshowedthathehadreceivedtheidea：youcouldgetthesuccesswiththewayyouthinkitsuitableforyou。ThatwayofthoughtshowedthatthetraditionalAmericanmoralityalsoishisfeatureasNickheld。Thenarratorofthenovel，Nick，representsthetraditionalmoralstandardofAmerica。Nick，whowasattractedbythebeauty，thewealth，andtheearthylifestyleofthewasteland，however，hegraduallycomestounderstandthetrueaspectofthewasteland：essentialemptiness，thegaudydisplayofnothingness
　　During19111913heattendedtheNewmanSchool，aCatholicprepschoolinNewJersey，wherehemetFatherSigourneyFay，whoencouragedhisambitionsforpersonaldistinctionandachievement。AsamemberofthePrincetonClassof1917，Fitzgeraldneglectedhisstudiesforhisliteraryapprenticeship。HewrotethescriptsandlyricsforthePrincetonTriangleClubmusicalsandwasacontributortothePrincetonTigerhumormagazineandtheNassauLiteraryMagazine。HiscollegefriendsincludedEdmundWilsonandJohnPealeBishop。Onacademicprobationandunlikelytograduate，Fitzgeraldjoinedthearmyin1917andwascommissionedasecondlieutenantintheinfantry。Convincedthathewoulddieinthewar，herapidlywroteanovel，TheRomanticEgotist；theletterofrejectionfromCharlesScribnersSonspraisedthenovelsoriginalityandaskedthatitberesubmittedwhenrevised。（JohnW。Bicknell，1969：10）
　　B。TheSocialBackgroundofFitzgerald
　　InJune1918FitzgeraldwasassignedtoCampSheridan，nearMontgomery，Alabama。Therehefellinlovewithacelebratedbelle，eighteenyearoldZeldaSayre，theyoungestdaughterofanAlabamaSupremeCourtjudge。TheromanceintensifiedFitzgeraldshopesforthesuccessofhisnovel，butafterrevisionitwasrejectedbyScribner’sforasecondtime。Thewarendedjustbeforehewastobesentoverseas；afterhisdischargein1919hewenttoNewYorkCitytoseekhisfortuneinordertomarry。UnwillingtowaitwhileFitzgeraldsucceededintheadvertisementbusinessandunwillingtoliveonhissmallsalary，Zeldabroketheirengagement。
　　AndinthemindofFitzgerald，healsoappreciatesthecoolgirllikeJordan，justNickfallsinlovewithJordanatfirstsight。Jordan，alovelygirl，likeDaisy，whodressesinwhiteandalwaysseemstobecool。Andatthesametime，shehasherownwaytocatchtheopportunities。UnlikeDaisy，adelicate，lovely，andessentiallyparasiticwoman，Jordanalwayslookscool。Forthatspecialfeaturestheothergirlslacked，NickwasabsolutelyattractedbyJordanatthefirstsight，however，hebrokewithherfinallybecausehegetsthesameabilityforirresponsibilityandthequiteobliviousfalsethathegetsinDaisyandTom。
　　Fitzgeraldwasborninabigcity，sohegotanamecityboyofallhislife。Hisfamily，moreover，wasapartoftheSt。Paulsociety，andthiscondition，insomeway，largelyinfluencedthedirectionofhisartandtheacutesensibilityalonghisgrowth。Andwecansaythat，insomeway，Fitzgerald’sattitudeswereformedbytheupperclass’swayofdealingthefinancialandthesocialstatus，nay，itwashisheritage。What’smore，thethemejustlikeGatsbymakeshisfamousremarktoNickbeforetheymovingtotheNewYork：hervoiceisfullofmoneyinthenovelTheGreatGatsbycouldeasilygettheoriginalsource，sohisownfinancialattitudedecidedthebasicgistofthenovel。
　　Accordingtothewayheusedtopursuethegirlhelovedmayconcludedthat：hehasthedoublenessinhischaracter。Fitzgeraldwastheinheritoroftraditionwhichwasthefinancialsuccesswasthebasictheelementinthesuccessofthewholelife，andthewaytogetthesuccessnotrelatedtoagoodcitizenship，this，insomeway，wastheshadowofhisupperclassfamily’sshadow。
　　Ontheotherhand，healsoheldthatthegoodbusinesswasdirectlyrelatedtothegoodcitizenshipandsocialresponsibility，whichwasindicatedthatthemoralattitudeandethicwasthestrongbaseinhisheart。JustlikeNick，thenarratorofthenovel，gotintheendofthenovel，hewishesforaworldthatwouldstandonthebaseofmoralresponsibilityeternally。Andthatthenostalgiafortheworldwasanimportantaspectinthenovelratherthanthereallifeoftheauthor。Inaprofoundsense，heremainedamoralprovincialism，whichwasnostalgiaformoralqualitiesshowedintheWest，andascornofthemoralnothingnessrepresentedbytheEast，allofwhichwereformedthedramaticstructureofthenovel。
　　。TheEarlyDaysofFitzgeraldandtheAppearanceofGatsby
　　TheearlydaysofFitzgeraldandGatsbyhavemanyapparentdifferences；Fitzgeraldwhowasborninamiddleclassfamily，showsgreatpotentialtoexcelasfuturetalentswhileforGatsby，owningtohispoorfamilybackgroundfailstoimpressthereaderswithfeelingthathehasanypotentialtobecomefutureriches。
　　A。TheEarlyDaysofFitzgerald
　　Shortlyafterthebirthofthecityboy，hisfamilyhadmovedseveraltimes，andbythattimehisparentswerepastfifty，atthesametime，onefactbecamemoreandmoreobliviousthathisfather’scareerhadreachedadeadend。Andbeforethat，hismotherhadlosthertwopreviouschildren，allofherattentionwaspaidontheyoungScott，throughhehasasister，healsohasthefocusofhisparents。JustlikeEbleremarks：asomewhatpamperedandshelteredboy，andlivedinanapartmentofrentedhouses，aninheritorofasenseoffamilysuperioritywithoutmuchvisiblewaystomakeitinreallife。
　　EvenintheearlydaysofhistimesintheSt。PaulAcademy，hegraduallydisplayedhisaffinityforliteraryexpression；hepublishedfictionintheschoolmagazine，andkeptcopiousjournals。However，atsuchayoungage，hisattitudetowardliteraturewasnotclear，ambiguous，writing，insomeway，itwasmerelymeansamongmanyforprotectingthesocialpositionandthemainstatus，andyoungScottalsodevotedhimselfwithequalpassiontotheclubpoliticsandthesports，andnotmentionthedancingclass，asameansofgettingthestatushedeadlywantedto。
　　B。TheAppearanceofGatsby
　　Attheearlydays，Fitzgerald’scrazyforliteratureandtheeverymeanstogetsuccess，insomeway，whichcatchthereaders’interestinganditalsoreferredtheappearanceoftheGatsbywillnotascommonasthedeadwater，didn’tmoveanymoreordidn’thaveanyhighandlowpeaks。Atthefirstsight，Nick’sfirstviewofGatsbyhimselfispeculiarone：thelatterseemsalmosttobeengagedinsomesortofmysticrite，andNickstillonhomewithoutspeakingtohim。ToNick，hethoughtthatGatsbyturnstowardthedirectionofthemansionofDaisyacrossthebay，whereonlyonemysticgreenlightonthemansionoftheDaisy，andthegestureofhimjustlikeaworshipperbeforeashrine。Andgraduallyhevanishes，leavingNickaloneinthecompletelydarkness，andindeedGatsbyisaworshipperbeforeashrine，andwecangetitinthefollowingchapterofthenovel。OnlytohimtheshrineortheGoddessisadelicate，lovely，andessentiallyparasiticwoman，Daisy，avaguelyrealizedimageofsomesocalledbeautywhichinreallifeisonlyanillusion。
　　ThemysticappearanceofGatsbyinthenovel，infact，istherealonstageofFitzgerald，atthesametime，hisfirstonthestageofthesocialstage，fullofthesamemysticimageofGatsby。WealsocanguesslikethattheauthoralsohavesamegestureofGatsby，justlikestandingbeforeashrine，comparingwithGatsbyhisshrineorgodisthereputationorthecontinuoussuccess，andthereorganizationofhiscontemporary
　　。TheGoldenAgeofFitzgeraldandthePrimeTimeofGatsby
　　Andjustlikethesaying：believeyourselfyouwillgetthethingyouwantedrealizedinthereallife。Yeshegotthegirlhehaddreamedforalongtimewithhisgreatachievementintheliterature。Forthishealmostcostallofhismoneytohaveapartyinhisbeautifulmansionwhichbuiltforhislovinggirlwhowasadelicate，lovely，andessentiallyparasiticwoman，onlythecontinuousachievementcansatisfyhermaterialdemand。
　　ThestoryofGatsbyandDaisy，indeed，wasthecopytheauthor’slife。Andthesameplotstillappearedinthelovestoryofthetwomainprotagonists，formoney，forthesocialposition，thetwoprotagonistsfromloverbecamethestrange。Fromtheabovewecangetthatthetwoyoungboyshasthesamefeatures：naiveorinnocent，orwecansaythattheythoughtthattheloveistheplatoniclovetheythoughtintheirmind，andinfact，theirmindstillpure，evenwhentheygottheadmiringachievement。Inotherwords，theyweretheoutdatedmanoftheircontemporarysociety，eventheyhavetheabilitytogetthewealthandthesocialpositiontheywant，buttheyhavenottheabilitytoadjustthesocietyandtheabilitytocopewiththeproblemtheymetinheirreallife。
　　Atthesametime，Fitzgeraldisarationalpeople，hehastheabilitytousehislogicwayofdealingwiththeloveaffairbetweentheDaisyandhimself，however，hedidn’tuseitinhisreallife，itjustisaidealexistedinhisillusion。Orwecansaythathedidnothasthecouragetofacethereality，andhedidnotwanttothrowhisdelicate，lovely，andessentiallyparasiticwoman，ofcourseheneglecttheparasiticaspect，fortopgirlorthefairygirl。
　　。TheDeathofGatsbyandtheDownofFitzgerald
　　Themorningbellisringing，anditsuggeststhatsomethingwillgototheend。In1940thesecondheartattackkilledtheFitzgerald，andlefthimwiththeregretthathislastnovelnotfinishedandhisoncetopgirlZeldaaloneintheworld。Meanwhile，withtheclearandsurprisingsoundofthegun，thedreamofGatsbyawoke，andlefthimlyinginthebloodlikeaflower，andhewasabandonedbyhisbelovedgirlDaisy。
　　A。TheDeathofGatsby
　　AfterabriefandlargelyuneventfultriptoEurope，FitzgeraldandhiswifereturnedtoSt。Paul，wheretheirdaughterwasborn，andthentheyreturnedtoNewYork，enteredanotherroundofgaylife，andtheyrentedahouseinLongIslandwhereprovidethesettingforTheGreatGatsby。Andatthesametime，theconflictbetweentheFitzgerald’sownartistichopesandthedeadlyneedformoneytoprovidetheenoughmaterialbasesforhistopgirl，Zelda，demandedfromalifeasatributetoherexistence，andthisconditionbecamecontinuedandintensified。AndhiswifeoncetoldFitzgerald：youwantmetoworkformycost，andformydream。Thisisastrongprooftoshowthathergreedybecamemoreandmorebigger，whilethisveryturningpointthathiscreatingsourceisinthedilemma，wherehecouldn’tmoreanymoreinhisnovels。Atthesametime，thedreamhiswifetoldhimisnotthedreamZeldawanted，butthedreamofhisowndirectionofhislife，andhisdreamwithmuchfalseglitteringlight，andcoveredbythereputationwhichmadehimselfnotclearlyaboutthemeaningofhisdream。
　　B。TheDownofFitzgerald
　　What’smore，withthecarnivalagainandagain，andthemoneygetfromtheartisticcreatingisnotbalancedwiththelargecostforthemeetingholdforshowingofftheirwealth，andalsonotbalancedwiththegreedyofZelda，theonlywaytogetoutofthisconditionFitzgeraldcoulduseisthealcoholwiththehelplesstears。MeanwhilethementalbreakdownofZeldaisthatshewantedtopursueherownfantasiesofacareerinballetandasanovelistinherownright，whichmadeFitzgeraldmovedclosertothebottle。AndinsometimeheandtheHemingwaybecametheintimatefriends，andatthattimehewasthefamouswriter，whileHemingwaywastheunknown，bytheendoftheyears，theirrolesreversed，withHemingwaygettingonhisownstageofliterature，whichwasalsogaveabigstrikeonFitzgerald。
　　EvenmuchofhistimewasspentontheEuropewithrestlessnesswhichitselfwasbornofdespairratherthanhappiness。Atthesametime，Zeldabecameincreasinglyunbalanced，andhadonebreakdownandhealsofoundthatwritingbecamemoredifficult。Hardlyintohisthirties，washeconvincedthathiscareerwasallbutfinished。ThenreturnedtoAmericaandZelda’sfather’sdeathmadeherhadanotherbreakdown，insomeway，thisincreasedtheendofFitzgerald。
　　Themorningbellwasringing，anditshowedthatsomethingshouldgototheirend。
　　。TheEndoftheLegend
　　Bang！Bang！Withthetwoclearandsurprisingsoundofthegun，thedreamofGatsbyandWilsonandallthepeoplewiththesamedreamasGatsbyandWilsonawoke。
　　ThedreamliketheexistenceofthedaughterofDaisy，Pammy，isonlyaillusion。Indeed，Pammy’sappearanceisitselfafinelywroughtirony。ForDaisy’srelationshiptothechildisnotamothertoadaughter，theroleofPammyinDaisy’slifeistooobliviouslythatadaringtoy，atoytobeplayedwith，atoytoremovetheuneasyfeeling，justDaisycriesouttothechildyouareadream，you！inthereallifeforDaisythechildIsindeedadream，onlyatooloradecorativeobject，andatthesametimeitistheechooftheemotionofDaisyratherthanaexistedsubstance。
　　AttheendofthelifeofFitzgeraldandthenovel，tragedyisthemainfeature。In1940thesecondofheartattackkilledFitzgerald，withtheregretthathislastnovelTheLastTycoonnotfinished，alsolefthisoncetopgirlaloneintheworld，withtheworrythathisfairygirlfinallywenttoherendwiththefire。ThefailureofFitzgeraldIsatragedymadebythesocietyinpurpose，however，Fitzgeralddrewaportraitofhistimeandhealsoprovidedahistoricaldocumentforthehistoricantostudythatspecialtimes。
　　FinallyGatsby’sfathergotaconclusionforthewholelifeofGatsbythatheindeedisagreatmanwhodidsomuchforhisdream，andhegotthesuccesshewantedattheend，eventheendofthedreamisacompletelytragedy，however，hedidandenjoyed。
　　Conclusion
　　Inlength，TheGreatGatsbybarelyqualifiesasafullsizednovel。Insubject，itisaboutanAmericanbootleggerwhonourishedanadolescentdreamaboutagoldengirlhecannothave。Anduntilthedaybreak，thepureandnaivedreamwascompletelydestroyedbythereality。Thewayofpursuingthegirl，thewayofgettingthesuccess，thewayofspendingtheirmoney，thewayofcherishingtheirgirl，andthetragicendtheygot，alloftheseshowedthatGatsbyistherealofFitzgerald。
　　Theauthormakesuseofthecomparativeapproachtoanalyzethemaincharacterofthepaper。Firstly，withthenarrationandthecomparisonoftheearlydaysofGatsbyandtheauthor，wegettoknowtheideathatmoneyandsocialpositionarethemostimportantelementsoflife。Meanwhile，throughthecomparisonofthedifferentoccupationsofthem，weknowthattheyhavemanythingsincommon，includingthewealthandthesocialposition。Andsecondly，throughthecomparisonandthenarration，analysisofthesimilaritiesofFitzgeraldandGatsby，wegraduallygettoknowthatinnocenceornaivenessistheircommonground，andatthesametime，theirexperienceintheprocessofgettingtheir‘topgirl’alsoprovedit。Thenfromtheachievementtheygotintheirgoldenageorintheirprimetime，wehavelearnedthatgettingsuccessatsuchyoungageandgettingtheheartortheresponseoftheirbelovedtopgirlsaresimilaritiesofthatgeneration。AndfinallythroughthecomparisonofthedeathofGatsbyandthedownoftheFitzgerald，wefoundthatbothofthempossessanenthusiasticillusionforromanticlove。Therefore，comestotheconclusionthatthemaincharacterofthenovelGatsbyistheembodimentoftheauthor，Fitzgerald。
　　Notes
　　TheLostGeneration：isatermusedtodescribeagroupofAmericanwriterswhowererebellingagainstwhatAmericahadbecomebythe1900’s。Atthispointintime，Americahadbecomeagreatplaceto，gointosomeareaofbusiness（Crunden，185）。However，theLostGenerationwritersfeltthatAmericawasnotsuchasuccessstorybecausethecountrywasdevoidofacosmopolitanculture。TheirsolutiontothisissuewastopackuptheirbagsandtraveltoEurope’scosmopolitancultures，suchasParisandLondon。Heretheyexpectedtofindliteraryfreedomandacosmopolitanwayoflife
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