高考英语非谓语动词和谓语动词

　　提示；在英语语法中，掌握好动词的用法是最重要的，而非谓语动词又是动词中非常重要的一部分，由于它们内容多，有些用法相似，所以不好掌握，经常被混淆用错，笔者通过列表比较方法，我们会对非谓语动词的用法一目了然，找出异同，更好的掌握它们的用法，下面通过列表比较的方式，分析非谓语动词的主要用法。
　　一、非谓语动词和谓语动词的相对时间关系
　　非谓语动词相对谓语动词的时间意义例句
　　一般式不定式说明行为在谓语动词所表示的行为之后，多数是那些表愿望的词：want; hope; expect; wish等。i want to go home.
　　i hope to see you.说明行为与谓语动词表示的行为同时发生，多数是那些省略不定式符号的词，一般是复合宾语。i saw him come in.
　　he helped him (to) carry things.
　　一般式动名词表示动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发出。we enjoyed seeing the film.
　　i am thinking of taking over the job.在动词insist on; rely on; count on(相信)等后表示动作在谓语动词表示的动作之后发生。he insisted on doing that work在有些明确表示时间先后的动词和介词on; upon after代替完成动名词表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作先发生。i remember seeing him before.
　　on arriving beijing, he went to see his friend.
　　一般式分词
　　现在分词
　　持续性动词说明分词表示的动作和句中谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。he stood there speaking.
　　holding a book under his arm, he entered the room.
　　终止性动词说明分词表示的动作发生之后，句中谓语动词表示的动作立刻发生。entering the room, i found nobody in.
　　turning to the right, you will find the post office.
　　过去分词
　　持续性动词
　　通常说明分词表示的动作，此句中谓语动词表示的动作先发生。written in simple english, the book is easy to read.
　　i can＂t find my lost pen.说明分词表示的动作和句中谓语动词表示的动作并无先后。he is a person well-known in this country.代替完成式现在分词的被动语态。educated by the party, he became a brave fighter.
　　完成式不定式说明行为动词在谓语动词表示的行为动词之前发生。i＂m sorry to have troubled you.
　　he is said to have come here.
　　he is thought to have done it.
　　he is believed to have done it.
　　he seemed to have known it.在wish, hope, expect, intend, mean, suppose等动词过去时后，说明行为动词没有实现。we wished to have done this.
　　i expected to have left by then.
　　(=i had expected to heave by then.)
　　完成式动名词说明动名词表示的动作，此句中动词表示的动作先发生。we regret having told you the news.
　　after having finished his work, he went home.
　　he denied having broke the glasses.
　　完成式分词说明分词表示的动作，此句中谓语动词表示的动作先发生。多数表示一些瞬时间动词。如果是hear; see或表示位置转移的动词arrive; leave; turn; open.不用完成时having finished his work, he went home.
　　sitting down with him, we begun to discuss it.
　　hearing this, he rose and went to the door.
　　二．非谓语动词的被动语态 1. 非谓语动词被动语态的意义
　　非谓语动词
　　意义和用法
　　例句
　　不定式
　　表示被动的意义
　　the meeting is to be held next week.
　　he wanted to be sent to the hard area.
　　有时主动形式表示被动的意义，同被动没什么区别，具有＂应该＂．＂值的＂的意思。不定式是主语的承受者，但有时作某些形容词的宾语， 如：nice, easy, hard, difficult, fit, suitable, good, heavy, comfortable, cheap等。
　　it＂s too small to see.
　　there is a lot of work to do
　　the house is to let at low rent.
　　houses are still to seek.
　　much remains to do.
　　the text is hard to learn.
　　动名词
　　表示被动的意义
　　he insisted on being sent to the hard area.
　　在动词need, require等的主动语态和形容词worth后, 表示被动的意义
　　my watch needs repairing.
　　the book is worth reading.
　　分词
　　现在分词
　　表示被动的意义
　　the building being built is a school.
　　not having been told, he didn＂t know where to start.
　　过去分词
　　表示被动的意义
　　heated, the metal expands.
　　2. 一般现在分词，完成的现在分词和过去分词表示被动意义的区别
　　非谓语动词
　　意义和用法
　　例句
　　一般式现在分词
　　含有具体的意义，说明和句中谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，一般是持续性动词
　　the person being criticized is our monitor.
　　完成式分词
　　表示动作状态比句中谓语动作先发生，一般是瞬间动词
　　not having been told about it, i don＂t know how to do it.
　　过去分词
　　具有一船的意义，强调事实，说明比句中谓语动词表示的动作先发生，有时同完成式的被动词态可互换。
　　given more time, (=having been given) i can do it much better.
　　三．非谓语动词的句法作用 1. 非谓语动词的句法作用一览表 非谓语动词 句子成分
　　不定式
　　动名词
　　分词
　　主语
　　宾语
　　直接宾语
　　短语动词宾语
　　宾语补语
　　介词宾语
　　形容词宾语
　　表语
　　定语
　　状语
　　同谓语
　　插入语
　　2. 非谓语动词作主语
　　非谓语动词
　　意义和用法
　　例句
　　不定式动词不定式表示比较具体的意义，经常和特定的动作和执行者联系起来，经常带时间或地点状语，有时表示将要发生的动作。to master a foreign language is no easy job.
　　to do it well is my earnest desire
　　to see this film is to waste time.
　　to solve this problem is out of the question 动词不定式（短语）作主语时，常见的另一种形式是在句首用先行代词it作形式主语，而将动词不定式（短语）移到谓语之后作真正主语。用于这种形式是一些特定形容词，动词和名词1)形容词作表语（常见的形容词有：important, difficult, easy hard possible）
　　it is foolish to act in this way.
　　it sounds reasonable to do it this way.
　　it appears likely for them to arrive.
　　2) 动词作谓语（常见的动词有：require, cost, amuse, delight, irritate, annoy
　　it took much time to do this.
　　it makes us excited to think about that.
　　it needed hard work to finish the job.
　　3)名词作表语
　　it seems a pity to waste them.
　　it is a great pleasure to do this
　　it is a good idea to think this way.
　　动名词动名词表求比较抽象（一般）和经常性的意义，有时可同不定式互换collecting stamps is a good hobby.
　　swimming is a best sport in summer.
　　there is no telling what will happen.
　　there is no denying the fact.
　　there is no need informing him of it. 动名词短语作主语时，常见的另一种形式是在句首用先行代词it作形式主语面将动名词短语移至谓语之后作真实主语。用于这种形式是一些特定形容词和名词1)形容词作表语(常见的形容词有：enjoyable, good, hard, worthwhile)
　　it is nice talking to you.
　　it＂s foolish behaving like that.
　　it is useless doing that
　　2)名词作表语
　　it＂s waste of time doing this. it＂s no good (use) doing that.
　　it＂s an awful job doing this. it＂s fun doing this
　　it is not an easy task doing this work.