论白象似的群山中海明威独特的写作风格

　　Abstract
　　BeingdistinguishedfrommanygreatAmericanwriters，Hemingwayisfamousforhisuniquewritingstyle。Hechangesthetraditionalliteraryworksfromtediousstyleintoakindofconcisetelegraphstyle。Asamatteroffact，hisshortstoryHillslikeWhiteElephantsfullyreflectshisuniqueandclassicwritingstyle。Thestoryseemssimple，butactuallyartful。Hemingwaycapturestheessenceoftheplaindialogueofusuallife，soareadermaybeunderanillusionthathewaspresentatthesiteofthestory。Andheaddssentimentintoconciselanguage。InHillslikeWhiteElephants，theperfectsymbolismaboutwhiteelephantandthecharacteristicendingconstructedbyHemingwayfurthergivesprominencetohisabilityinlanguage。Especially，hisfamousIcebergTheoryisemployedperfectlyinthisstory。HemingwaycreatesauniquewritingstylethatbringsagreatinfluencetoAmericanletters，eventoEuropeandallovertheworld。
　　KeyWords
　　Dialogue；conciseness；symbolism；writingstyle；IcebergTheory
　　摘要
　　在众多伟大的美国作家中，海明威以其独特的写作风格而著称。他改变了传统文学作品冗长、沉闷的风格，创造了一种简洁的电报式文体。而他的短篇小说《白象似的群山》完全体现了他的这种独特而经典的写作风格。小说虽看似简单，却极富艺术性。他抓住了人们日常对话结构的精髓，给读者创造了一种身临其境的感觉。而其简洁的文字后面也蕴藏了丰富的情感。小说中关于白象的完美象征以及海明威式的经典结尾，突出了海明威在语言方面的能力。尤其是他的著名的冰山原则，在此小说中发挥到了极致。海明威创造了一种独特的写作风格，而他的这种风格对美国，以至于欧洲，乃至整个世界文坛都产生了重要影响。
　　关键词
　　对话；简洁；象征；写作风格；冰山原则
　　Introduction
　　Hemingway，whoisveryfamousforhiscreationofanewanduniquewritingstyle，isoneofthemostinfluentialwritersinAmericanliteraryhistoryduringthe20thcentury，soheisundoubtedlytobethefocusoftheresearchersallovertheworld。Butfromalltheresearchesonhim，itiseasytofindthatauthorsarealwaysfocusingonhisseverallongnovelsandhisTheOldManandtheSeatoshowhisuniquewritingstyle。Asamatteroffact，hisuniquewritingstyleisfullyandexactlyreflectedbyhisshortstories，whicharedrawingmorepeople’sattentions。SothisessaytakesHemingway’sshortstoryHillsLikeWhiteElephantsasthefocustogiveabriefintroductiononhisuniquewritingstyle。
　　HillsLikeWhiteElephantsisoneofthemostclassicshortstoriesofHemingway。Amongallthecommentsonit，theonebyMilanKundera，afamousCzechwriter，issurelyattractiveandprofound。Hespecificallymakesananalysisaboutthehiddenelementsofthestory，thedifferentcharactersofthetwoandsoon，especiallytherealdialoguestructurewhichissimple，clearandbeautifulinhisminds，contrastingwiththedramadialoguestructure。AndinResearchesonHemingway，editedbyDongHengxun，theEnglishcriticH。O。BatesinhisworksmainlyreferstoHemingway’sconcisewritingstyle。
　　Buttosumup，mostoftheresearchesonHemingway’suniquewritingstylearesystematicandtheoretical。AndtheanalysisaboutHillsLikeWhiteElephantsalthoughareprofound，butnotallround。Accordingly，thisessayisbasedonthepurposethatfullyshowsalltheHemingway’suniquewritingstyleinHillsLikeWhiteElephantsandtodeepenthereaders’understandingonHemingway’suniquewritingstyleandhisshortstories。
　　。ABriefIntroductiontotheAuthorandtheStory
　　onesentencethatanAmericanmantriestopersuadeagirltohaveanoperationwhentheyarewaitingforthetrainatastation。Thewholestoryconsistsofthesimpleandusualdialoguesofthetwofigures，andthefocusofthemarejustrousedbyametaphorthatthehillslikewhiteelephants，madebythegirl。Butobviously，themandoesn’tpayhisattentiontosuchfocus，forheisfullyoccupiedinpersuadingthegirltohavetheoperation。Obviously，tenseconversationensuesbetweenthemanandthegirl，andthestoryendswithoutanyclearresolution，leavingthereadertofindthepossibleoutcomes。Ingeneral，thatisthefeatureofHemingway’swritingstyle。
　　FortheHillsLikeWhiteElephants，manycommentshadbeenmadeuponit，buttheonefromMilanKundera，afamousCzechwriter，isundoubtedlyprofoundandperfect。InMilanKundera’sLestestamentstrahis，hespendsmanywordstotalkabouttheHillsLikeWhiteElephants，especiallymakeastrikingcontrastbetweentheplaindialoguestructureofHemingwayandthedialoguestructureinthedramatogiveprominencetothesimplicity，theclarity，thelucidity，thebeautyandthemelodyofHemingway’splaindialogue。Andhisexplanationofthefigures’charactersandthehiddenstoryispenetrating。Ofcourse，thedialoguestructureemphasizedbyKunderaisjustoneaspectofHemingway’suniquewritingstyle，buttheotherstylesaren’tmentioned。ApartfromMilanKundera，therearemanyothercriticsthatgivedifferentnarrativesoftheHillsLikeWhiteElephantsfromoneormorethanoneaspectsofHemingway’swritingstyle，therelationshipbetweenthemaleandfemalebasingonthefemale’sviews，etc。However，iftakingthewritingstyleinHillsLikeWhiteElephantsasthefocus，thecommentsonitarenotallround。SothisessayaimsatintroducingtheHemingway’swritingstyleinhisHillsLikeWhiteElephantscomprehensively，includinghisplaindialogue，conciselanguage，perfectsymbolism，characteristicendingandthedeliberatehidingwhichisthesocalledIcebergTheory。ItisjustsuchuniquestylethatmakesHemingwaywinahighreputationintheliterarycirclesthathasaccomplishedareformationonthetraditionalliterature。ButbeforeexpoundingtheviewsontheuniquewritingstyleofHemingway，itisabsolutelynecessarytotalkabouthisdevelopmenttoanewwritingstylesoastoletthereaderdeeplyunderstandtheuniquenessofhiswritingstyle。
　　。Hemingway’sDevelopmenttoaNewWritingStyle
　　A。TheWritingStyleofModernEuropeanLiteratureDuring19thCentury
　　The19thcenturyisthecenturyofgreatestchangeintheEuropeanliterarycirclesinthatthisistheperiodwhenanewcolloquialwritingstylewasbornwhichwascreatedbyMarkTwain，whoseuseofvernacularspeechrevolutionizedhelanguageofAmericanfiction。Butobviously，itisonlyErnestHemingwaythatinheritedanddevelopedhiscolloquialstyle。
　　AsMilanKunderasaid，intheearly19thcenturythenovelswerecarefullystructuredwithaseriesofscenesbyScott，Balzac（MilanKundera134）。Inhisopinion，theirnovelswerefullofspecificdescription，scenes，dialoguesandplotswhichareusuallyseeninthedrama。LookingbacktotheEuropeanliteraryhistoryinthe19thcentury，afactisevidenttoreadersthatthenovelsofallthewriters，exceptingMarkTwain，werefulloflongandcomplexsentences，bloodedadjectivesandadverbs，etc。Infact，theonewhohadreadthenovelsofBalzacorHenryJames，whoweretherepresentativewritersofthatcentury，willgetthefactthatBalzactendstoportraytheouteractualityandtheimageofthefigurescarefullyandHenryJameslikestoshowhisabilityinsuperposingthemodifiers。Theirdescriptionsareundoubtedlyspecificandelaborate，buttosomeextent，tediousandboring。Thenovelsinthe19thcenturyareinclinedtodescribingspecificallyanddeeplywithrichelaboratedetailsabouttheoutsideorobjectiveenvironment。Itseemsthatifanovellacksofanyoftheelementsmentionedabove，itwouldnotbeconsideredasasuccessfulone。Therefore，afternarratingawholestory，anovelwithhundredsofthousandsofwordsevenmillionsofwordsisborn。Infact，suchwritingstyleisverypopularintheliterarycirclesatthattimewhenreadingnovelstobecertainlyagoodmethodtoamusepeople。Butwithtimegoeson，literaturealsoneedsnewbloodtofillintokeepupwiththedevelopmentofthesocietyandtomeettheneedsofpeople，whoaregraduallybusyinpursuingwealthandhavenoenoughtimeandspirittospendinreadingthetoolongandtoodifficultnovels。Withsuchtimecoming，thestyleofconcisenessisaskedfor
　　tomeettheneedsofnewtimes。ItisjustHemingwaythathaschangedthetraditionaltediouswritingstyleintoatypeofnewconcisestyle，purifyingtheliterarylanguage。
　　B。TheFormationofHemingway’sNewandUniqueWritingStyle
　　Hemingway’sstyleischaracterizedbyshortandsimplereallifedialogues，conciselanguagewithveryfewadjectivesandadverbs，deliberateomissionandsoon，insteadofthetediousstyleofthe19thcentury。Amongsomanywriters，HemingwaybecomestheonlyonepersonwhohassuccessfullydevelopedanewwritingstyleinModernEuropeanLiterature；thereareseveralreasonsforit。Firstofall，asmentionedbefore，in1917，HemingwayworkedasajournalistfortheKansasCityStar，whichisoneofthebestnewspapersinAmericanatthattime。Thisnewspaperasksforusingshortsentences，vividandactivelanguageandreportingdirectly，soHemingwaylearnedthatwritingstyleshouldbetrainedaslife。Ofcourse，thisexperiencebenefitstheformationofhissocalledtelegraphstylegreatly。Secondly，beingundertheillusionthatthewarisfineandattractive，HemingwaybeganhisexperienceasasoldierintheFirstWorldWar，evenlaterinotherwars，butinthebattlefields，hewasseriouslyhit。Bloodywarshattershisdream；meanwhile，itprovideshimnotjustawoundedbodyandahurtheart，buttherichsourcesofwriting。So，forwhatheusuallyexpressesinhisworks，hewasviewedastherepresentativeofthelostgeneration。Therefore，asaspokesmanofthelostgeneration，Hemingwayhasalreadyhadakindofuniquestyleofhisown。And，Hemingway’ssuccessisrelatedtothehelpsfromotherfamouswriters。Suchas，EzraPound，GertrudeStein，Fitzgeraldandsoon，whogivemuchindicationsandguidanceonhiswriting。Furthermore，heabsorbedthecolloquiallanguageofMarkTwain。Becauseofalltheelements，thefeatureofHemingway’swritingstyleisgraduallyappearing。
　　ItisHemingwaythatchangesthetraditionalModernEuropeanliterarystyleoftediousnessintoawritingstyleofsimplicity。InhistheHillsLikeWhiteElephantshisuniquewritingstyleisabsolutelyreflected。
　　C。TheInfluenceofHemingway’sWritingStyle
　　Notedforhisuniquewritingstyleanddevotiontotheliterature，Hemingwayhasexertedconsiderableinfluenceonthelaternovelists。Thewriter，WuXiaodong，reckonshimasawriterwhodeeplyaffectedotherwriters。Hisconciselanguage，shortandsimplesentencespurifytheAmericanliterature，andhiscolloquialstyleisverypopularinEuropeanandAmericanliterarycirclessincethelate20thcentury。JohnO’Hara，whomadeamemorialspeechforHemingwayontheNewYorkTimesofJuly3，1961，heldthatinhistorynooneelsecandirectlyaffectedsomanywriters，
　　especiallytheyoungwriters（DongHengxun383）。HemingwayisconsideredasanauthorwhodeeplyaffectsthewritingstyleofboththelongnovelsandtheshortstoriesofAmerican。NowthattheinfluenceofHemingway’swritingstylewhichbringsabigreputationtohimissogreat，itisquiteworthdiscussingitfromhisworksHillsLikeWhiteElephants。
　　。DiscussionontheWritingStyleinHillsLikeWhiteElephants
　　A。ReallifeDialogue
　　MilanKunderapaysacomplimenttoHemingwayinhisLestestamentstrahisthatHemingwaycapturestherealdialoguestructure。Assuredly，beingdifferentfromsuchwriterswhostructuretheirworksinabsolutelyliterarylanguage，Hemingwaycreatesakindofreallifedialoguestyle，theobviousfeatureofwhichisthatitgoesonfacetofacewithoutnarratingbythethirdparty。Actually，thedialogueinHillsLikeWhiteElephantsisjustafragmentofthedialogueinactuallifesothatthefirstimpressionthereadergetswhenhestartsreadingitisthathewerelistening。Lookingatthefollowingdialoguechosenfromit：
　　AndifIdoityoullbehappyandthingswillbeliketheywereandyoullloveme？
　　Iloveyounow。YouknowIloveyou。
　　Iknow。ButifIdoit，thenitwillbeniceagainifIsaythingsarelikewhiteelephants，andyoulllikeit？
　　Illloveit。IloveitnowbutIjustcantthinkaboutit。YouknowhowIget
　　whenIworry。
　　IfIdoityouwonteverworry？
　　Iwontworryaboutthatbecauseitsperfectlysimple。
　　ThenIlldoit。BecauseIdontcareaboutme。
　　Whatdoyoumean？Idontcareaboutme。
　　Well，Icareaboutyou。
　　Oh，yes。ButIdontcareaboutme。AndIlldoitandtheneverythingwillbefine。
　　Idontwantyoutodoitifyoufeelthatway。（qtd。inLongMaozhong，YanJinglanandWangHui386）
　　Omittingallthedescriptiononthespeakingtone，facialexpressionandactions，thedialoguewiththeformofonlyanswersbetweenthetwofigurescomestothereaderasifhewerelistening。Thatistheessenceofthereallifedialoguewhichisdifferentfromthedialogueinabsolutelyliterarylanguagethatfocusesattentionontheactionandexpressionespecially。Forexample，inHenryJames’sDaisyMiller，hewrites：
　　Ishouldthinkitmightbearranged，saidWinterbourne。Couldn’tyougetsomeonetostayfortheafternoonwithRandolph？
　　MissMillerlookedathimamoment，andthenveryplacidly，Iwishyouwouldstaywithhim！shesaid。
　　Winterbournehesitatedamoment。IshouldmuchrathergotoChillonwithyou。
　　Withme？askedtheyounggirlwiththesameplacidity。（qtd。inLongMaozhong，YanJinglanandWangHui329）
　　Obviously，becausethethirdparty，namely，theauthorjoinsinthedialogue，narratingcarefullyabouttheactions，innermindsandfacialexpressionsofthefiguressubstitutebeingexploredbythereaderhimself。ThisdialogueisnotasdirectandsuspensiveasthereallifedialogueinHillsLikeWhiteElephants，anditlosesits
　　charmtogivethefeelingtothereaderthathewaslistening。
　　Keepingthecharmofthereallifestyle，thedialogueintheHillsLikeWhiteElephantsisarbitraryanduncertain。Asamatteroffact，thedialogueinabsolutelyliterarylanguagemustbearrangedwithobviouspurpose，basedonthecontentsand
　　theplotofthestory。Butinareallifedialogue，itisunknownthatwhatwillbetalkedaboutandwhatwillhappennext，andthefocuschangesarbitrarilyandmaybeinterruptedatanytime。Inaword，theprocessofthereallifedialogueisfullofuncertainties。Similarly，inHillsLikeWhiteElephants，thefocusofthedialoguecasuallybeginswithanusualtrifleaboutdrinking，butitissoonchangesarbitrarilytothehills，thebeadcurtain，thedrinks，theoperationandsoon，anditchangesorstopswithoutanyadvancedinformation。Therefore，thereisnodoubtthatHemingwaycapturesthehighlightofthereallifedialogue，buthisdialogueisneverassimpleasitseemstobe。
　　Infact，themethodofcomposingthedetailswhichHemingwaytakesintohisdialoguefullyshowshisgreatabilityinlanguage。FortheabovedialoguechosenfromtheHillsLikeWhiteElephants，therepeatmethod，whichcanobviouslyshowthechangeoftheinnermindsandthecharacterofthefigures，isusuallyadopted。Obviously，thedisappointmentofthegirlbecomesdeeperanddeeperwhensherepeatedlyasksquestionstothemanwithifIdo。Atthesametime，shegraduallymakescompromisestothemanwiththeresultthatshefinallysaysout‘I’lldoit。’，‘Idon’tcareaboutme’severaltimes。Inthisprocessofusingthemethodofrepeating，thegirlisconfirmingtheman’struelovetoher，butshefailsanddropsintothepitofdisappointmentandagony。Fortheman，hisaimofrepeatedlyemphasizing‘Iloveyou。’，I’llloveit，’istoveilhishypocrisyandcheat。Thewordsareuselessandridiculousconnectingwithhisactionthattryingtoletthegirltohavetheabortionoperation。Thecandiedwordscannotconcealhisoriginalintentionandhistreacherousandfraudulentnature。Althoughtherearenotanywordstodescribewhatkindofpersonthemanis，hischaracterisobvioustothereader。Hemingwayisadeptincapturingandexploringthedialoguestructureintheactuallife，whichwasordinaryandsimpleforthefirstimpression，butactuallyintelligible，artfulanddeliberate。That’stheuniquenessofhisdialogue。
　　B。ConciseLanguage
　　Hemingwayisfamousforhiscontributiontotheliterarycirclesthatpurifyingthetediouswritingstylewithconciselanguage。TheBritishcriticH。O。BatesmadeacommentonhiminhisHemingway’sLiteraryStylethatHemingwaycutsoffallthetediousandunnecessarywords，omittingtheexplanation，discussion，andeventheargument。ContrastingwithHenryJames，awritermentionedbefore，thefeatureofHemingway’sconciselanguageisbaseduponhissimplewords，shortsentencesandfewadjectivesoradverbs。
　　HenryJamesisalwaysconsideredastherepresentativeintheliterarycirclesofthelate19thcentury，wholikestostructurehisworkswithcomplicatedsentencesandbloodedmodifiers。Forexample，inhisTheAmbassadors，hewrites：
　　Wheninaquarterofanhour，hecamedown，whathishostesssaw，whatshemighthavetakeninwithavisionkindlyadjusted，wasthelean，slightlyloosefigureofamanofthemiddleheightandsomethingmore，perhaps，thanthemiddleageamanoffiveandfifty，whosemostimmediatesignswereamarkedbloodlessbrownnessofface，athick，darkmoustache，ofcharacteristicallyAmericancut，growingstrongandfallinglow，aheadofhairstillabundant，butabundantlystreakedwithgrey，andanoseofbold，freeprominence，theevenline，thehighfinish，asitmighthavebeencalled，ofwhich，hadacreationeffectofmitigation。（qtd。inLiYixieandChangYaoxin430）
　　Thefirstimpressionofthissentenceonthereaderisthatitisverylongandthestructureofitiscomplicatedwithmanyclauses，phrases，adjectivesandadverbswhichcanmakethereaderfeeldizzy。Suchasentenceisbloodedwithadjectivesandadverbs，suchas，lean，loose，immediate，thick，dark，grey，boldfree，kindly，slightly，characteristicallyandsoon。Tosomeextent，suchlanguagestyleshowstheauthor’sabilityinmasteringthelanguage，butnomatterhowbeautifulthewordsare，theymaytakeboringstothereader。NowondersomeonesaysthatthefloodedadjectivesisabigdisasterinEnglishliterature，whichiscausedbythewritersinthelate19thcentury，withHenryJamesastheirrepresentative。Onthecontrary，itisjustHemingwaythatbringsafreshwindofconcisenesstotheAmericanliterarycircles，gettingridofthestyleoftediousnessandcomplication。
　　AfterfinishingreadingHemingway’sHillsLikeWhiteElephants，somefactsareobvioustothereaderthatHemingwayabsorbsthecolloquiallanguageofMarkTwainforhiswordsareverysimpleandcolloquial；thewholestoryconsistsofshortsentences；andthereisnotoomuchmodificatorywordstodescribethefacialexpression，innermindsandeventheactionsofthefigures。WhatHemingwayshowstothereaderisanabsolutekindofsimplicity，whichiscompletelydifferentfromthetediousnessofHenryJames。Althoughthelanguageisfullofsimplicity，isundoubtedlynotmonotone。Keepingpacewiththetempoofthestory，thetoneandthechangingfeelingsofthefiguresareclear。Justowingtotheconciselanguage，Hemingway’sstylewasendowedwiththetitletelegraphstyle。
　　C。PerfectSymbolism
　　Hemingway’sfamouswritingstyleisfullyembodiedintheHillsLikeWhiteElephants。Apartfromhisreallifedialogueandconciselanguage，theperfectsymbolismcanbealsofound。E。M。HallydayholdsthatHemingwayusessomesymbolisminhisworksinaverylimitedandcontrolledmethod，sohecannotbeconsideredstrictlyasawriterthatbelongstotheSymbolism，likeAllenPoe，NathanielHawthorneandsoon。However，hestillhighlyestimatesandspecificallyanalysesHemingway’ssymbolisminhiscomment。Infact，thesymbolismcontainedinHemingway’sworksisattractive。AssomeonesaysabouttheOldManandtheSeathatthenovelstandsforthewriter’scircumstances：theoldmanisthewriterhimself，thebigfishishisworks，andthesharkisthecritic，foranyworkscriticizedbythecriticswouldbebad。OnemakessuchconclusionowingtoonefactthatHemingwayhatesthecritics。Likewise，inHillsLikeWhiteElephants，thereisanimportantmetaphorthatthey（thehills）looklikewhiteelephants。Here，whiteelephantsismentionedseveraltimes，ifsomerelativemessagesaboutitarefoundout，thesymbolismmeaningofitwillbeclear。Whydoesthewriterusewhiteelephantstodescribethehills？Whatdoeswhiteelephantsstandsfor？Afterfinishingthewholestoryandunderstandingit，orfindingotherrelativeimportantinformation，theanswerwillbeobvious。
　　AsweknowthatthetermwhiteelephantsisderivedfromThailandwhereawhiteelephantisgiventounfavoredpeoplebytheruler。Becausetheelephantissacredandnotpermittedtowork，itisaburdentotheownerasitwouldeatupalltheowner’smoneyuntilhebecomesdestitute。AndinAncientIndia，thewhiteelephantstandsforsomethingrare，nobleandvenerated。EveninChina，especiallyfortheDaiNationality，whiteelephantstandsforhappinessandbeauty。Learningabouttheoriginalmeaningofwhiteelephants，theperfectnessofHemingway’ssymbolismappears。Afterreadingthewholestory，itisobvioustothereaderthattheoperationthatthegirlisaskedtohaveisanabortionone，soitissurethatthewhiteelephantstandsforthebaby，whichisabeautifulthingtothegirlwhoislongingforitanddoesn’twanttoloseit，butaburdensomeanduselessthingforthemanwhodoesn’twanttokeepit。Thismetaphorisundoubtedlyperfectforitsconnectionwiththedifferentfeelingsofthetwofigurestowardsthebaby。Secondly，thewhiteelephantsalsostandsforthepregnantsomatotypeofthegirl。Lookatthesentences：Thegirlwaslookingoffatthelineofhills。Theywerewhiteinthesunandthecountrywasbrownanddry。（qtd。inLongMaozhong，YanJinglanandWangHui384）Intheliterature，thisisapopularwritingmethodthatbydescribingthesurroundingstoshowthefeelings。Obviously，thereisacontraryoftwodifferentinnermindsandconnectingwiththetwokindsoffeelingsofthegirl，thehillsmaystandforthegirl’spregnantsomatotype，soshedescribesthehillsinagoodmoodandundoubtedlyshewishestokeepthebaby。Bycontrast，thebrownanddrycountrystandsforhersomatotypeafterabortion，sothecountryisuglyinhermindsandshedescribesitinadisappointedmood。Moreover，inthisnovel，itcanbealsosaidthatwhiteelephantalsostandsforthelovebetweenthetwopersons。Actually，assaidbefore，whiteelephantmeansgoodthingsinsomebody’smind。Here，itcansurelymeansthetruelove。Whenthegirldeliberatelysaidthatthehillslooklikewhiteelephants，shemustwanttogetthedefiniteansweroftheman。Inotherwords，shewantstoconfirmtheman’struelovetoher。Butshefails。Themandoesn’tpaymuchattentiontothismetaphoraboutwhiteelephants。Namely，heattacheslittleimportancetothelovebetweenthemandthebabywhichisalwaysconsideredasthefruitofthetruelove。Soatlast，thegirlsaidthatThey’relovelyhills。Theydontreallylooklikewhiteelephants。Ijustmeantthecoloringoftheirskinthroughthetrees。（qtd。inLongMaozhong，YanJinglanandWangHui385）Itstandsforthatthegirl’sfantasyaboutloveisshattered。Ofcourse，thelovealsodisappears。Tosumup，thesymbolismofwhiteelephantsisverysuccessful。
　　D。CharacteristicEnding
　　ReferringtoHemingway’swritingstyle，wecannothelpbuttalkaboutthecharacteristicendinginhisnovels。Traditionally，attheendofanovel，theplotshouldreachitsclimaxandthemainfigure’sfinaldestinyshouldbementioned，evennotmentioneddirectly，butobvioustothereader。Forexample，inBalzac’sOldGoriot，theendinglikesthis：
　　Itwasgrowingdusk，thedamptwilightfrettedhisnerves；hegazeddownintothegraveandthetearsheshedweredrawnfromhimbythesacredemotion，asingleheartedsorrow。Whensuchtearsfallonearth，theirradiancereachesheaven。AndwiththattearthatfellonFatherGoriot’sgrave
　　HewentafewpacesfurtherHiseyesturnedalmosteagerlytothespacebetweenthecolumnofthePlaceVendomeandthecupolaoftheInvalids；therelaidtheshinningworldthathehadwishedtoreach。Heglancedoverthathumminghive，seemingtodrawaforetasteofitshoney，andsaidmagniloquently：
　　Henceforththereiswarbetweenus。
　　AndbywayofthrowingdowntheglovetoSociety，RastignacwenttodinewithMme。deNucingen。（9697）
　　FatherGoriot，themainfigure，isdead。AndEugeneRastignac，apoorlawstudent，whoisalwaysmakinguphismindtogooutintothegenteelsocietytoseekaprotectress，finallyabandonshisonlyleftgoodmoralsandfullythrowshimselfintotheuglygenteelsociety。Here，eachfigure’sdestinyisdeterminedandschemedoutbytheauthor。Contrastingwithit，itwouldbebettertosaythatthereisnoendinginHemingway’sstories。InHillsLikeWhiteElephants，thestoryendsuplikethis：
　　Hepickedupthetwoheavybagsandcarriedthemaroundthestationtothe
　　othertracks。Helookedupthetracksbutcouldnotseethetrain。Comingback，hewalkedthroughthebarroom，wherepeoplewaitingforthetrainweredrinking。HedrankanAnisatthebarandlookedatthepeople。Theywereallwaitingreasonablyforthetrain。Hewentoutthroughthebeadcurtain。Shewassittingatthetableandsmiledathim。
　　Doyoufeelbetter？heasked。
　　Ifeelfine，shesaid。Theresnothingwrongwithme。Ifeelfine。（qtd。inLongMaozhong，YanJinglanandWangHui388）
　　Thereisnoanywordtoshowthedestinyofthegirl。Nooneknowsifshewillhaveanabortionoperationandnooneknowsthetendencyoftheirrelationship。Forreaders，notanythingisclear。Soitisbettertosaythatitisjustanendingofadialogue，butnotastory。Althoughitdoesn’tmentionwheretheywillgo，thedialoguemaycontinuewhentheyareonthetrainorotherplaces。Sotheendingofthestoryissuspensive。Theauthormakesenoughspacetoletthereaderexertalltheirimaginativepowers。Discriminatedfromotherwriters，suchasBalzac，anobviousfeatureintheendingofHemingway’sstoryisthatheusuallyusesdialoguetoinsteadofnarration。Asamatteroffact，thedialogueisextremelyconciseandcompact，andthemainfigure’sfeelingisfullyreflectedbyit，anditismorepowerfulandstrongerthanthenarrationbytheauthor。NowonderattheendoftheOldGoriotBalzacalsoletsRastignacsayout：Henceforththereiswarbetweenus。
　　E。DeliberateHidingIcebergTheory
　　Literatureisakindoflanguageart。Hemingwayundoubtedlymakesgooduseof
　　thisartthathehadcreatedakindofIcebergTheorystyle。EveryoneknowsthatHemingwayisveryfamousforhisIcebergTheory。Hehadeversaidabouthiswritingstyle：Ifawriteroftheproseknowsenoughaboutwhatheiswritingabout，hemayomitthingsthatheknowsandthereader，ifthewriteriswritingtrulyenough，willhaveafeelingofthosethingsasstronglyasthoughthewriterhadstatedthem。Thedignityofmovementofanicebergisduetoonlyoneeighthofitbeingabovewater。Asamatteroffact，inHemingway’sownwords，thefeatureofhisIcebergTheoryistoomitsomethingthatboththeauthorandthereaderknow，andtheessenceofitistoexplorethehiddenseveneightfactsthroughtheonlyoneeightobviousfact。
　　Thatistosay，theIcebergTheoryisjustakindofartofomission。Accordingtoit，boththeconciselanguageandthecharacteristicendingmentionedbeforeshouldbeincludedinhisIcebergTheory。Hemingwaydeliberatelyhidesmanyfeelingsofhisnoveltoletthereadertoexplorethem。MostpeopleholdthattheOldManandtheSeashouldbeconsideredasHemingway’scharacteristicworks，whichfullyreflectshisIcebergstyle。However，asashortstory，whichisbornearlierandmuchshorterthanTheOldManandtheSea，HillsLikeWhiteElephantscanalsoshowthisIcebergTheorycompletely。
　　Firstofall，beingdifferentfromEuropeantraditionalwritingstylewhichisinclinedtointroducethestory’sbackgroundatthebeginningcarefully，Hemingwaytendstoleaveoutthebackgroundofhisstories。IntheHillsLikeWhiteElephants，thestorybeginswithsimpledescriptionaboutthepositionofthestoryandareallifedialoguewithoutintroducingthebackground。However，justthroughthecontentofthedialoguebetweenthetwofigures，thereadercanunderstandwhattheirrelationshipisandwhathappensonthem。Secondly，itomitstheintenselyfullfaceconflict。Thestorygoesonwitharbitrarydialogues，inwhichtheconflictbetweenthetwofiguresisjusthidden。OnlywhenthegirlsaysoutWouldyoupleasepleasepleasepleasepleasepleasestoptalking。theconflictunveils。Furthermore，thedispensabledescriptionabouttheproverbialinformationinthedialogueisomitted。Thenovelgoesonroundthefocusofanoperationwhichisnotpointedoutwhatkindofis，however，thefactthattheoperationisanabortiononecomestothereaderobviouslythroughtheirdialogue；andthereisnoanywordstodescribethefeelingsofthetwofigures，butwiththedialoguecontinues，thegirl’sdisappointmentandtheman’sfretfulnessandsoonarecleartothereader。AsHemingwaysaid，whatheomitsiswhatheandthereaderknow。Butintheliterarycircles，thisomissionartiscondemnedasakindofartofavoidance。
　　AfamousAmericanauthordepreciatesHemingway’sachievementintheliterature，consideringhimasasecondwriterintheAmericanliterarycircles，forheholdsthatHemingwayisalwaysinsistingonescapisminhisworks。Inhiswords，Hemingway’somissionartisjustanavoidanceoflife。Butinfact，omissionisnotasimplethingthatcanbedoneatone’spleasure，itreliesontherichlifeexperienceandtheexcellentabilityinwriting，bywhichHemingwaycanexertsallhistalentsinomissionarttocreatehisIcebergTheory。
　　Hemingway’sIcebergTheoryisfullyreflectedbyhisHillsLikeWhiteElephants，
　　forundertheconciselanguage，thereexistsrichinformationanddeepfeelings。ItisjustthehighlightoftheIcebergTheory。
　　Conclusion
　　ThereisnodoubtthatHillsLikeWhiteElephantsisoneofthemostclassicshortstoriesofHemingwayanditperfectlyreflectshisuniquewritingstyle。
　　ParticularexperiencemakesanopportunityforHemingwayofcreatingauniquewritingstylewithreallifedialogue，conciselanguage，famousIcebergTheoryandsoon，whichcanbeallfoundintheHillLikeWhiteElephants。Lookingbacktohisworks，herevivedthecolloquialstyleinAmericanliterature。ItiscertainthatthenovelsofHemingwayaresimpleinthesurface，butactuallyfullofemotionandart。Hehastheabilityinconveyinghisinformationwithsimplewords。AlthoughtherearemanycriticismsaboutHemingway’sstyle，itcannotbedeniedthatHemingwaypurifiestheliterarycircleswithhisuniquewritingstyle，theinfluenceofwhichisnotonlyinAmericanbutalsoallovertheworld。
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