【已领】ScientistsNowKnowWhyPeople

　　标题：7StepstoConflictResolutioninaMarriage
　　source：time丨TanyaBasu
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　　Yourbrainprocessesshrieksdifferentlyfromspeech，findsanewstudy
　　Ababywailsuponanairplane’sliftoff，apersonshriekswhenhestumblesuponsomethingshocking，akidthrowsatantrumbecauseshewantstogetherwaypeoplescreaminreactiontoallkindsofsituations。
　　Butexactlywhywescreamhasremainedamystery。Now，newresearchpublishedinthejournalCurrentBiologysuggeststhathearingascreammayactivatethebrain’sfearcircuitry，actingasacautionarysignal。
　　Screamscienceisanewareaofstudy，soDavidPoeppel，aprofessorofpsychologyandneuralscienceatNewYorkUniversity，andhiscoauthorscollectedanarrayofscreamsfromYouTube，filmsand19volunteerscreamerswhoscreamedinalabsoundbooth。（Thislastcollectionmethod，bytheway，wasahighlightforPoeppel，whosaidhefoundlisteningtoandjudgingscreamsanamusingbreakfromthemonotonyoflabwork。）
　　Theresearchersfirstmeasuredthesoundpropertiesofscreamsversusnormalconversation。Theymeasuredthescream’svolumeandlookedathowvolunteersrespondedbehaviorallytoscreams。Theythenlookedatbrainimagesofpeoplelisteningtoscreamsandsawsomethingtheyfoundfascinatingscreamsweren’tbeinginterpretedbythebrainthewaynormalsoundswere。
　　Normally，yourbraintakesasoundyouhearanddeliversittoasectionofyourbraindedicatedtomakingsenseofthesesounds：Whatisthegenderofthespeaker？Theirage？Theirtone？
　　Screams，however，don’tseemtofollowthatroute。Instead，theteamdiscoveredthatscreamsaresentfromtheeartotheamygdala，thebrain’sfearprocessingwarehouse，saysPoeppel。
　　“Inbrainimagingpartsoftheexperiment，screamsactivatethefearcircuitryofthebrain，”hesays。“Theamygdalaisanucleusinthebrainespeciallysensitivetoinformationaboutfear。”Thatmeansscreamsareinherentlyconsiderednotjustsoundbutatriggerforheightenedawareness。
　　Fromthesescreams，Poeppelandhisteammapped“roughness，”anacousticdescriptionforhowfastasoundchangesinloudness。Whilenormalspeechmodulatesbetween4and5Hzinsoundvariation，screamsspikebetween30and150Hz。Thehigherthesoundvariation，themoreterrifyingthescreamisperceived。
　　Poeppelandhisteamhadvolunteerslistentodifferentalarmsoundsandfoundpeoplerespondedtoalarmswithsimilarvariations：Themorethealarmsvariedathigherrates，themoreterrifyingtheywerejudgedtobe。
　　Thathugevariationinscreamroughnessisacluetohowourbrainsprocessdangersounds，Poeppelsays。Screamingservesnotonlytoconveydangerbutalsotoinducefearinthelistenerandheightenawarenessforbothscreamerandlistenertorespondtotheirenvironment。