themoreineptyouarethesmarteryo

　　标题：themoreineptyouarethesmarteryouthinkyouare。
　　source：bbcbyTomStafford
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　　Yreprettysmartright？Clever，andfunnytoo。Ofcourseyouare，justlikeme。Btitbeterribleifweweremistaken？Psychologistshaveshownthatwearemorelikelytobeblindtoourownfailingsthanperhapswerealise。Thiscouldexplainwhysomeincompetentpeoplearesoannoying，andalsoinjectahealthydoseofhumilityintoourownsenseofselfregard。
　　In1999，JustinKrugerandDavidDunning，fromCornellUniversity，NewYork，testedwhetherpeoplewholacktheskillsorabilitiesforsomethingarealsomorelikelytolackawarenessoftheirlackofability。AtthestartoftheirresearchpapertheyciteaPittsburghbankrobbercalledMcArthurWheelerasanexample，whowasarrestedin1995shortlyafterrobbingtwobanksinbroaddaylightwithoutwearingamaskoranyotherkindofdisguise。Whenpoliceshowedhimthesecuritycamerafootage，ButI。Thehaplesscriminalbelievedthatifyourubbedyourfacewithlemonjuiceyouwouldbeinvisibletosecuritycameras。
　　KrugerandDunningwereinterestedintestinganotherkindoflaughingmatter。Theyaskedprofessionalcomedianstorate30jokesforfunniness。Then，65undergraduateswereaskedtoratethejokestoo，andthenrankedaccordingtohowwelltheirjudgementsmatchedthoseoftheprofessionals。Theywerealsoaskedhowwelltheythoughttheyhaddonecomparedtotheaverageperson。
　　Asyoumightexpect，mostpeoplethoughttheirabilitytotellwhatwasfunnywasaboveaverage。Theresultswere，however，mostinterestingwhensplitaccordingtohowwellparticipantsperformed。Thoseslightlyaboveaverageintheirabilitytoratejokeswerehighlyaccurateintheirselfassessment，whilethosewhoactuallydidthebesttendedtothinktheywereonlyslightlyaboveaverage。Participantswhowereleastabletojudgewhatwasfunny（atleastaccordingtotheprofessionalcomics）werealsoleastabletoaccuratelyassesstheirownability。
　　Thisfindingwasnotaquirkoftryingtomeasuresubjectivesenseofhumour。Theresearchersrepeatedtheexperiment，onlythistimewithtestsoflogicalreasoningandgrammar。Thesedisciplineshavedefinedanswers，andineachcasetheyfoundthesamepattern：thosepeoplewhoperformedtheworstwerealsotheworstinestimatingtheirownaptitude。Inallthreestudies，thosewhoseperformanceputtheminthelowestquartermassivelyoverestimatedtheirownabilitiesbyratingthemselvesasaboveaverage。
　　Itdidn’tevenhelpthepoorperformerstobegivenabenchmark。Inalaterstudy，themostincompetentparticipantsstillfailedtorealisetheywerebottomofthepackevenwhengivenfeedbackontheperformanceofothers。
　　KrugerandDsinterpretationisthataccuratelyassessingskilllevelreliesonsomeofthesamecoreabilitiesasactuallyperformingthatskill，sotheleastcompetentsufferadoubledeficit。Notonlyaretheyincompetent，buttheylackthementaltoolstojudgetheirownincompetence。
　　Inakeyfinaltest，KrugerandDunningtrainedagroupofpoorperformersinlogicalreasoningtasks。Thisimprovedparticipants’selfassessments，suggestingthatabilitylevelsreallydidinfluenceselfawareness。
　　Oeffectholdsinreallifesituations，notjustinabstractlaboratorytests。Forexample，hunterswhoknowtheleastaboutfirearmsalsohavethemostinaccurateviewoftheirfirearmknowledge，anddoctorswiththeworstpatientinterviewingskillsaretheleastlikelytorecognisetheirinadequacies。
　　WhathasbecomeknownastheDunningKrugereffectisanexampleofwhatpsychologistscallmetacognitionthinkingaboutthinking。It’salsosomethingthatshouldgiveusallpauseforthought。Theeffectmightjustexplaintheapparentlybafflingselfbeliefofsomeofyourfriendsandcolleagues。Butbeforeyoustartgettingtoosmug，justrememberonething。Asunlikelyasyoumightthinkitis，youtoocouldbewalkingaroundblissfullyignorantofyourignorance。