浅析苔丝之死

　　Abstract
　　TessofD’Uberville，isafamousworkofThomasHardy。ThisworkdescribesthetragedyofTess。Tess’tragedycoagulateswithmuchmoredifferentcolorofthesocietyandperson。Itdestroysthisdaughterwhowasborninnature，andownedman’ssimplenaturalcharacter。Thenovel’ssubtitlecallsTessapurewoman，afterTessloseschastity，shekillstheman，butthefemaleofthisearthisinnocent。Shehasperseveringvitality，contendingwithnotonlydestinybypossessingsingly，butsociety，thefamilies，inpidualsetc。Shehasanotherheavyfactortomakethispureandgreatfemaleheadfordestructioneventually。Inherlife，therearethreemainpersonswhodirectlyaffecther。ThefirstoneisAlec，whorapesherandbecomesthedirectmurder。HisappearancechangedTess’all。ThesecondoneisAngle，whoistheaccessoryandalsothebestloverofTess。ThethirdoneisTessherself。Besides，thesocietyandthefamilyaffectTess’wholelifelargely。Thus，inthispaper，theauthormakessomedetaileddiscussionandanalysisofthesefactors。
　　KeyWords
　　Chastity；destiny；murder；
　　摘要
　　德伯家的苔丝是汤马思哈代的著作之一。这部作品描写了具有大自然纯朴本性的苔丝的悲剧一生。苔丝的悲剧凝聚着社会和个人多重色彩，各种复杂的因素交织成一种强大的压力，摧毁了这位生于自然，具有大地般朴实本性的女儿。小说的副标题称苔丝是一个纯洁的女人，在作家的眼中，她虽失身又杀人，但这位大地之女是无辜的。她有着顽强的生命力，以独有的方式和命运抗争，但社会、家庭、个人等多重因素最终使这位纯真的大自然之女慢慢走向毁灭。在这些原因中，有三个很重要的人物直接影响到苔丝的整个人生。第一个就是亚雷，他奸污并成为了谋杀她的直接凶手。他的出现改变了苔丝的一生。第二个就是安吉儿。他是帮凶，同时也是苔丝最爱的人。第三个人就是苔丝自己。除此，社会以及家庭等因素也在很大程度上影响了苔丝。因此，作者将在本文当中对以上因素做出探讨与分析。
　　关键词
　　贞洁；命运；谋杀。
　　Introduction
　　Noprofoundexperience，nogoodwork，asthesayinggoesforhundredsofyears。InthenovelofTessofD’Urberuilles，theauthorintroducedapuregirlinhisnovel，whobecomesamurder。AndwhatreduceTesstobeamurder？IsitonlybecausetherapeofAlec？Andwhatwasthereallove？WasthelovebetweenTessand？Ifthegirlcouldbemoreconfident，ormorecourageous，couldtheresultbechanged？
　　Inthefirstphaseofthenovel，AlecD’UrbervilletakestheadvantageoftheinnocenceofTess。Later，inthethirdpart，shethenfelldeeplyinlovewithAngleClare，anaffluentagriculturist。TesssoonalienatesbyrevealingherearlierencounterwithD’Urberville。TessofD’UrbervillesdemonstratesagreatdealaboutthethemesofthenovelaswellasthecharacterofTess。ThebookwassupposestorevealtheversatilityofTess’character。However，italsorevealedagooddealthathelpsusunderstandHardy’scentralthemeofthebook。ItwasbecausetheversatilityofTessherselfthatmakesherunique。However，shewasawomanofpurityandfortitude。
　　MostofscholarsandreadersattributeTess’deathtoAleconly。ButtheauthorofthispaperthinksthatAngle，Tess，andthesocietyarealsothefactors，besidesAlec。
　　I。TheFamousWork，TessofD’Urberville，andItsGreatWriter
　　A。TheSettingoftheNovel
　　The19thcenturyisaprosperousperiodinEnglishliterature。Thereisamostimpotentwriter，wecan’tforget，andHeisThomasHardy。Heisjusttheauthorofmysubject。TessofD’UrbervillesisgenerallyregardedasHardy’sfinestnovel。Thisisabrillianttaleoflove，betrayal，seduction，duty，sinandrule。Atlast，thisisatragedy。
　　Intragedy，thereader，oftensympathizesandempathizeswiththeprotagonistwhoattainswisdomthroughsuffering。Tess，whoisasovirtuousgirl，whydidHardygiveTess，avirtuousgirl，asorrowfuldestiny？Here，weshouldturnoureyestotheauthorThomasHardy。Hisworkreflectedthedeepchangesofsocialeconomy，moralandcustom，afterthecapitalisminvadedintotheEnglandcountry。Notonly，hewrotethepeople’stragedy，especiallywomen’stragedy，andrevealsthefalseofcapitalism。
　　TessofD’Urbervillespublishedin1891，whichisthemostremarkableworkofHardy。Ithasdisplayedonebyashortlifetimeofheroine，Tess，andpressingtragedyexperience，theworldtragedy。Facingabourgeoisieonthisaccount，superstructuressuchasmoralityandreligionhasinitiatedopenonechallenge。
　　TessofD’Urbervillesisanextraordinarilybeautifulbook，aswellasanextraordinarymovingone。Itisatragictaleofabeautifulandinnocentpeasantgrillthatisthevictim，notonlyofherVictorianenvironment，butalsoofpeople，includingheshiftlessparents，hercruelseducer，AlecD’Ubervillandmorallyrigidhusband，Clare，allofthemthatwecan’tomit。
　　B。TheStoryofTessofD’Urberville
　　ThisnovelcausedaheckofafusswhenThomasHardyfirstpublishedit。OriginallytitledAPureWoman，thenovelisconsideredasoutrageousforawomansuchasTesstobeseenaspureinHardyseyes。
　　TessDurbeyfieldisthepeasantdaughterofhagglerJohn。Johngoestogetdrunkincelebrationandendsupsohammeredthathestooilltotakesomestuffwhichhehastosellinthehorseandcart。HegetsTessandherlittlebrothertodoitinstead。Tessfallsasleepandthehorseendsupinanaccidentandiskilled。Asaresult，theoverlysensitiveTessfeelsguilty，notrealizingitisreallyJohnsfault。
　　MeanwhilehermotherJoanhaslearnedthataLadyDUrbervillelivesinaneighboringvillage。ShewantstosendTesstoclaimkinandlearningthatthereisamasterDUrberville，hasnotionsthatTess，beingabeautifulgirl，willmarryhim。Tessreallydoesn’twanttogobutdoesoutofguiltofthedeathofthehorse。Alec，theyoungDUrberville，anastysleazygitwhoneedstobecastratedandlustsafterTess。ShegoeshomeafterAlectriestobuyheroff。
　　Tesssbabybecomesill，shechristensthebabySorrowinatouchingceremonywithhersiblings，butthechilddies。Notlongafter，TessgetsworkatTalbothays，alargedairyfarmagoodwayawayfromherhometown，andsheheadsoffthere。ThismarksahappyspellinTessslife。ShemeetsAngleClarewhohadbeenatthespringdance。HisfatherisaparsonbutAngledoesntwanttobeinvolvedinthechurchandislearningthewaysoffarminginstead。HefallsforTess，whoisdistraughtafterdecidingnottogetmarried。Anglepersiststessfallinloveandagreetomarry。Tess，feelingunburdened，confessesfreaksoutandleavesTess，althoughbylawtheyarestillmarried，andtravelstoBrazil。
　　Tessinthemeantimeendsupworkingwithsomeofherolddairymaidfriendsforahorriblefarmer。SherunsintoAlecwhoaccusesheroftemptinghimandguilttripsTessintolivingwithhim，becauseherfamilyisonthevergeofhomelessnessandneedthemoney。Havinggivenuponandrealizinghishypocrisy，sheagrees。AnglecomeshomefromBrazilhavingrealizedtheerrorofhiswaysandtracksTess。Onfindingher，helearnsthatshethinksit’stoolateforthem。HetakesoffandTessgetsintoafightwithAlec，whichendsinherstabbinghim。Sherunsafter，andtheyspendtimetogetherinanoldmansion。Afterwanderingthecountrysideforawhile，TessfindstheyareatStonehenge，andfeelsathome，havingbeendescribedasaheatheninherhomevillage。ShetellsthatshouldshebecaughtshewantshimtomarryhersisterLizaLu。Thepolicecatchuptoher，andshortlyafterTessishanged。
　　TessoftheD’Urbervillesisabeautifullyconstructedstory，whichmakesuseofthehandoffate。ItisthesweetandnaturalcharacterofTessthatgivesthebookitsexceptionality。Thebeautifullyinnocentchildneverseemstogrowintoawoman；sheretainsadearinnocenceandvulnerability，whichshehadfromtheoutset。Herpurityofmoralsandspiritmakehertheperfectvictimforsuchasmallmindedsociety，andIempathizedwithherinawayIhavedonewithfewcharactersinnovels。Itisdifficultnottofallinlovewithherquietcourage，althoughitiseasytofeelexasperatedwithherintensepassivity。Hertrue，deeploveforisanotherthing，whichmakesherendearing。AsTessnoteswhenasksifheloveshermorethanTessdid，noonecouldbecauseshewouldlaydownherlifefor。
　　ThethreedimensionalAngleisanotherattractivecharacter。Initiallyyouwanttolikehimandbythelaterchaptersyoubegintoempathieswithhimdespitehisratherrashandinconsideratetreatmentofhiswife。Itisclearthathelovesher，butit’salsofairtosaythathedoesn’tfeeltheintenselovethatTessdoes，giventhathewassowillingtotreathercruellyandwithsuchnarrowmindedhypocrisy。
　　。TheFactorsoftheTess’Death
　　A。DirectMurder
　　Whenwereadthebookatthefirsttime，itiseasytofindthemurderofTess。EverythingcanbeputontheAlec’shead。Ifhedidn’trapeTess，shecan’tbecomesopity。ItisnotdifficulttoseethatAlecisaplayboy。Atthefirstappearanceinthescenes，hisdissolutemadeTessnotpleased。Butheisaduckinfact，heowngoodmanner，whichmadeTess’parentmisunderstand。Inchapter3，ayoungmanappearedinthegarden。Helookedabouttwentyfour，tallanddark，withfullredlipsandablackmoustachecurledattheends。Well，mybeauty，whatcanIdoforyou？hesaid，lookinginterestedlyather。Asabourgeoisiegildedyouth，Alecistheviciousincarnationofthisnovel。ItisformeddistinctcontrastexactlywithTess，whosymbolizesthekindheartedandpurify。ButAlecputitintohermouth。Heputrosesintoherhairandfilledherbasketwithstrawberriesandflowers。Hegaveherfoodtoeat，andwatchedher，whileshequietlysmokedacigarette。Shelookedmoreadultandwomanlythanshereallywas。Aleccouldnottakehiseyesoffher。Shedidnotknowasshesmiledinnocentlyattheflowersthatbehindthecigarettesmokewerethecauseoffuturesorrowinherlife。Atthelast，heactuallywrappedthecoatofreligion，andbefurtherintensifiedcommitprimes。Atthehardy’stime，thereweresomanypeopleusingreligiontocheatotherpeople，itisthehypocritical。Furthermore，itishighlyentertainingevenwhileitdoesnotlayeverythingoutinaneasytofollowstory，andeventheclimaxmovessoquicklythatitiseasytoleavethetheaterandnotknowexactlywhathappened。Inchapter19，shesaid，it’stoolate！Becauseyoupersuadedme，youwithyourfinewords！Asyoudidwhenyouseducedme！Youtoldmehewouldnevercomeback！Buthedid！Andyouhelpedmyfamilythat’showyoupersuadedmesocleverly。ButwhenIbelievedyouandcametolivewithyou，hecameback！AndnowIhavelosthimasecondtime，andthistimeforever！Hewillhatemenow！sheturnedhertearstainedfaceandMrs。Brookscouldseehowshewassuffering。Andheisdying；helooksasifhe’sdying！Itwillbemyfaultifhedies！Youhavedestroyedmylifeandhis！Ican’tbearit，Ican’t！Themanspokesharply，andafterthattherewassilence。Justthenshenoticedamarkonceiling。Itseemedtobespreading。Itwasred，andwhenshestoodonthetableandtouchedit，itlookedlikeblood。Sheranuptolistenatthebedroomdooragain。Thedeadsilencewasbrokenonlybyaregulardrip，drip，drip。Sheranwildlyputintothestreetandbeggedamansheknewtocomebackwithher。Togethertheyhurriedupstairsandpushedopenthebedroomdoor。Thebreakfastlayuntouchedonthetable，butthelargeknifewasmissing。TheyfounditinAlecd’Urberville’sheart。Helaidonthebed，pale，fixed，dead，stillbleeding。SoonthenewsspreadalloverSandbournethatMrs。Brooks’guesthadbeenkilledbyhisyoungwife。Yet，italsosuggests，ingoodsurrealistfashion，thatknowingisnoteverything，thatseeingandbelievingaregoodoptions。Fromtheseexamples，howcanwefindthebenefitofthereligion？ItisseemsthatmanypeoplebelievetheBuddhismlikemeinChina。Iteasymadeusdoubtstheforeignreligion。Withthisdoubt，Iwenttolibrary。ThereisabooknamedTHEPROPHET，whichiswrittenbyCaly，whoisLebanese。Thetitlepageisthefirstphilosophyinpoem。Thereisaunitinthisbook，ONRELIGION。Anoldpriestsaid，speaktousofreligion。Andhesaid：HaveIspokenthisdayofaughtelse？Isnotreligionalldeedsandallreflection？Andthatwhichisneitherdeednorreflection，butawonderandasurpriseeverspringinthesoul，evenwhilethehandshewthestoneortendtheloom？Whocanseparatehisfaithfromhisaction，orhisbelieffromhisoccupations？Whocanspreadhishoursbeforehim，saying，ThisforGodandthisformyself：Thisformysoul，andthisotherformybody？Allyourhoursarewingsthatbeatthrushspacefromselftoself。Hewearshismoralitybutashisbestgarmentwasbetternaked。Thewindandthesunwilltearnoholesinhisskin。Andhewhodefineshisconductbyethicsimprisonshissongbirdinacage。Thefreestsongcomesnotthroughbarsandwires。Andhetowhomworshippingisawindow，toopenbutalsotoshut，hasnotyetvisitedthehouseofthehouseofhissoulwhosewindowsareopenfromdawntodawn。Yourdailylifeisyourtempleandyourreligion。Wheneveryouenterintoittakewithyouyourall。Taketheploughandtheforgeandthemalletandthelute。Thethingsyouhavefashionedinnecessityorfordelight。Forinreverieyoucannotriseaboveyourachievementsnorfaillowerthanyourfailures。Andtakewithyouallmen：Forinadorationyoucannotflyhigherthantheirhopesnorhumbleyourselflowerthantheirdespair。AndifyouwouldknowGodbenotthereforeasolverofriddles。Ratherlookaboutyouandyoushallseehimplayingwithyourchidden。Andlookintospace，youshallseehimwalkinginthecloud，outstandinghisarmsinthelightninganddescendinginrain。Youshallseehimsmilinginflowers，therisingandwavinghishandsintrees。Inthispoem，Ifindthissentence，hewhowearshismoralitybutashisbestgarmentwerebetternaked。
　　B。Accessory
　　AfterscanningthecauseofAlec，peopleshouldputtheireyestootherones。ItisAngle’sturn。ManypeoplewillthinkthatAngleisalsoacasualty。Heisanothertragicpersonageimageinthisbook。Heisfromamiddleclassfamily。Hehashisideaandambition。NeitherAngleClarenorhisfamilyhasoriginallychosenfarmingasaprofessionforhim。Whenhewasaboy，peopleadmiredhisgreatqualities。Nowheisaman，noparticularpurposeinlife。HeisunwillingtothefieldservesfortheGodagainsthimself’swill。Andhehopestodosomethingforthepeople。AngleexplainsthatinfacthedoesnotinfactwishtoentertheChurchlikehisbrothers，becausetheChurch’sviewsaretoostrictanddonotallowfreethinking。Itmakeshimtobetreacheryofhisfamilyandreligion。Hisopenmindmadehimtobelovedwithacountrygirl，whichisnotfitforherfamily。istheangleinTess’heart。HislovetoTessownsthepurityoffirstlove，fervorandimpressments。HeisdeeplydumpagedbyTess’puerility。AnglethinksWhatafreshandpuredaughterofnaturethatdairymaidis！Heseemstoremembersomethingabouther，whichbringshimbackintohappytimeinthepast，beforehisdecisionmadehislifeindilemma。ThismemorymakeshimpaymoreattentiontoTessthantheotherdairymaids。Inhiseyes，Tessistheembodimentofperfect。HeisconsciousnesswithrespectattitudeandsolemnmarriagetogetcontactwithTess。AfterrefusedbyTess，heinsiststowait。Hisdeterminationisdecisive。ClareisnotdepressedbyTess’refusal。AndhethinksthatTesswouldfinallyaccepthim。Butinthenightofthemarriage，afterknownthepastofTess，Angle，themanalwaysopenmind，wasfailedintothedeeplypain。Hewasinafflictedfromspirit。Hewouldbelievewhatshesaidisbogus。TimesandtimesheasksTesstodenythetruth。Andhedidn’tgiveherchancetoexplainthatTesswasthecasualty。Whenhesuedthesewereneverchanged，hechoosesescape，andhecan’tunderstandher。AfterTesstoldherstory，everythingischanged。Clarestirredthefire。Itwasunnecessary，buthefelthehadtodosomething。Hehadnotreallytakeninthewholestoryinitsfullhorror；hisfacewaslikeanoldman’s。Hemadeuncertainmovements，becauseeverythinginhisheadwasvagueanduncertain。Hecouldnotmakehimselfthinkclearly。Tess！CanIbelievethis？Areyoumadperhaps？Mywife，myTessyouaren’tmad，areyou？Hewastalkingbutcouldnotthinkatthesametime。Hisbrainseemedtohavestoppedworking。Heturnedawayfromher。Tessfollowedhimandstoodtherestaringathimwithdryeyes。Thenshewentdownonherkneesbesidehim。Inthechapter14，itisclear。Hewasrelievedtoseehersleepingdeeply。Andyethefelthealonehadthewholeworryofwhatactiontotake，andtheresponsibilityforherlifeaswellashis。Heturnedawayfromherdoor，andthenturnedbackagain，pulledbuthislovefoeher。ButhiseyewascaughtbyapaintingonthewallofoneofTess’ancestors，aproudfiercewoman，wholookedasifshehatedandwantedtodeceiveallmen。HethoughtsheandTesslookedalike。Thatwasenoughtostophim，andhewentdownstairstohislonelybed。Helookedcalmandcold，dullofselfcontrol。Hisfaceshowedhehadfoughtagainstpassionandwon，butdidnotlikebeingthewinner。HestillfounditdifficulttoacceptthatTess，thepurevillagemaiden，wasnotwhatsheseemed。Howunexpectedlifecouldbe！Heputoutthecandle。Thenightcamein，unconcernedanduninterested，thenightwhichhadswalloweduphishappiness。ItseemslikeasentenceofExcellenceIsNeverAnAccident。Therighttobeheardisconstitutionallyguaranteed。Therighttobelistenedtomustbeearned。ButTessdidn’trealizewhatshesaidisunforgiving。Inthechapter15，hewasescaped。Nextmorningheseemedtoremembernothingofthenight’sexperiences，andTessdidnotrefertohissleepwalking。Theyfinishedpackingandleftthefarmhouse，wheretheyhadhopedtobesohappy。Afterdrivingsomedistancestoppedthecarriagetogetdownandcontinueonfoot。Tesswasgoingfurtheroninthecarriage。Hespokeseriouslytoherastheyseparated。Hesaid，Iamnotangrywithyou，butIcannotbeartolivewithyouatthemoment。Iwilltrytoacceptit。ButuntilIcometoyou，youshouldnottrytocometome。ThepunishmentseemedaheavyonetoTess。Hadshereallydeservedthis？SomeonesaidthatAngle’sideaisthetraditionallyideaofbourgeois。ButIthinkthissayingisdogmatically。Onthisfair，heisalsothecasualty。HislovetoTessissopurity，butthisentirethingwastiredbythecruelfact。TheironyandhypocrisyofAngle’sreactionareindicatedbythetitleofthissection。Itisaclassicstatementofsociety’sdoublestandard，whichjudgesmen’ssexualbehaviorlenientlyandpunisheswomenforthesamebehavior。WhyisAngleunabletoforgiveherwhenshejustbestowedthegiftofforgivenessonhim？Ishersexualexperiencethecauseorhischaracterandmisconceptions？Doesherconfessionnecessitatetheirseparation，ordotheypartbecauseofparticulartraitseachhas？CouldTesshaveavertedthepartingbybehavingdifferentlyandtherebychangedherdestiny？Orisherdestinyunchangeable？Isshevictim，selfvictimizer，orboth？TessconfessiondestroysAnglesideathatTessisavirginal，simplechildofthesoil。Asaresult，hecannotacceptthefact。Preferringhisfancifullove，heismotheringhisaffectionforher。Atthesametimethatheisdisappointedinhisvisionofherinnocenceandlowlystatus，Angleblamesherforthefamilybackgroundwhichhepreviouslythoughtitwouldmakeheracceptabletorespectablemiddleclasssociety。Heisselfcontradictorybecausehisrejectionofsociety’svaluesissuperficial。Atadeeperlevel，hestillbelievesinsociety’smorallawsandsocialcode。Nevertheless，hedoesloveTess。HisgriefinlayingTessinthestonecoffinclearlyexpresseshislove，thisactionalsosymbolizeshisbeliefthatit’sreallyhisbeloved，hisidealofhisbeloved，nolongerexists。Earlierintheeveningheistornbythedesiretofollowhertotheirbedroom。Isitachanceorevenafateoperatinginthisincident？OrisHardyindulginghistasteformelodramaandcarryingcoincidencetoofar？RejectingTessatthispointAnglewouldfacetoassumeaterriblysterileexpression。Thinkingandclingingtosociety’svalueswhichcuthimofffromnatureand，ofcourse，hehasjustcomefromthelush，fertileFromValleywheretheappetiteforjoycarriedhimalong，yetheisterriblysterile。Choosingintellectovernatureortheemotionallifedestroysthelifeforce；Anglewasbecomingillwiththinking；eatenoutwiththinking，witheredbythinking；scourgedoutofallhisformerpulsating，flexuousdomesticity。TherepetitionemphasizestheimportanceofthisideaandexpressestheintensityofHardy’sfeelingsaboutAngle’sintellectuality。HardyoffersasomewhatcontradictoryjudgmentofAngle’srelianceonthemind：Somemightrisktheoddparadoxthatwithmoreanimalismhewouldhavebeenthenoblerman。Wedonotsayit。YetClare’slovewasdoubtlessetherealtoafault，imaginativetoimpracticability。ThoughHardyisreluctanttosaythatbeingmoreopentothephysicalorsexualwouldmakeAngleabetterman，heiscriticalofAngle’soverrelianceonabstractionsandimagination。
　　Theentirethingiscurl，howagirlcancarryon？AsAnglewatchesTess’coachslowlymoveupthehill，hehopesthatshewilllookbackathim。Toodevastatedtomove，shedoesnotlookout。Isthisonemorelostopportunityforreconciliation？Ifso，istheforceofcircumstancesagainstthem？Someonewillsayit’samournfulstoryoflove。Whatmadethislovebeginning？Beautifulsmile！oncewebegintoloveeachothernaturallywewanttodosomething。Itiswhatthetrueloveinthenovelis。Itispayingputbravelywithoutanyreturn。Whentheworldisfulloflove，theworldisperfect。
　　C。TessHerself
　　Ourdramatispersona，Tess，isapurewoman。Butherfinalissopity。Itisherdestiny。Whypeoplesocurltosaythat？Buteasyexactlyaspurelambgetthewrongpath，onekind，herpurekindheartedbedestroyedeasytobewreckedbysocietyisdevouredbyferociouswolf。Herdisinterestandthespiritsacrificingoneself，giveviciousinfluencechance。But，franknessthatheroneselfrunningafterpurifiesalsomakesherandhappinessfailtomeetAnglebyanarrowchance。Whenherjadewasdied，asagirl，howcanshetosupportthisbigfamily？Butwhenthevillagepeoplearrivedatchurchtheynoticedherandstartedwhisperingtoeachother。
　　FromtwoaspectswecanseeanalysischaracterofTess。First，shehasalltheinnocenceandpuritythatthenaturehasendowedwith。Wecanseethispointfromherkind，selflesstoherparentsandherfriends，andherloyaltytolove。Thesecond，afterherunfortunateencounter，shebecomesacomplicatedwoman，andshenolongerenduresallthingssilently。ShestrugglesagainstAlecandunjusttreatment，contempt’sandcriticizeshypocriticalreligion。ItseemsthatTessisunyieldingtoevils。Atlast，theconclusionisthattherealcauseofTess’stragedyliesinthewickednatureandhypocriticalmoralityofthebourgeoissociety。
　　Readingthenovel，peopleareimpressedbythetitlepagethatTessisapurewoman。Itisthephrasethatcausedsomuchuproarwhenthefirsteditionofthenovelisfirstlypublished。Ithascreatedproblemsforreadersandcriticseversincethenovelwascompleted。Thetitleoffendsmanyonmoralgrounds，forwhomTessisaruined，immoralwoman。Othersarepuzzledintellectually；whatisHardy’sbasisforcallingherpure？Itcallsnotonlytherollthenovelsubject，butalsothetragedyhavingexpoundedherfurther。Thesubtitledefendsinvariousways。OneofthemostcommondefensesisthesuggestionthatHardyisshowingthatthetraditionalChristianviewequatingvirtueandpuritywithvirginityiswrong。AnothercommonexplanationofthesubtitleisthatHardydistinguishesbetweentheactandtheintention。ThisisadistinctionAngleClarefinallymakesinthenovel。OrisitpossiblethatTessispureinhercharacterasApostolicCharitythathersoulremainsunstainedregardlessofwhathappenstoherbody？
　　Herpureiskindheartedandmoralcharacterandisunfoldinginherconductdealingwithaffairsanduncompromisinghonestytoamatory。Thecontemporaryreviewersareunwillingtoadmitwhoisnotchaste，ispure。Butinfact，thebookistotellreaderhowapureandinnocentgirlisdriverusthecruelsocietytothewallandfinallybecomesthesacrificeofthesociety。Fromthebeginningtotheend，whatwecanreadisherpurityandherstragglewiththesocialdrivenforce。Intheend，whenTessissentencedtobehanging，there’sonequestioninourminds。Sheknewwhattheyweresayingandrealizedshecouldcometochurchnomore。Soshespentalmostallhertimeinherbedroom，whichshesharedwiththechildren。Formhereshewatchedthewind，thesnow，therain，beautifulsunsetsandfullmoons，oneafteranother。Peoplebegantothinkshehadgoneaway。Sheonlywentoutafterdark，towalkinthewoodsandthefields。Shewasnotafraidofthedarkortheshadows；itwaspeopleshewasanxioustoavoid。Afterjokingbytheothergirls，sheactuallyjumpedtoAlec’scarriage。Itisjustherchartlessmakeherfailtotheevilhand。Wecansaythatsheischartless，butthemoreischildish。Ifsheownsmoreexperiences，shecanownmoreconsciousnessofsafety，theresultischangeable。Althoughthevillagepeoplehadalmostforgottenhertrouble；shedecidedshecouldneverbereallyhappyinMarlott。Tryingtoclaimrelationshipwiththerichd’Urbervillesseemedsofoolishandshamefultoher。Shethoughtherfamilywouldneverberespectedthereagain。Evennowshefelthoperisewithinher，hopeoffindingaplacewithnofamilyconnectionsandnomemories。InescapingfromMarlottsheintendedtodestroythepast。Perhapsnowshecouldmakeupfoehercrimeagainstsociety。Shehasbeenreallynotunfamiliartohim，shehasbeenshortofbutmorekeepingwatchbutonnow，thisisthatsheisnaiveatthesametime；alsobeingunabletokeepsilentisthatsheisshortofoneaspectknowingthattoaffairsofhumanlifeinthecharacterorconsciousnessinsaying。WhenshetoldAnglethepast，shealsoexpressesherrecurrence。Thetraditionchastityconceptinhersoulgoaheadishavingstayeddeeplybrand。Shefeelsfromcommittingacrimebeingthinkingofonekindforeverafterlosingchastity，thecompunctionfeels，theinferioritycomplex，hascomeacrossthiskindofproblemonceand，showingweakaspect。OnceandoncerefusingAngle，itisjustthispsychology。Duringtheperiodofhecannotforgiveher，herinferioritycomplexdisplaysmainlyhisslavewhoobvious，unceasingly，requeststhatmakinganexplanation，expressesherwillingnesscomposeeven。Atthesecondhalfofthisnovel，shedidAlec’smistress。AnewphasebeginsinTess’lifewhenshemeetsAlecagain。HispursuitasmuchasAngle’srejectiondeterminesthecourseherlifenowtakes。Shehadhoped，aswomendo，thatlivingtogetherforatimewouldbreakdownhiscoldness。Beingnearhimeverydaywasheronlyhopeofwinninghimback。IsarbitrarycoincidenceatworkinherstoppingatjustthetimeandjusttheplacewhereAlecisspeaking？Isitcoincidencethatshestandsinthesunsothathenoticeshermovementwhensheleaves？Istheirmeetingagaininevitablebecauselifefollowsapatternoroccursincycles？OrisitinevitablebecauseherpersonalpastwithAleccannotbeescapedinsociety？Thetitleofthissectionapplies，ironicallyenough，tobothAlecandAngle。Shestillasked，MayIwritetoyou？Iagreetotheconditions，becauseyouknowbest。Onlydon’tmakeittoomuchformebear！Thatwasallshesaid。Ifshehadsobbedorfaintedorbeggedhim，hewouldprobablyhavegivenway。Butshemadeiteasyforhim。Duetotheinfluenceofastranger（theReverendClare），Alecundergoesareligiousconversionandbecomesapreacher。Duetotheinfluenceofastranger，Angleundergoesanintellectualandemotionalconversion，whichallowshimtoseeTess’purityandinnocence，andhereturnstoEnglandandtoTess。Alecrelapsestohisformersensual，womanizingselfwhenheseesTess。Itisjustherchartlessmakeherfailtotheevilhand。Wecansaythatsheischartless，butthemoreischildish。Ifsheownsmoreexperiences，shecanownmoreconsciousnessofsafety，theresultischangeable。
　　D。Society
　　Studyinganovel，wecannotignoreitssocialbackground。WhyasTess’girlishpuritylost？Whydoesthewrongmantakethewrongwoman？Whydothebadsooftenruinthegood？Whyisbeautydamagedbyugliness？Thousandsofyearsofphilosophycannotgiveustheanswerstothesequestions。Thesociety，thefamilyarewovenhavingmovedtowardsthisbigtragedynets。Herfamilyisthestratumbelongingtonowelllikedruralareabeingplacedinthattime。Thefamilyhasalreadyarrivedatabrinkofcollapse，herfatheralsotakehislifeasplayinggame，putsinbutalwaysonTessbodywiththedifficulttask。Shelosesherchaste，societyisallchastityconceptateverystepincisivethelifebeingaffectingher，theideologicalrootcausehavingbecometragicultimately。Attheend，shedropseveryconcept，andkilledAlec。Sothereisanothersaying，itisjustthefamilyandthesocietymadeherlikethat。
　　WhenIanalyzedthesecourses，Ijustfounditisthedestiny。IfTesslivedin21stcentury，canshegetthedifferentplight？Idon’tthinkso。Idon’tthinksheissoluckily。Dayanddays，wesawthelawcaseonTV。Theresomeonewasraped；theresomeonewasdiedofloveWhyaretheresomanycases？Thesocialismoredeveloped。Weneedconsciousness。Theconsciousnessforwoman！Actually，Iamnotfeminism。Butwereallyneedadamancyforourselves。Becauseofwewanttocontrolourdestiny。
　　Conclusion
　　TessofD’Uberville，thisworkisfullofsympathyandhelpless。PeopleanalysesthefactorsofTess’deathfromdifferentpartsofherlife。TheauthorofthispapertakesmoreattentiontoTess’lover。Infact，everythingwouldchange，ifthereisnoAlec，whorapedher。Becauseitisareality，itisreallyhappened。Whatmayonlychangeistheattitudetothisfair。AlotofreflectionwasleftbyHardythoroughhiscreationofTess’tragedy。ItseemedthatTesscouldneverescapethewrongsofthepast，eithersociallyorpersonally。Tesswaskindheartedpureandbraveandhadacutesenseofresponsibilityandstrongsenseofmoralduty。FormthispaperwecanseethatTessmovedawayfromhervillage。Itseemsthatshewantstochangeherlifestyle。ButitisjustbecauseAngle’sdeparture，Tesscomestoherawfuldilemmaonceagain。Toanotherpartofherlife，thesocietyandherfamilyarealsothemainfactortoherdeath。FromthetragicstoryofTess’shortlife，wecanseeinadeepersensethatitisthecapitalistsocietyofthetimethathasruinedher。LivinginasocietyoverwhelmedbycapitalistLaw，religionandstateapparatus，Tess，apoorpeasant，inevitablyleadsatragiclifeandfinallygoestohercollapse。Thusfacingsomanycases，itseemsthatTess’tragedyisunavoidable。
　　Bibliography
　　〔2〕EmestMillerHemingway：TrueNobility〔M〕。Amerieannovelist，1945。
　　〔3〕JosefKirschner：DieEgoistenBible〔M〕。HerbigVerlagsbuchhandlugnGmb，1999。
　　〔4〕JohnRuskin。两条路的选择〔M〕。德州文源出版社，2006。
　　〔5〕MerrynWilliams。哈代导读〔M〕。北京大学出版社，2005。
　　〔7〕WllianHazlitt：OntheFearofDeath〔M〕。London，1812
　　〔8〕哈代著苏苗苗译。德伯家的苔丝〔M〕。外语教学与研究出版社，1997。
　　〔9〕哈代著张谷若译。还乡〔M〕。人民文学出版社，1980。
　　〔12〕任子峰、王立新。欧美文学史传〔M〕。山西教育出版社，1999。
　　〔13〕杨慧林、张良村、赵秋棉。外国文学阅读与欣赏〔M〕。首都师范大学出版社，1999。